Cosmic-Education-and-Big-History：宇宙教育和大历史课件

CosmicEducation

andBigHistoryByMichaelDuffyAMSConference2019CosmicEducation

andBigHist1CosmicEducationCosmicEducationconsistsintellingacomprehensivestoryoftheoriginofeverythingfromtheBigBangtotoday.CosmicEducationCosmicEducati2CosmicEducationCosmicEducationconsistsintellingacomprehensivestoryoftheoriginofeverythingfromtheBigBangtotoday.TraditionalMontessorioriginstories:Oftheuniverse(CreationStory)Ofearthlylife(TimelineofLife)Ofhumans(TimelineofHumans)Oflanguage(HistoryofWriting)Ofmath(HistoryofNumbers)CosmicEducationCosmicEducati3CosmicEducationExpandedlistoforiginstories:Oftheuniverse(BigBangversion)Ofthestarsandsolarsystem(cosmology)OftheEarth(geologicalhistory)Ofearthlylife(TimelineofLife)Ofhumans(TimelineofHumans)Ofcivilizations(humanhistory)(schemaofChildrenoftheUniverse,byMichaelandD’NeilDuffy)CosmicEducationExpandedlist4CosmicEducationCosmicEducation5BigHistoryCoursetaughtbyProfessorDavidChristianofSanDiegoStateUniversity48-lectureseriesfromTheTeachingCompany:“BigHistory:TheBigBang,LifeonEarth,andtheRiseofHumanity”Wrotebookentitled“MapsofTime:AnIntroductiontoBigHistory”BigHistoryCoursetaughtbyPr6TheNatureofBigHistory “Bighistorysurveysthepastatallpossiblescales,fromconventionalhistory,tothemuchlargerscalesofbiologyandgeology,totheuniversalscalesofcosmology.Itweavesasinglestory,stretchingfromtheoriginsoftheUniversetothepresentdayandbeyond,usingaccountsofthepastdevelopedwithinscholarlydisciplinesthatareusuallystudiedquiteseparately.”-IntrotocourseguidebookTheNatureofBigHistory “Big7TheNatureofBigHistory “HumanhistoryisseenaspartofthehistoryofourEarthandbiosphere,andtheEarth’shistory,inturn,isseenaspartofthehistoryoftheUniverse.Inthisway,thedifferentdisciplinesthatmakeupthislargestorycanbeusedtoilluminateeachother.Theunifiedaccountofthepastassembledinthiswaycanhelpusunderstand ourownplacewithinthe Universe.” -IntrotocourseguidebookTheNatureofBigHistory “Hum8MovingAcrossScalesJourneysthroughtimeandspaceputusindifferentscalesofstudy.SeePowersofTenvideoandwebsites(powersof10).EachscalewithinBigHistorybringsnewthingsintofocus,evenwhileithidesotherthings.MovingAcrossScalesJourneyst9MovingAcrossScalesMontessoritimelines:ClockofEons-4.5billionyears–EarthTimelineofLife-500millionyears-LifeTimelineofEarlyHumans-2millionyears-HomoTimelineofModernHumans-200,000years-HomosapiensTimelineofCivilizations-10,000years-CivilizationsMovingAcrossScalesMontessori10TheThresholdsofBigHistory1.CreationoftheUniverse-13.7billionyearsagoTheThresholdsofBigHistory111TheThresholdsofBigHistory1.CreationoftheUniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.Creationofstars-12byaTheThresholdsofBigHistory112TheThresholdsofBigHistory1.CreationoftheUniverse-13billionyearsago2.Creationofstars-12bya3.CreationofchemicalelementsindyingstarsTheThresholdsofBigHistory113TheThresholdsofBigHistory1.CreationoftheUniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.Creationofstars-12bya3.Creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.CreationofplanetsandEarth-4.5byaTheThresholdsofBigHistory114TheThresholdsofBigHistory1.CreationoftheUniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.Creationofstars-12bya3.Creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.CreationofplanetsandEarth-4.5bya5.CreationoflifeonEarth-3.8byaTheThresholdsofBigHistory115TheThresholdsofBigHistory1.CreationoftheUniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.Creationofstars-12bya3.Creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.CreationofplanetsandEarth-4.5bya5.CreationoflifeonEarth-3.8bya6.Creationofourspecies-250,000yearsagoTheThresholdsofBigHistory116TheThresholdsofBigHistory1.CreationoftheUniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.Creationofstars-12bya3.Creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.CreationofplanetsandEarth-4.5bya5.CreationoflifeonEarth-3.8bya6.Creationofourspecies-250,000yearsago7.Creationofagriculture– 