History and Anthology of British Literature 英语文学历史及选读

HistoryandAnthologyofBritishLiterature

Unit1IntroductionWhatisliterature1Fourgenres2Aims3Outlineofthehistory4RequirementsandRecommendedworks51.whatisliterature

Literature：Itistheworkofmenwhoarespeciallysensitivetothelanguageoftheirtimeandwhousetheskilloflanguagetomakepermanenttheirvisionoflife,offeringbothpleasureandillumination(启发，阐释）.

(suggested)literatureasmime（哑剧）/imitation

Plato（柏拉图）(the5thcenturyB.C.)

Thetragicpoetisanimitator,andtherefore,likeallotherimitators,heisthrice(threetimes)removedfromthekingandfromthetruth.悲剧诗人是模仿者，因此，与其他模仿者一样，他远离国王，远离真实。Aristotle（亚里士多德）(384-322B.C.)“Tragedyisanimitationofanactionthatisserious,complete,andofacertainmagnitude(importance,greatness).”(POETICS)悲剧是严肃、完整、重要的行为的模仿。

LiteratureasfunctionSirPhilipSidney(1554-1586)Poesythereforeisanartofimitation…tospeakmetaphorically,aspeakingpicture:withthisend,toteachanddelight.所以，写诗是一门模仿的艺术，…形象的说法是，一副活的图画，带有这样的目的：使人受教育，也使人快乐。

SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)Theendofwritingistoinstruct;theendofpoetryistoinstructbypleasing.写作的目的就是教育，写诗的目的就是寓教于乐LiteratureasExpressionofEmotions(Keats/Wordsworth)DefinitionbyWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)•

Poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollected（回想，追忆）intranquility诗歌是不可阻挡的感情的自然流露，它源自静思2.FourGenresofLiteratureFiction:novelsandshortstories;themes,charactersandstylesPoetry:itslanguageispithy（精炼的，简洁有力的）/briefanditsimplicationisrich;literalmeaning,thenitsimplicationEssay:shortandterse（简洁的，精练的）/brief,richinimplication,butitslanguageiseasierthanthatofpoetry;statements.Drama:languageiscolloquialism;plot,theme,character,dramaticeffect,dramaticconflictaswellasthespeech.CourseDescription

3.Aims

1).ToprovidethelearnerswithabriefoutlineofthehistoryofBritishliteratureuptothefirsthalfofthe20thcentury;2).TointroducelearnerstotheimaginativeuseofEnglishandtohelpthemtowardsanappreciationofliterarylanguageandliterature;CourseDescription

Aims

3).Toconsolidate（巩固）andextendthelearners’knowledgeandfluencyinEnglishthroughinteraction

withliterarytexts;CourseDescription

Aims

4).Tofurtherdevelopthelearners’abilitytorecognizeandexpress

emotionalandmoralattitudesonahigherlevelthanaboutdailyoccurrencessoastofacilitate（促进，帮助）theircommunicationwitheducatednativespeakers;CourseDescription

Aims

5).TopreparethelearnersforthestudyofliteratureinEnglishatahigherlevelandtohelpthemdevelopinterestinand,hopefully,thehabitofreadingextensively.4.RequirementsA.Comprehensionisthe

basicrequirement.agoodunderstandingofthetext,literalandimplications.B.Appreciationisthesecondlevel..C.Evaluation:isthe

highestlevel,requiringthestudentstoanalyzeandcommentonthetexttheoreticallyandsystematically.Previewisthemostimportantstep.RecommendedNovelsforReading(British)

18th-century

Gulliver’sTravels:

JonathanSwift;socialsatire/fantasy/;PartI,II,andIVinteresting;languagedifficulty***.

RobinsonCrusoe:DanielDefoe;anaccountoftheprocessofthebuildingoftheBritishEmpireinthe18thcentury;languagedifficulty**.

