跨文化交际Unit3课件

WarmUp

FriendshipsChina:Peoplearewillingtobeindebtedandtorepaythedebtmorethanowned.U.S.:Peoplevaluemoreindividualachievementandindependenceratherthanrelationshipwithoneanother,notwillingtoputthemselvesinothers’debt.第一页第二页，共21页。DifferentLands,DifferentFriendshipsIneverycountrypeoplevaluefriendship.Thedifficultyisnotalackofappreciationoffriendship,butdifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing.第二页第三页，共21页。Whoisafriend?WhatdoesaFrenchmanmeanwhenhesays:“Thisismygoodfriend.”“Thisismyfriend.”Whoisclosertohim?

Simpletranslationfromonelanguagetoanotherisdifficult.第三页第四页，共21页。FriendshipsincomparisonAmericanfriendships:superficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduringFrenchfriendships:areofthesamesex,basicallybetweenmen;demandsakeenawarenessoftheother’sintellect,temperamentandinterests;arecompartmentalize;notpartoffamilylifeGermanfriendships:moreamatteroffeeling,havemuchtodowithfamilyEnglishfriendships:basedonsharedactivities第四页第五页，共21页。CommonElementsinFriendshipsofDifferentStylesFriendship,incontrastwithkinship,isamatteroffreechoiceThesenseofbeingaspecialindividualInevitablyakindofequalityofgive-and-take第五页第六页，共21页。SomeToolsforComparingandContrastingCulturesKluckhohn&Strodtbeck’sModel(PP.85-89)Hofstede’sModel(PP.99-105)Hall’sHigh-Context&Low-ContextCultures(PP.110-115)第六页第七页，共21页。Kluckhohn&Strodtbeck’sModelFivebasicorientations:Humannature:good/evil?Relationshipofmantonature:Mansubjugatedbynature;Maninharmonywithnature;ManthemasterofnatureSenseoftime:past,present,orfuture-orientedActivity:being,growing,ordoingSocialrelationships:authoritarian,group-oriented,orindividualistic第七页第八页，共21页。Hofstede’sModelFivedimensions:IndividualismversuscollectivismUncertaintyavoidancePowerdistanceMasculinityversusfemininityLong-termversusshort-termorientation第八页第九页，共21页。IndividualismversuscollectivismThedegreetowhichaculturereliesonandhasallegiancetotheselforthegroupIndividualism:e.g.Australia,Belgium,theNetherland,andtheU.S.Collectivism:e.g.Guatemala,Indonesia,Pakistan,andChina第九页第十页，共21页。IndividualismIndividual:primarysourceofmotivationIndependence,privacy,self,andtheall-importantIHighlyindividualistic,believingthatpeopleareonlysupposedtotakecareofthemselves,andperhapstheirimmediatefamilyDecisionmaking:basedonwhatisgoodfortheindividual,notforthegroupDealingwithinterpersonalproblems:confrontationalstrategies第十页第十一页，共21页。CollectivismGroup:themostimportantsocialunitsGroup-oriented,requiringanabsoluteloyaltytothegroupObligationstothegroup,dependenceoftheindividualonorganizationsandinstitutions,a“we”consciousness,andanemphasisonbelongingDecisionmaking:basedonwhatisbestforthegroupDealingwithinterpersonalproblems:avoidance,third-partyintermediaries,ortheotherface-savingtechniquesTheingroupandtheoutgroup第十一页第十二页，共21页。Hofstede’sModelUncertaintyavoidance:theextenttowhichtheculturefeelsthreatenedbyambiguous,uncertainsituationsandtriestoavoidthembyestablishingmorestructurePowerdistance:thedegreetowhichtheculturebelievesthatinstitutionalandorganizationalpowershouldbedistributedunequallyandthedecisionsofthepowerholdersshouldbechallengedoracceptedMasculinityversusfemininity(achievement-nurturance):thedegreetowhichaculturevaluessuchbehaviorsasassertivenessandtheacquisitionofwealthorcaringforothersandthequalityoflifeLong-termversusshort-termorientation:time-orientation,aperson’spointofreferenceaboutlifeandwork第十二页第十三页，共21页。Hall’sHigh-Context&Low-ContextCulturesHigh-ContextCultures/Communicatione.g.Japanese,Chinese,KoreanculturesLow-ContextCultures/Communicatione.g.German-Swiss,German,Scandinavian,Americancultures第十三页第十四页，共21页。High-ContextCommunicationorMessageMostoftheinformationisinthecontextorinternalizedintheperson;Verylittleisininthecoded,explicitpartofthemessage;Communicationpatternsofindirectverbalmode;Listeners“readbetweenthelines”toinfertheimplicitintentoftheverbalmessage;Listenersneedtoobservethenonverbalnuanccesandsubtletiesthataccompanyandenhancetheverbalmessage;Stresstheimportanceofmultilayeredcontexts第十四页第十五页，共21页。Low-ContextCommunicationorMessageMostoftheinformationisgivenintheexplicitcode;Thecontextorsituationplaysaminimalrole;Communicationpatternsofdirectverbalmode;Speakerssendclear,persuasivemessagethatlistenerscaneasilydecodeimplicitintentoftheverbalmessage;Stresstheimportanceofexplicitverbalmessagestoconveypersonalthoughts,opinions,andfeelings.第十五页第十六页，共21页。Hall’sHigh-Context&Low-ContextCultures“Iloveyou.Doyouloveme?”C:(blushing)Youguess…

A:(smiling)Iloveyoumore.你问我爱你有多深

我爱你有几分

你去想一想

你去看一看

月亮代表我的心第十六页第十七页，共21页。CaseStudyANewProcedureMs.Cooper:Thenewtrackingprocedurehasn’tworked,hasit?Mr.Wong:Thereweresomesmallproblems.Ms.Cooper:Whoseideawasitanyway?Mr.Wong:Weneedtolearnfromthislesson.Ms.Cooper:Yes.ItcamefromMr.Tung’sdivision,didn’tit?Mr.Wong:Manypeopleworkedonthisproposal.第十七页第十八页，共21页。CaseStudy9HierarchicalstructureinJapan:Dependingmainlyonseniority,socialrolesandgenderPeopleinlower