11,000yearsagoTheThresholdsofBigHistory117TheThresholdsofBigHistory1.CreationoftheUniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.Creationofstars-12bya3.Creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.CreationofplanetsandEarth-4.5bya5.CreationoflifeonEarth-3.8bya6.Creationofourspecies-250,000yearsago7.Creationofagriculture-11,000yearsago8.CreationofthemodernrevolutionTheThresholdsofBigHistory118SimplicityandComplexityNatureofcomplexity:Diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)SimplicityandComplexityNatur19SimplicityandComplexityNatureofcomplexity:Diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)Thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponentsSimplicityandComplexityNatur20SimplicityandComplexityNatureofcomplexity:Diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)Thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponentsComplexentitieshavecertainstabilitySimplicityandComplexityNatur21SimplicityandComplexityNatureofcomplexity:Diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)Thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponentsComplexentitieshavecertainstabilityEnergyflowsareneededtobindsimplecomponentsintocomplexstructuresSimplicityandComplexityNatur22SimplicityandComplexityOver13billionyears,theupperlevelofcomplexityappearstohaveincreased,eventhoughtheuniverseasawholeistendingtowardentropy.SimplicityandComplexityOver23SimplicityandComplexityOver13billionyears,theupperlevelofcomplexityappearstohaveincreased,eventhoughtheuniverseasawholeistendingtowardentropy.AstronomerEricChaissonhasestimatedtheamountofenergy(inergs)flowingthroughagivenamountofmass(ingrams)inagivenamountoftime(seconds)-energyflowincreasesascomplexityincreases.SimplicityandComplexityOver24EricChaisson

ComplexStructuresEnergyRate(ergs/gram/second) Galaxies 1 Stars 2 Planets 75 Plants 900 Animals 20,000 HumanBrain 150,000 ModernSociety 500,000EricChaisson

ComplexStructur25Threshold1-TheBigBangBeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergyWithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflight

Threshold1-TheBigBangBegi26Threshold1-TheBigBangBeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergyWithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflightWithinseconds,quarkswereformedinpositiveandnegativeform,thenprotonsandelectrons.Threshold1-TheBigBangBegi27Threshold1-TheBigBangBeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergyWithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflightWithinseconds,quarkswereformedinpositiveandnegativeform,thenprotonsandelectrons.About380,000yearslater,universecooledenoughsothatprotonsjoinedwithelectronstoformfirstatomsofhydrogen.Threshold1-TheBigBangBegi28Threshold2-StarsandGalaxiesHydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsThreshold2-StarsandGalaxi29Threshold2-StarsandGalaxiesHydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsAsgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincreaseThreshold2-StarsandGalaxi30Threshold2-StarsandGalaxiesHydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsAsgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincreaseAt10milliondegreesCelsius,hydrogennucleifuseintoheliumatoms,withthereleaseofmassiveamountsofenergy(//hydrogenbombs)Threshold2-StarsandGalaxi31Threshold2-StarsandGalaxiesHydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsAsgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincreaseAt10milliondegreesCelsius,hydrogennucleifuseintoheliumatoms,withthereleaseofmassiveamountsofenergy(//hydrogenbombs)Whenthislevelofenergyisproducedbynucleosynthesis,astarisbornorlightsupThreshold2-StarsandGalaxi32Threshold2-StarsandGalaxiesStarsgatherintoclusterscalledgalaxiesThreshold2-StarsandGalaxi33Threshold3-ChemicalElementsTheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:Smallstarsburnhydrogenslowly,turningitintohelium,andlastalongtime(manybillionsofyears),eventuallyturningintoa“whitedwarf”Threshold3-ChemicalElement34Threshold3-ChemicalElementsTheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:Amediumstar(likeourSun)burnsupitshydrogenandheliumandcollapsesinonitselfwhenitstartstorunoutoffuel,creatingelementsuptoiron(with26protons)andexpandingintoa“redgiant”Threshold3-ChemicalElement35Threshold3-ChemicalElementsTheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:Massivestarscreatemassiveexplosionscalled“supernovae,”andtheycreatetheremainingelementsoftheperiodictableastemperaturessoarto4billiondegreesCelsius.Theyonlylastaboutamillionyearsandendupasa“neutronstar”ora“blackhole”Threshold3-ChemicalElement36Threshold4-SolarSystem/EarthPlanetarysystemslikeoursaretheresultofasupernovaexplosion,liketheonethatoccurred4.5billionyearsagoinourowngalaxy.Threshold4-SolarSystem/Ear37Threshold4-SolarSystem/EarthOurSunwasformedfromthecollapsingcloudofhydrogen(70%),helium(27%),carbon,oxygenandnitrogen(1.5%),andtheremainingelementsoftheperiodictable(1.5%).Threshold4-SolarSystem/Ear38Threshold4-SolarSystem/EarthEarthandtheotherplanetswereformedfromtheleftoverdebris(0.1%ofthesolarnebula)drawnintospheresbytheforceofgravityandcollisions.Threshold4-SolarSystem/Ear39Threshold4-SolarSystem/EarthHadeoneon,first500millionyears,wasa“hellish”timewhenEarthwasbombardedwithcollisionsandinnerradioactivity,causingittomeltandformlayers.Threshold4-SolarSystem/Ear40Threshold4-SolarSystem/EarthHadeoneon,first500millionyears,wasa“hellish”timewhenEarthwasbombardedwithcollisionsandinnerradioactivity,causingittomeltandformlayers.Themoon,Earth’ssatellite,waslikelyformedbyacollisionthatgougedouttheupperlayersoftheproto-Earth(aboutthesizeofMarsbeforecollision).Threshold4-SolarSystem/Ear41Threshold4-SolarSystem/EarthTheArchaeonEon,from4billionto2.5billionyearsago,broughtareductionincollisionsandtheformationofoxygenintheatmosphere.Threshold4-SolarSystem/Ear42Threshold4-SolarSystem/EarthTheArchaeonEon,from4billionto2.5billionyearsago,broughtareductionincollisionsandtheformationofoxygenintheatmosphere.ThecrustoftheEarthisformedbyplatesthatshiftovergeologicaltime,formingsupercontinents(e.g.Pangaea)andmountainranges.Threshold4-SolarSystem/Ear43Threshold5-LifeLifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:Metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)Threshold5-LifeLifeisane44Threshold5-LifeLifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:Metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)Reproduction(makecopiesofthemselves)Threshold5-LifeLifeisane45Threshold5-LifeLifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:Metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)Reproduction(makecopiesofthemselves)Adaptation(changetofitenvironment)Darwinand“naturalselection”Threshold5-LifeLifeisane46Threshold5-LifeOriginsofLife:DivineinterventionThreshold5-LifeOriginsofL47Threshold5-LifeOriginsofLife:DivineinterventionExtraterrestrialsourceThreshold5-LifeOriginsofL48Threshold5-LifeOriginsofLife:DivineinterventionExtraterrestrialsourceSpontaneousgenerationChemicalevolutiontomega-molecules(aminoacids)DNAthesoftwareforre-generationofcomplexityThreshold5-LifeOriginsofL49Threshold5-LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:ProkaryotesPhotosynthesisEukaryotes(single-celled)SexualreproductionMulti-celledorganismsVertebratesLanddwellingamphibiansandreptilesMammalsThreshold5-LifeStagesofad50Threshold5–LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:ArchaeonEonProkaryotes(3.8billionyearsago)-bacteriaVerysimple,microscopicorganismsNonucleuswithincellmembraneLivedinoceansoffchemicalsandotherprokaryotesThreshold5–LifeStagesofa51Threshold5-LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:ArchaeonEonPhotosynthesis(3.5billionyearsago)-algae(cyanobacteria)ComplexchemicalreactionCapturesenergyfromSunAbsorbcarbondioxideandproduceoxygenasbyproductBuildupofoxygeninatmospherecreated“oxygenholocaust”butmadeProterozoiceonpossibleThreshold5-LifeStagesofad52Threshold5-LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:ProterozoicEonEukaryotes(1billionyearsago)-Mergedtwoorganismsinsymbiosis-organelleshadownDNA,including:Chloroplasts(extractenergyfromSun)Mitochondria(useoxygenforenergy)NucleuswithincellmembraneThreshold5-LifeStagesofad53Threshold5-LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:ProterozoicEonSexualreproduction(1billionyearsago)-ProkaryotessimplysplitintoclonesEukaryotesexchangedgeneticinformation(sexual)AcceleratedadaptationtoenvironmentThreshold5-LifeStagesofad54Threshold5-LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:PhanerozoicEon(revealedlife)Multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-CambrianEraAllcellshaveidenticalDNAorgeneticinformationSpecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofDNAThreshold5-LifeStagesofad55Threshold5-LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:PhanerozoicEon(revealedlife)Multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-CambrianEraAllcellshaveidenticalDNAorgeneticinformationSpecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofDNAVertebrates(500millionbce)-OrdovicianPeriodFrontandbackendsNervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctionsThreshold5-LifeStagesofad56Threshold5-LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:PhanerozoicEon(revealedlife)Multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-CambrianEraAllcellshaveidenticalDNAorgeneticinformationSpecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofDNAVertebrates(500millionbce)-OrdovicianPeriodFrontandbackendsNervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctionsLand-basedorganisms(400millionbce)-DevonianP.PlantsandinsectswerefirstonlandAmphibiansandreptilesThreshold5-LifeStagesofad57Threshold5-LifeStagesofadaptationoflife:PhanerozoicEon(revealedlife)Multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-CambrianEraAllcellshaveidenticalDNAorgeneticinformationSpecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofDNAVertebrates(500millionbce)-OrdovicianPeriodFrontandbackendsNervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctionsLand-basedorganisms(400millionbce)-DevonianP.PlantsandinsectswerefirstonlandAmphibiansandreptilesMammals(250millionbce)-TriassicPeriodPermianextinction(250mya)/Pangaea(speciescompetition?)Cretaceousevent(65mya)-asteroidimpactMammalsemergedasmostsuccessfulsurvivorsThreshold5-LifeStagesofad58Threshold6-HumansPre-humanperiod-PrimateandHominineAncestorsPrimates(65millionyearsago)-monkeysandlemursGreatApes(18millionyearsago)-chimps,gorillas,orangutansFirsthominines(7millionyearsago)-bi-pedalAustralopithecines(4millionyearsago)Homohabilis(2.3millionyearsago)-toolsHomeergaster(akaerectus)(1.8millionyearsago)–fireThreshold6-HumansPre-human59Threshold6-HumansHumanhistory-Truehumans(Homosapiens)-250,000yaPaleolithicEra-hunter/gatherers-250,000yearsagoNeolithicEra-agriculture(threshold7)-10,000yearsagoTheModernRevolution(threshold8)-1700CEThreshold6-HumansHumanhist60Threshold6-HumansWhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?Otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.Wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.Otherspeciesremainstable.Threshold6-HumansWhatmakes61Threshold6-HumansWhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?Otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.Wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.Otherspeciesremainstable.EricChaisson–(CosmicEvolution)Apesuse20,000ergs/sec/gramModernHumansuse500,000ergs/sec/gramThreshold6-HumansWhatmakes62Threshold6-HumansWhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?Otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.Wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.Otherspeciesremainstable.EricChaisson–(CosmicEvolution)Apesuse20,000ergs/sec/gramModernHumansuse500,000ergs/sec/gramHumanshaveincreasedenergyconsumption/chimpshaven’tHumansused5,000kilocaloriesperdayinpaleolithictimesModernhumansuse230,000kilocaloriesperdayChimpshavestayedthesame.Threshold6-HumansWhatmakes63Threshold6-HumansWhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?Thisadaptationismadepossiblebecausewehave“symboliclanguage”thatallowsustoexchangelargeamountsoflearnedinformation.Threshold6-HumansWhatmakes64Threshold6-HumansWhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?Thisadaptationismadepossiblebecausewehave“symboliclanguage”thatallowsustoexchangelargeamountsoflearnedinformation.Thisnewformofadaptationiscalled“collectivelearning,”anditgivesusahugeadvantageoverotherspeciesinsurvivingandextractingeverincreasingamountsofenergyfromtheenvironment.Threshold6-HumansWhatmakes65Threshold7-AgricultureEarlyAgrarianEra-10,000yearsago-developedindependentlyinsixpartsofworld:FertileCrescent(10,000yearsago)PapuaNewGuinea(9,000yearsago)China(9,000yearsago)IndusRiver(9,000yearsago)Sub-SaharanAfrica(5,000yearsago)CentralAmerica(5,000yearsago)-toN.AmericaThreshold7-AgricultureEarly66Threshold7-AgricultureLaterAgrarianEra(Civilizations)-5,000yearsagoRiseofcitiesand“tribute-takingstates”Societymorehierarchical(classes)Warfare,monumentalarchitecture,religions,writing,tradeCivilizationstrackedtheappearanceofagricultureinvariouspartsoftheworldGrowthinhumanpopulationcausedMalthusiancyclesbasedoninnovation/overexploitationThreshold7-AgricultureLater67Threshold8-ModernRevolutionFourkeychangessince1700CE:Acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)Threshold8-ModernRevolutio68Threshold8-ModernRevolutionFourkeychangessince1700CE:Acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)Formationoflarger,morecomplexsocieties(humanpopulationgrewfrom250millionin1000AD,to950millionin1800,to6billionin2000).Threshold8-ModernRevolutio69Threshold8-ModernRevolutionFourkeychangessince1700CE:Acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)Formationoflarger,morecomplexsocieties(humanpopulationgrewfrom250millionin1000AD,to950millionin1800,to6billionin2000).Integrationofthefourworldzones(transportationallowedsharingofgoods,ideas,diseasesandpeoplewithinsingleglobalnetwork)Threshold8-ModernRevolutio70Threshold8-ModernRevolutionFourkeychangessince1700CE:Acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)Formationoflarger,morecomplexsocieties(humanpopulationgrewfrom250millionin1000AD,to950millionin1800,to6billionin2000).Integrationofthefourworldzones(transportationallowedsharingofgoods,ideas,diseasesandpeoplewithinsingleglobalnetwork).Growinghumanimpactonthebiosphere(humanscontrol25-40%ofenergycomingfromtheSun,andourpresenceischangingglobalclimate).Thres