RecommendedNovelsforReading(British)

19th-century

Frankenstein:

MaryShelley;the1stscien-fiction;exploringtheformationofhumannatureandrelationbetweenhumanlifeandscience;importantliteraryresourcetotoday’sfilmingindustry;languagedifficulty**,small.

RecommendedNovelsforReading(British)

19th-century

PrideandPrejudice:

JaneAusten;aboutwomen’slife(marriage)inlate18thcentury;verygoodwriting,esp.thedialogues;languagedifficulty**.DavidCopperfield:

CharlesDickens;semi-autographical;gooddescriptionofchild’sinnerworldandthecharacterportrait;languageDifficulty**.

RecommendedNovelsforReading(British)

19th-century

GreatExpectations:

CharlesDickens;aboutmoralcorruptionandlossofinnocenceandhonestyingrowingup;theCinderellapatterninstructure;languageDif***;abittoolong.JaneEyre:

CharlotteBronte;apoor,plaingovernessstrugglingforself-dignityandpersonalhappiness;languagedif**.

RecommendedNovelsforReading(British)

19th-century

WutheringHeights:

EmilyBronte;oneofthebestnovelsintheworld;apresentationofthemostprimitive,natural,powerful,touchingaswellasthemostdestructivelovehumanbeingsarecapableof;languagedif**.

RecommendedNovelsforReading(British)

19th-century

TessofD’Urbervilles:

ThomasHardy;tragicfateofa“pure”youngpeasantwomanatthetimeofcapitalistinvasionintothecountryinthe19th-centuryEngland;languagedif***.

RecommendedNovelsforReading(British)

20th-century

SonsandLovers:

D.H.Lawrence;OedipusComplex（恋母情结）;thestudyofman-womanrelations;languagedif***.

5.

HistoryandAnthologyofBritishLiterature

TheFrameofHistoryofEnglishLiteratureI.

TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449—1066)—OldLiteratureII.

MedievalLiterature(1066—1485)III.TheElizabethanAge(1485—1660)—theRenaissancePeriodIV.

The17thCenturyLiterature---ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration(1660—1700)V.

The18thCenturyLiterature(1700—1798)—AgeofReasons/EnlightmentVI.

TheRomanticPeriod(1798---1832)VII.TheVictorianAge(1832—1902VIII.The20thCentury(1902—1999)

Homework

ReferenceQuestionsforUnit

1

1.WhoweretheearliestsettlersofBritton/England?Whatdoyouknowaboutthem(home,language,belief,lifestyle)?2.Whatarethe3conquests?Whateffectstheyhaduponthenation？

3WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofAnglo-Saxonliterature?4.ReadBeowulfandfigureoutthethreeadventuresmentionedinthestory.5.Commentonits(Beowulf)positioninthehistoryofEnglishliterature.

ChapterITheAnglo-SaxonAge盎格鲁—撒克逊(449—1066)(Early

periodEnglishliteratureinprimitiveandslaverysociety)

_

StudyPoints:1.

Importantinvasions/conquests;2.

Thedefinitionofepic;3.

TheSongofBeowulf;4.TheAnglo-SaxonProse;

I.

TheHistoryofEarlyBritain1.AbriefhistoryofearlyBritain700B.C.:Celtic-speakingtribes(Britons);Britain(thelandofBritons).primitivepeople,abronze-age---iron-ageScotlandandWales.2.TheRomanConquest(1stinvasion)in54B.C.

In55B.C.-----

410A.D.Alfred

JuliusCaesar.

averyfamousfigureinancientRome.HewasafamousgeneralandconqueredlotofplacesinEuropeandthenhebecamedictatorofRome.Hehadfamouswords“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered”.Youcanseehowstrongthisman’swillis.

