原答案带英文大一下作业3solution

PrinciplesofEconomicsII(Spring(Chapter25,26,28,dueonApr.23,Note:Alltextbookproblemnumbersreferto“ProblemsandApplication”partincorrespondingchapter,the6thinternationalstudenteditionofthetextbook.TAswillscoreeven-numberForChapterTextbook,Chapter25,#TheUnitedStatesbenefitedfromtheChineseandJapaneseinvestmentbecauseitmadeourcapitalstocklarger,increasingoureconomicgrowth.ItwouldhavebeenbetterfortheUnitedStatestomaketheinvestmentsitselfbecausethenitwouldhavereceivedthereturnsontheinvestmentitself,insteadofthereturnsgoingtoChinaandJapan.Textbook,Chapter25,#Greatereducationalopportunitiesforwomencouldleadtofastereconomicgrowthinthesedevelopingcountriesbecauseincreasedhumancapitalwouldincreaseproductivityandtherewouldbeexternaleffectsfromgreaterknowledgeinthecountry.Second,increasededucationalopportunitiesforyoungwomenmaylowerthepopulationgrowthratebecausesuchopportunitiesraisetheopportunitycostofhavingachild.Textbook,Chapter25,#Ifoutputisrisingandthenumberofworkersisdeclining,thenoutputperworkermustberising.Policymakersshouldnotbeconcernedaslongasoutputinthemanufacturingsectorisnotdeclining.Thereductioninmanufacturingjobswillallowlaborresourcestomovetootherindustries,increasingtotaloutputintheeconomy.Anincreaseinproductivityofworkers(asmeasuredbyoutputperworker)isbeneficialtotheTrueorFalse?Otherthingsthesame,acountrywithlowincomeperpersoncanhaveahighergrowthratethanacountrywithahighincomeperpersonevenifthecountrieshaveidenticalsavingrates.Trytouseproductionfunctiontoexplainyouranswers.1。容易推导得到增长率：这里，I为投资，sK相对较小（Y相对较小，根据资本边际报 Supposethereareconstantreturnstoscale.Nowsupposethatovertimeacountrydoublesitsworkers,itsnaturalresources,itsphysicalcapital,anditshumancapital,butitstechnologyisunchanged.Whichofthefollowingwouldbothoutputandoutput,butnotproductivity,butnotneitherproductivitynorForChapterTextbook,Chapter26,Toamacroeconomist,savingoccurswhenaperson’sincomeexceedshisconsumption,whileinvestmentoccurswhenapersonorfirmpurchasesnewcapital,suchasahouseorbusinessequipment.Whenyourfamilytakesoutamortgageandbuysanewhouse,thatisinvestmentbecauseitisapurchaseofnewcapital.b.Whenyouuseyour$200paychecktobuystockinAT&T,thatissavingbecauseyourincomeof$200isnotbeingspentonconsumptiongoods.Whenyourroommateearns$100anddepositsitinheraccountatabank,thatissavingbecausethemoneyisnotspentonconsumptiongoods.Whenyouborrow$1,000fromabanktobuyacartouseinyourpizza-deliverybusiness,thatisinvestmentbecausethecarisacapitalgood.Textbook,Chapter26,Privatesavingisequalto(Y–C–T)=10,000–6,000–1,500=2,500.Publicsavingisequalto(T–G)=1,500–1,700=-200.Nationalsavingisequalto(Y–C–G)=10,000–6,000–1,700=2,300.Investmentisequaltosaving=2,300.Theequilibriuminterestrateisfoundbysettinginvestmentequalto2,300andsolving3,300–100r=100r=r=10Textbook,Chapter26,Harrywillhave$1,000(1+0.05)=$1,050.Ronwillhave$1,000(1+0.08)=$1,080.Hermionewillhave$1,000(1+0.20)=$1,200.Eachstudentwouldcomparetheexpectedrateofreturnonhisorherownprojectwiththemarketrateofinterest(r).Iftheexpectedrateofreturnisgreaterthanr,thestudentwouldborrow.Iftheexpectedrateofreturnislessthanr,thestudentwouldlend.Ifr=7%,HarrywouldwanttolendwhileRonandHermionewouldwanttoborrow.Thequantityoffundsdemandedwouldbe$2,000,whilethequantitysuppliedwouldbe$1,000.Ifr=10%,onlyHermionewouldwanttoborrow.Thequantityoffundsdemandedwouldbe$1,000,whilethequantitysuppliedwouldbe$2,000.Theloanablefundsmarketwouldbeinequilibriumataninterestrateof8%.HarrywouldwanttolendandHermionewouldwanttoborrow.Ronwouldusehisownsavingsforhisproject,butwouldwanttoneitherborrownorlend.Thusquantitydemanded=quantitysupplied=$1,000.Harrywillhave$1,000(1+0.08)=$1,080.Ronwillhave$1,000(1+0.08)$1,080.Hermionewillhave$2,000(1+0.20)–$1,000(1+0.08)=$2,400 =$2,320.Bothborrowersandlendersarebetteroff.NooneisworseFigureTextbook,Chapter26,Ifnewregulationsincreasethecostofinvestment,thedemandforloanablefundswilldeclineasshowninFigure4.Thiswillreducetheequilibriuminterestratealongwiththelevelsofsavingandinvestment.Withareductionininvestment,theeconomywillfacealowerrateofeconomicgrowthinthelongrun.FigureIfthenewregulationsimprovesavers’confidenceinthefinancialsystem,thesupplyofloanablefundswillincrease.TheimpactcanbeseeninFigure5.Theinterestratewillfall,butsavingandinvestmentwillrise.Greaterinvestmentwillincreasetherateofeconomicgrowthinthelongrun.FigureAccordingtothedefinitionsofnationalsavingandprivatesaving,ifY,C,andGremainedthesame,anincreaseintaxeswouldraisenationalsavingandprivateraisenationalsavingandreduceprivateleavenationalsavingandprivatesavingleavenationalsavingunchangedandreduceprivateGovernmentpolicyandAcountryconsidersencouragingitsinvestmentsthroughpublicpolicies.Therearetwoalternatives:toreducetaxonprivatesaving,ortoreducethegovernmentbudgetdeficitbyreducinggovernmentexpenditures.Drawasupply-demanddiagramofthecountry’smarketforloanablefunds.Labeltheequilibriuminterestrateandinvestment.ISIS Drawseparategraphstoshowtheeffectsonthismarketofreducingtaxonprivatesavingandofreducingthegovernmentbudgetdeficit.Ineachcase,howdoestheinterestratechange?Howdoestheinvestmentchange?Caneachpolicyencourageinvestment?二者都能鼓励投资（图形中均表示为I0至I1的增加。Althoughit’snoteasytoseeinthegraphs,canyoutellhowtheprivatesavingchangesineachcase?Explain.Iftheinterestrateelasticityofinvestmentislargerthanexpected,willtheeffectofeachpolicyoninvestmentbelargerorsmaller?Showyouranswersclearlybygraphs. IS I0

