实验动物学总论 (NXPowerLite)

实验动物学总论一实验动物和实验用动物

（一）实验动物(Laboratoryanimals)是指经人工培育或人工改造，对其携带的微生物实行控制；遗传背景明确，来源清楚，用于科学实验、药品、生物制品的生产和检定及其他科学实验的动物。（二）实验用动物(Animalsforresearch；Experimentalanimals）所有用于科学实验的动物统称为实验动物。包括实验动物，野生动物，经济动物和观赏动物。二实验动物学的定义和范围（一）定义

实验动物学（Laboratoryanimalscience）是研究实验动物和动物实验的科学。（二）研究范围1.实验动物遗传育种学（Laboratoryanimalgeneticbreedingscience）2.实验动物微生物学和寄生虫学（Laboratoryanimalmicrobiologyandparasitology）

3.实验动物环境生态学（Laboratoryanimalenvironmentalecology）

4.实验动物营养学（Laboratoryanimalnutriology）

（二）研究范围(续)5.实验动物饲养管理（Laboratoryanimalhusbandry）6.实验动物医学（Laboratoryanimalmedicine）7.比较医学（Comparativemedicine）8.动物实验（Animalexperimentaltechniques）三实验动物的重要性（一）实验动物是生命科学研究的支撑条件之一

生命科学实验研究的四个支撑条件----AEIR要素A：Animal：实验动物；E：Equipment：仪器设备；I：Information：信息；R：Reagent：试剂；（二）实验动物在生命科学研究中被广泛应用，很多重要的科研成果来源于实验动物（三）实验动物是人类的替身，起着“活的天秤”和“活的化学试剂”的作用（四）实验动物工作实行法制化管理四实验动物的分类

（一）传统的动物学分类方法依据自然分类法，把整个生物，通常是用界(kingdom)、门(phylum)、纲(class)、目(order)、科(family)、属(genus)、种(species)等划分分类等级。以大家鼠为例，它属于：脊椎动物门(phylumvertebrata)哺乳动物纲(classmammalia)啮齿目(orderrodentea)鼠科(familymurinae)大家鼠属(genusrattus)大家鼠种(species

rattusnorvegicus)学名：褐家鼠（大家鼠）(Rattusnorvegicus)多数情况下，根据不同目的进行种下分类，把实验动物划分为不同品系。（二）按实际用途分类1、实验动物2、经济动物（Economicalanimals），或称家畜、家禽

3、野生动物（Wildanimals）

4、观赏动物（Exihibitinganimals）（三）按遗传学控制分类

根据基因的纯合程度，把实验动物分成下列四类：

1、近交系动物（Inbredstrainanimals）

2、突变系动物（Mutantstrainanimals）

3、杂交群动物（Hybridcolonyanimals）（杂交一代，F1代动物）

4、封闭群动物(Closedcolonyanimals)1、近交系动物（Inbredstrainanimals）又叫纯系动物。是采用同胞兄妹或亲子交配，连续繁殖20代以上所培育出来的遗传上达到高度一致的动物群。