TheBritonsfoughtbitterlyagainsttheRomanconquerors(forabout100years)andwasnotcompletelysubjugated（服从，投降）totheRomanEmpireuntil78A.D.Influence:ChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain(theRomanmodeoflifeandcivilizationcameacrosstoBritainalso)

Historicalbackgroundpoliticsofself-government,transportationsystem,cities,LatinlanguageChristianity

(littleremained)

3.TheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(2ndinvasion)A.449,Teutonic（日耳曼民族的）

(Germanic)tribes(

Angles,Saxons,Jutes)fromMediterraneancoast:Scandinavia,DenmarkandGermany;the7thcentury:Angle-land(England;English)threedialects:asinglelanguage(Anglo-Saxon,orOldEnglish).

Europeanmythologies

B.the

Pagans/heathens异教徒

C.enslavedtheCeltsanddroveotherstoWales,ScotlandandIrelandII.EarlyEnglishLiterature1.twodivisions:pagan（异教徒）＆Christian.A.Oraltraditionofpagan:

TheBritons(Celts):nowrittenlanguage,somythsandlegendsorallyforcenturies.TheAnglo-Saxons:

poetryintheformoforalsagas.Anglo-SaxonsbelievedinoldnorthernEuropeanmythologies.IfyouareinterestedinoldBritainmythologiesyoumayreadthefamousnovel“TheLordoftheRings”,whichwasacollectionofoldnorthernEuropeanmythologies.B.ThewritingsofChristian:thewritingsdevelopedunderteachingsofthemonksCaedmon（7凯德姆）Cynewulf（8塞里武甫）ThesongofBeowulfWidsith/TheTraveller’sSong,TheSeafarer(P.2----P.3)2.ThesongofBeowulf-------NationalepicofEnglishpeople

A.thethreeadventures:killingmonsterGrendel,killingGrendel’smotherkillingafiredragon.

B.Pointsa.themostimportantexistentwork;

thenationalepicofAnglo-Saxonsb.writtenin7-8cen.c.partly-historicalandpartly-legendaryd.notaboutEnglandbuttheirhomelandinDenmark

e.epicform:alongversenarrative（叙事，故事）ontheexploitsofanationalhero,Beowulf

f.subjectmatter:theprimitivepeople’sheroicstruggleagainsthostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseleaderEpic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.IliadandOdyssey（Odysseus)byHomerTheArgonautica《阿尔戈船英雄纪》阿波罗尼奥斯(古希腊史诗)Theogony《神谱》赫西奥德[古希腊史诗(Greek)–

Aeneid埃涅伊德byVirgil(维吉尔）(Rome)–

Beowulf–

ParadiseLostbyMilton]--TheSongofRoland《罗兰之歌》[法国史诗]

g.paganelements+Christiancoloring:“fate”,“God’,“Lord”

C.Artisticfeaturesof“Beowulf”a.theusealliteration:

striking

characteristicofallOldEnglishverse.Definitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound（头韵）

examples(P5)

eg.

Whereatwithblade,withbloodyblamefulblade,Hebravelybroachedhisboilingbloodybreast(《仲夏夜之梦》便赤楞楞地声---拔出一把血淋淋的该死的剑来，对准他那热辣辣的胸脯豁拉拉地刺了进去P.5OfMenwasthemildestandmostbelovedOfhiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise.b.theuseofmetaphorsring-giverforkinghearth-companionsforattendantwarriorsswan's(天鹅）pathorwhale'sroadforseabattle-hero,shield-bearerorspear-fighterforsoldier

c.Theuseofunderstatements

characteristicoftheEnglishpeopleandtheirlanguagenottroublesomeforverywelcomeneednotpraiseforarighttocondemnC.“Anglo-SaxonChronicle（编年史）”

•ThebookwasconceivedbyKingAlfredtheGreat.Healsoorganizedandsupervisedthewritingprocessofthebook.3.Homework1.GettheSs.toreadandappreciationtheselectedpartsinHistoryandAnthologyofEnglishLiterature(P7-17)2.ReviewthevalueofBeowulf;3.PreviewThePeriodofMiddleEnglish

Homework

ReferenceQuestionsforChapter

2

1.Ideologicallywhatisthemostsignificantchangeinpeople’sspirituallife?