S, I1I S,1(a)对储蓄减 (b)减少赤1Iftheinterestrateelasticityofprivatesavingislargerthanexpected,willtheeffectofeachpolicyoninvestmentbelargerorsmaller?Showyouranswersclearlybygraphs.ISIS I0

S, I0I1” S,(a)对储蓄减 (b)减少赤WhyisitdifficulttoimplementbothofthesepoliciesatthesameGiventhisdifficulty,whentheinterestrateelasticityofinvestmentbecomeslarger,whichpolicydoyoutendtorelyon?Orcannotjudge?Whentheinterestrateelasticityofprivatesavingbecomeslarger,whichpolicydoyoutendtorelyon?Orcannotjudge?Explainyouranswers.ForChapterTextbook,Chapter28,Thelaborforceconsistsofthenumberofemployed(139,445,000)plusthenumberofunemployed(15,260,000),whichequals154,705,000.Tofindthelabor-forceparticipationrate,weneedtoknowthesizeoftheadultpopulation.Addingthelaborforce(154,705,000)tothenumberofpeoplenotinthelaborforce(82,614,000)givestheadultpopulationof237,319,000.Thelabor-forceparticipationrateisthelaborforce(154,705,000)dividedbytheadultpopulation(237,319,000)times100%,whichequals65.2%.Theunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployed(15,260,000)dividedbythelaborforce(154,705,000)times100%,whichequals9.9%.Textbook,Chapter28,Ifanautocompanygoesbankruptanditsworkersimmediatebeginlookingforwork,theunemploymentratewillriseandtheemployment-populationratiowillfall.Ifsomeoftheunemployedautoworkersgiveuplookingforajob,theunemploymentratewillfallandtheemployment-populationratiowillremainthesame.Ifnumerousstudentsgraduatefromcollegeandcannotfindwork,theunemploymentratewillriseandtheemployment-populationratiowillremainIfnumerousstudentsgraduatefromcollegeandimmediatelybeginnewjobs,theunemploymentratewillfallandtheemployment-populationratiowillIfastockmarketboominducesearlierretirement,theunemploymentratewillriseandtheemployment-populationratiowillfall.Advancesinhealthcarethatprolongthelifeofretireeswillnotaffecttheunemploymentrateandwilllowertheemployment-populationratio.Textbook,Chapter28,Wagesbetweenthetwoindustrieswouldbeequal.Ifnot,newworkerswouldchoosetheindustrywiththehigherwage,pushingthewageinthatindustrydown.Ifthecountrybeginsimportingautos,thedemandfordomesticautoworkerswillfall.Ifthecountrybeginstoexportaircraft,therewouldbeanincreaseinthedemandforworkersintheaircraftindustry.Intheshortrun,wagesintheautoindustrywillfall,whilewagesintheaircraftindustrywillrise.Overtime,newworkerswillmoveintotheaircraftindustrybringingitswagedownuntilwagesareequalacrossthetwoIfthewagedoesnotadjusttoitsequilibriumlevel,therewouldbeashortageofworkersintheaircraftindustryandasurplusoflabor(unemployment)intheautoindustry.Textbook,Chapter28,Ifafirmwasnotprovidingsuchbenefitspriortothelegislation,thecurveshowingthedemandforlaborwouldshiftdownbyexactly$4ateachquantityoflabor,becausethefirmwouldnotbewillingtopayashighawagegiventheincreasedcostofthebenefits.Ifemployeesvaluethebenefitbyexactly$4perhour,theywouldbewillingtoworkthesameamountforawagethat's$4lessperhour,sothesupplycurveoflaborshiftsdownbyexactly$4.FigureFigure4showstheequilibriuminthelabormarket.Becausethedemandandsupplycurvesoflaborbothshiftdownby$4,theequilibriumquantityoflaborisunchangedandthewageratedeclinesby$4.Bothemployeesandemployersarejustaswelloffasbefore.FigureIftheminimumwagepreventsthewagefromfalling,theresultwillbeincreasedunemployment,asFigure5shows.Initially,theequilibriumqua