2.

Howwasthenationdevelopedpoliticallyorwhatchangeswerethereintheformofthesocialstructure?3.Intermsofliterature,whatinfluencehadtheFrenchuponEngland?

HomeworkReferenceQuestionsforUnit

2

4.HowmanylanguageswerespokenduringtheFrenchreign?HowdoyouunderstandmodernEnglishasalanguage?5.WhatwastheessenceofChristiandoctrinepreachedatthetime?Wasthereanyignoble（不光彩的，可耻的）reasonbehindit?

Homework

ReferenceQuestionsforUnit

1

6.WhywastheMiddleAgesknownastheDarkAges?7.Whatwastheformofliteratureatthetime?Whatfeaturesdoesithave?

Homework

8.Whatarethe3periods/stagesofChaucer’sliterarycareer?9.InwhatwaydowecallChaucer’s

CanterburyTalesthefirstworkofEnglishliterature?10.Whatisimageofthenun?Isshefavorablyandadmirablyorsatiricallyportrayed?Whatfiguresofspeechareused?

Unit3TheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066—1350)

StudyPoints:NormanconquestTheinfluenceoftheNormanconquestCharacteristicsofMedievalLiteratureRomanceGeoffreyChaucerandTheCanterburyTalesBallads;

1.NormanConquest:1066,Hastings,WilliamofNormandyfromnorthernFrance→Anglo-Saxons

2.TheinfluenceofNormanConquestA.Romancivilization

a.

furtherestablishedfeudalism,andendedtheslavesystemin14thcen.

b.

powerfulPopedom教皇制established(1/3ofland,politicalright,widemoraldegeneration（堕落）oftheclericals（牧师）;penancesorpardons（赦罪令)c.communicationwiththeoutsideworld:diplomaticrelations,developmentoftradeandincreasingstrengthfortradesmenandskilledprofessionalsB.growthofnationality

highlycentralizedroyalpower,butconceded（退让）inthe13thcen.withestablishmentofparliament

C.newlanguageandliteraturecoexistenceof3languages:Latin,theclericalandlearned;A-SnativeEnglish/Celticdialect(vernacular（方言）)forthecommonFrench,noblemenandroyalcourt;

HistoricalBackground

[Notuntilthe13thcenturydidEnglishentertheworldofofficialdiscourse官方用语.1258HenryIIIissuedaproclamation布告in3languages,14thcen.,parliamentandcourtallowedEnglish.]3.MedievalLiterature(1066—1485)A.notableliterature:a.Geoffrey’shistoryb.theworkofFrenchwritersc.RimmingChroniclesd.Metrical（有韵律的）Romances

B.threeclassesoftheSubjectMattersa.matterofFranceb.matterofGreeceandRome(fabuloustalesaboutAlexander,fallofTroy,etc.);c.MatterofBritain(ArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTable)

LiteratureC.

FormsofLiterature

a.Romance罗曼史

---Roman,Frenchmattersforsubjects:TrojanWar,Charlemagne,Rolandandtheknights;chivalric;(Nearlyallnobleswereknights.However,nobodywasbornaknight.Onenoblemanwhowantstobecomeaknightmustexperiencehardtrainingandthenthekingwillgivehimknighthood.protecttheweak,fightforchurch,loyaltoyourlord,loyaltoKing,respectwomenofnoblebirthKnightisaspecialgroupofpeopleexistedintheMiddleAgeinEurope.)---Englishromance:KingArthurandhisround-tableknights;“SirGawainandtheGreenknight”(1360-1370),“LeMorted’Arthur”(亚瑟王之死）bySirThomasMaloryDefinitionofRomanceTheromancewastheprevailingformofliteratureintheMiddleages.Itwasalongnarrativecomposition,sometimesinproseandsome-timesinversedescribingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.

Literatureb.Religiouswritingsandtranslations(fromHebrewtoLatin):Langland’s“PiersthePlowman”c.

Poeticform:

alliterativepoetry头韵诗

metricalpoetry韵律诗

Foot(音步,韵节)andMeter(格律）Foot:InEnglishpoetry,footisarhythmicalunitwithinalineofpoetry,generallyconsistsofastressedsyllableandoneormoreunstressedsyllablesarrangedinavarietyofpatterns.①iamb(抑扬格)

—

/

iambic;unstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllableeg.andthenmyheartwithpleas/urefillsanddan/ceswiththedaf/fodils(iambictetrameter,抑扬格四韵律）②trochee(扬抑格)

/—

trochaic;astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedoneeg,livesofgreatmenallre/mindus③anapaest(抑抑扬格)

—

anapaestic:twounstreesedsyllablesfollowedbyanstressedone,

eg,

forthemoonne/verbeams,with/outbring/ingmedreams④dactyl(扬抑抑格)

/

—

—dactylic:astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedones⑤amphibrach(抑扬抑格）/----amphibrachy⑥spondee(扬扬格）⑦pyrrhic（抑抑格）Meter:Afootmakesameter.Itcanbeeitherarising(iambicandanapaestic)orfalling(trochaicanddactylic)meter.Inapoeticline,thenumberofmetersvariesfromonetoeightaccordingtothenumberoffeetwithintheline,i.e,monometer,dimeter,trimeter,tetrameter,pentameter,hexameter,heptameterandoctameter.Intheformofherocoupletorsonnet,theiambicpentameterisused.

Iambicmonometer(抑扬格单韵律）Ilovetrochaicmonometer(扬抑格单韵律)TakeupIambictrimeter(抑抑扬格三韵律）

eg.Theway,notmine,Olord,Trochaictetrameter(扬抑格四韵律）Iambicpentameter（抑扬格五韵律）···tetrametreoctosyllabicsIambicmonometerThusIPassbyAnddieAsoneUnknownAndgoneIambicpentameter：Thetrum/petofapro/phecy!Owind,Ifwin/tercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?___Shelley:“OdetotheWestWind”

让预言的号角奏鸣!哦，风啊，

冬天如果来了，春天还会远吗?

Chapter3.GeoffreyChaucer

(1340?---1400)1.Position:FatherofEnglishpoetry/literature:greatestnameintheMiddleEnglishliterature;inthetrioofEnglishpoetrygiants:Chaucer,Shakespeare,andMilton(westminsterAbbey,foundngthe“poet’scorner”)1.Thewriter:greatestnameintheMiddleEnglishliterature;inthattrioofEnglishpoetrygiants:Chaucer,Shakespeare,andMilton

GeoffreyChaucer

2.3periodsofcreation

French

RomauntoftheRose,translationItalian

(afterDanteDivineComedy,PetrarchandBoccaccio,Decameron;TheHouseofFame,TheLegendofGoodWomen,TroylusandCriseyde)British(1386-1400)TheCanterburyTales

GeoffreyChaucer3.Contributions

A.thefirsttopresentacomprehensiveandrealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeinhismasterpieceTheCanterburyTalesItisagroupofstorieswhichweretoldbysomepilgrims(圣地朝拜者).Inthisseriesofstories,Chaucerbroughtfreshvision.It’sinlusty（精力充沛的，健壮的）humorandmanyothermoodsandstyles.Thekindsofpeoplethebookinvolvedinaresomanythatitgivesacross-section(代表性)ofmedievallife.

GeoffreyChaucerContributions

B.introducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverseC.thefirsttousetherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter/heroiccouplet

GeoffreyChaucer

4. CanterburyTales

Theme:

influencedbytheearlyItalianRenaissance,heaffirmsman’srighttopursueearthlyhappinessandopposesasceticism禁欲说;praisesman’senergy,intellect,andloveoflife;exposesandsatirizesthesocialevils,esp.thereligiousabuses

GeoffreyChaucer

CanterburyTales:

Structure:

Generalprologue（开场白，序言）(occasion,characters)followedbystories;aseparateprologuebetweentwostories

GeoffreyChaucer

CanterburyTales:

Characterization:

vividportrayalofindividualized

个性化charactersofthesocietyandofallprofessionsandsocialstrataexceptthehighestandthelowest

GeoffreyChaucer

CanterburyTales:

Style:

lively,vividMiddle-AgeEnglish,satire,humour,HeroicCouplet;ofunequalmeritsHeroicCouplet(英雄双韵体):

Theheroiccouplet,tworhymingiambicpentameter(抑扬格五韵律）lines,isalsocalledaclosedcoupletbecausethemeaningandthegrammaticalstructurearecompletewithintwolines.ExamplesfromTheCanterburyTales(p.45)III.BalladA.Definition:Aballadisananonymousnarrativestorytoldinsongpreservedbyoraltransmission,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.TheyaremainlytheliteratureofthepeasantsandreflextheoutlookoftheEnglishcommonpeopleinfeudalsociety.B.Classification:historical,legendary,fantastical,lyrical（抒情诗的）,humorous

C.figures:BishopThomasPercy珀西(1729-1811):thefirsttotakeliteraryinterestinballads:ReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetryLangland朗兰(1332—1400):thefirsttomentionRobinHood,TheVisionofPiers,Plowman.(《庄稼汉皮尔斯的梦幻》）D.RobinHoodBallads:RobinHoodisanoutlaw（歹徒，罪犯）,butheonlyrobbedtherichandnevermolested（骚扰，调戏）thepoorandneedy.Hisparticularenemiesaretheupperranksofnobility,butheisking’sfriendwhichreflexeshisroyalcomplex.GetUpandBartheDoor:III.HomeworkWhatistheChaucer’scontributiontoEnglishliterature?CommentonTheCanteburyTalesromance;heroiccouplet;ballad

ReferencequestionsforUnit3:1.WhatisRenaissance?Howandwhydiditcomeabout?2.Whatisthedevelopmentofdrama?Whatweretheoriginalformsandcontentandpracticeofdrama?3.WhydiddramaflourishinElizabethanage?Whoarethemajorplaywrightsofthetime?ReferencequestionsforUnit2:4.WhoisMarlowe?WhatcontributionsdidhemaketoEnglishdrama?5.WhoisShakespeare?Whatfamousandgreatplays(history,comedy,tragedy)?Whatfeatures?6.WhatdidJonsonwriteabout?Representativework?ReferencequestionsforUnit2:7.PreparetheexcerptfromHamlet(p.31-32).Whatisitmainlyabout?Whathumanistideacanyoufindinthesoliloquy?8.Whatwasthemostimportanttranslationofthetime?Unit4TheRenaissancePeriodStudyPoints:1.

HistoricalBackground;2.

CulturalBackground;3.

ThomasMoreandhisUtopia;4.

WilliamShakespeareandhisworks;5.

FrancisBaconandhisworksRenaissance

referstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturies.TheRenaissancemeansrebirthorrevivalofclassicalGreekandRomanartsandscienceafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.Inthisperiod,theEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstoabolisholdfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtocarryoutreligiousreformation.Thetermrenaissancemeans“rebirth”or“revival”originally.Itisahistoricalperiod,inwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchformthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.HistoricalBackground1.

HenryVIIfoundedmonarchy

(1485—1509),

①AftertheWarsoftheRoses(1455—1485),thefeudalismwasweakened.HenryVII,takingadvantageofthissituation,begantocentralizedthepowerofstate②HenryVIIIdevelopedmonarchy(1509—1547)hedeclaredthebreakfromtheRomanCatholicChurchin1534andhehimselftobetheSupremeHeadoftheAnglicanChurch.Bourgeoisieemerged2.

QueenElizabeth(1558—1603)①In1588,awarwithSpainbrokeoutandendedwiththerout（溃败）oftheSpanishfleet“Armada”(invincible无敌的).ItisavictoryofEnglandandthetriumphoftherisingyoungbourgeoisieoverthedecliningoldfeudalism.Itleadstothecolonizationabroadandtheprosperityofculture.Thecolonialexpansionalsohelpedtoaccumulatecapitalforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.thegrowthofbigcities–

textileindustry–

bigoverseastrade②Towardstheendofthereignofandtheascension（上升）ofJamesI,theconflictsbetweenthekingandtherisingbourgeoisieintensified.

3.

theEnclosureMovement.ThebrokefromthePopeledtothecreationofthenewaristocracyandenclosureofcommonlandtobeusedforpasturage(woolforexport-->“shepdevouredmen”)ledtothecentralizationofpower

II.CulturalBackground

theartofprintingfrommovabletypeintroducedtoEnglandbyWilliamCaxton.–

bookscheaperandmoreplentiful–

moreopportunitiestoreadandmoreincentive(动机，刺激）tolearntoread–

moreandmorepeoplecouldreadandby1530theestimatednumberis30percent.Renaissance

Renaissance:rebirthoflearningTheEnglishRenaissance(fromthefirsthalfof16thC)①Feature:a.revivalofclassicism;b.humanism—anti-feudalism.

Againstmedievalasceticism禁欲主义ManisincontrolofthepresentlifeManisthemeasureofeverythingIII.TheRenaissanceEnglishLiterature1.

LiteraryGenresintheEnglishRenaissance(1)ThefirstperiodoftheEnglishRenaissancewasoneofimitationandassimilation同化，吸收.PetrarchandhissuccessorsestablishedthelanguageoflovepoetryoftheRenaissanceandgreatlyinfluencedtheEnglishwriters.(2)PoetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeareandBenJonson.ButthepoetrybyJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbertandotherslikethemrepresentedasharpbreakfromthepoetrybytheirpredecessorsandmostoftheircontemporaries.(3)TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandrama.Itdrewinfluencesfromthemedievalinterludes插曲andmoralityplays道德剧aswellastheGreekandRomanclassics.ThemostfamousdramatistsintheRenaissanceEnglandareChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,andBenJonson.(4)Theessay随笔wasanothermainliteraryformintheEnglishRenaissance.FrancisBaconwasthebestknownessayistofthisperiod.HewasalsothefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.ImportantLiteraryfigures①Thomas

More:Utopiaa.

SirThomasMore(1478—1535)wasborninamiddleclassfamily.Hisfatherwasaprominentlawyer,andlaterajudge.b.

Hebecamealawyer,electedtoparliament,actedasthespokesmanofLondonmerchants.BookI:alongdiscussiononthesocialconditionsofEngland;BookII:describedindetailanidealcommunistsociety,Utopia9means“noplace”.)a.

exposetherealsocialcondition;b.

pointouttherootsofpoverty(privateownership;c.

proposesomeprincipalwhichbecamegoalsthelatergenerationspursue;

More’sLimitation:a.

norevolutionarybecauseofhisupperbackground;b.

proposedasystemof“bondsman奴隶，保证人”whichretainsthefeaturesofclassexploitation;c.

Confinedbyhisowntime,hecouldneverfindatthattimethemeansbywhichsocialismcouldberealized.“Wishfor”,butnot“hopefor”Utopia.②EdmundSpenser:TheFaerieQueene(FairyQueen),thegreatestepicpoemofthetimeEdmundSpenser

(1552-1599)TheFaerieQueene(FairyQueen),thegreatestepicpoemofthetimeEdmundSpenser(1552—1599)wasthePoetLaureate(1591—1599).Hewasborninaminornoblefamily.FirsteducatedattheMerchanttailor’sschool.Ø

1576receivedhisM.A.DegreeatCambridge;Ø

1579wroteTheShepard’scalendar

Ø

1580wasmadeprivate