基因纯合程度可达99.8%。①

主要指啮齿动物；可出现近亲交配衰退。②

亲子交配与兄妹交配不能混用。③

亲子交配时必须采用年轻的双亲同其子女交配。④

较大动物纯种培育很难获得成功，因为世代间隔较长，费用较大，所以成功率低。⑤

禽类和兔的血缘关系达到80%以上（相当于兄妹交配四代）时，即可称为近交系。

2、突变系动物（Mutantstrainanimals）具有特殊突变基因的品系动物，正常染色体基因发生突变，并具有各种遗传缺陷的动物。在长期繁殖过程中，动物的子代突然发生变异，变异的基因位点又可遗传下去，或者即使没有明确的基因位点，经淘汰和选育后，仍能维持其稳定的遗传性状。这种变异并能继续保持遗传基因特性的品系动物，称为突变系动物。如无胸腺裸鼠、无K细胞、或无K、无B、无巨噬细胞等裸鼠。用于免疫研究、移植实验等。3、杂交群动物（Hybridcolonyanimals）（杂交一代，F1代动物）两个近交品系动物之间进行有计划交配所获得的第一代动物。例如：C57BL/6J×DBA/2→B6D2F1（B6为C57BL/6J的缩写，D2为DBA/2的缩写。）4、封闭群动物(Closedcolonyanimals)以非近亲交配方式进行繁殖生产的一个种群，在不从外部引入新的血缘条件，至少连续繁殖四代以上称封闭群。封闭群又称远交群。（四）按微生物学控制分类

1、无菌动物（Germfreeanimals，GF）体内、外无任何可检测出的活的微生物和寄生虫的动物。来源于无菌手术剖腹取胎，饲养在无菌隔离器内，人工喂乳或保姆代养培育而成。

悉生动物(Gnotobiotesanimals，GA)体内携带有已知微生物的动物。这种动物来源于无菌动物，人为的投给已知的单菌、双菌、三菌或多菌。这些均为已知菌，与无菌动物一样，饲养在隔离器中。2、无特定病原体动物(Speceficpathogenfreeanimals，SPF）体内不存在特定病原微生物和寄生虫的的动物，简称SPF动物。是指无传染病的健康动物。这种动物都是来自无菌动物或悉生动物，转移到屏障系统中饲养。要在屏障系统环境设施中饲育繁殖和进行实验，要进行严格消毒、检疫、隔离并定期剖腹净化。3、清洁动物(Cleananimals，CL)又称最低限度疾病动物(Ginimaldiseaseanimals),体内外不携带人畜共患的病原体或动物传染病病原的动物，不能带有体外寄生虫和大部分体内寄生虫。4、普通动物（Conventionalanimals）

未经积极的微生物学控制，饲养在开放卫生环境里的动物。垫料和饲料和饮水一般不消毒，饮用普通自来水。

所谓普通动物也并不是对微生物没有一定控制的一般动物，而是要求不带能够感染人的微生物和体外寄生虫。这种动物只能供教学和一般实验用。

根据新修订的国家实验动物微生物、寄生虫质量标准，我国将实验大、小鼠分为三类即清洁级、无特定病原体级、无菌级（包括悉生动物）。其它品种实验动物仍然分为普通级、清洁级、无特定病原体级、无菌级（包括悉生动物）四级。即从2002年5月1日起取消了普通级大、小鼠标准。TheJacksonLaboratory

In1929,Harvard-trainedgeneticistClarenceCookLittlefoundedTheJacksonLaboratory,basedonthethen-radicalideathatmicewerekeytounderstandingthegeneticbasisofhumandevelopment,diseasesanddisorders.Throughoutthe1900s,thatideawouldbecomeincreasinglycentraltotheprogressofbiomedicalresearch,reachingultimateconfirmationwhenthemouseand

humangenomesweresequencedattheturnofthecenturyandproveddefinitivelythatthetwospeciessharethevastmajorityoftheirgenes.【上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司】【中国科学院上海实验动物中心】【国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心上海分中心】AnimalCareandUse

Laboratoryanimalsareusedinbiomedicalresearchasmodelsforhumans.Observedbehavioralorphysiologicalchangesexhibitedbytheseanimals,whentheyareusedintheprotocol,areassumedtoberesponsestotheexperimentalprocedures.Ifnon-experimentalvariablescausedbyinadequatehousing,disease,orstressfromimproperhandlingareinadvertentlyintroducedintothestudytheycanelicitsimilarresponseswhichcouldskewthedataortotallyconfoundtheexperiment.Thesafeandeffectiveuseofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisanessentialelementofyourresearchactivities.

TheAnimalWelfareAct(AWA),andPHSPolicy

requirethatallAnimalUserscompletetrainingonthelaws,regulations,andproceduresassociatedwithanimalcareanduse.Thiscourseisdesignedtofulfillthatrequirement,providingaquickoverviewoftherelevantlawsandregulationscoveringuseofanimalsinalaboratorysetting,andtherecommendedproceduresforworkingwithspecificanimals.Thecourseincludespracticalandessentialinformationthatwillguideyouintheeverydaycareanduseofanimalsinyourlaboratoryenvironment.ImportanceofProperAnimalCareYourprimaryresponsibilitywhenworkingwithlaboratoryanimalsistotreatthemhumanely.Withthatinmind,themajorchallengeistomanagetheanimalsinawaythatminimizestheirexposuretopainanddistressandmaintainstheintegrityoftheirphysiologicalfunctionstofacilitatethegenerationofreliableresearchdata.Thiscoursewillteachyouhowthepropertreatmentofanimalscarriestheaddedbenefitofminimizingtheintroductionofunwantedvariablesintotheresearchprocess.ImportanceofProperAnimalCareYourcareandtreatmentofanimalsmustalsocomplywiththeappropriatelaws,regulations,andwithNIHpolicy.Manyoftheselaws,regulationsandpolicieswereenactedinresponsetopublicconcernaboutthetreatmentofanimalsintheresearchsetting.Consequently,yourobjectiveshouldbetotreatyouranimalsinamannerthatcomplieswiththeethicalandlegalimperativesprescribedforthehumanetreatmentoflaboratoryanimalsthatwillreflectpositivelyonNIHasaresearchinstitution.researchinstitution.LawsandRegulations:Themainregulations,policiesandguidelinesthatapplytoanimaluseatNIHare:TheAnimalWelfareAct(AWA)

ThePublicHealthServicePolicyonHumaneCareandUseofLaboratoryAnimals(PHSPolicy)

U.S.GovernmentPrinciplesfortheUtilizationandCareofVertebrateAnimalsUsedinTesting,Research,andTraining(GovernmentPrinciples)

GuidefortheCareandUseofLaboratoryAnimals(Guide)

NIHManual3040-2:AnimalCareandUseintheIntramuralProgramStructureandAccreditationTheDDIRdelegatestotheDirectoroftheOfficeofAnimalCareandUse(OACU)overallresponsibilityforensuringthattheACUprogramcomplieswithapplicablepoliciesandregulations.PainandDistressThereisalsoapragmaticpointofscientificlogicthatsupportsminimizingtheexposureofresearchanimalstoexperimentalpainordistress.Animalsrespondtopainanddistresswithchangesintheirnormalphysiologywhichcanskewdatabeingcollected.AlleviatingPainandDistressAnimals,likehumans,canbeexpectedtogenerateastressresponsetonovelstimuli.Handlinganimalsveryearlyinlife,evenasnew-borns,to"gentlethem"isaprocedurethathasbeenwidelyusedonavarietyofspeciestofamiliarizetheanimalswiththehandlingprocess.Whenanimalsaretrainedthiswaytoassociatehandlingwithpleasantcircumstancestheyaremuchlesslikelytogenerateastressresponselaterinlifewhentheyarehandled.AlternativesTheThreeRs:

Reduction:Reductionsinthenumbersofanimalsusedtoobtaininformationofacertainamountandprecision.Refinement:Decreaseintheincidenceorseverityofpainanddistressinthoseanimalsthatareused.Replacement:Substitutionofinsentientmaterialforanimalsorsubstitutionofalowerspecies,whichmightbelesssensitivetopainanddistress,forahigherspecies.MinimizingExposuretoDiseasewhenWorkingwithAnimalsStandardlaboratoryprotectiveclothingincludes:

Uniforms-Uniformsareclothing,suchassurgicalscrubsuitsandcoveralls,dedicatedforwearduringworkintheanimalfacility.Auniformshouldnotbewornoutsideoftheanimalfacilityorresearchsetting.Forexample,uniformsshouldnotbeworninpubliccafeterias,lecturehalls,andmedicalpatientcareareas.Gloves-Lightweightvinylorlatexglovespreventcontaminationoftheskinwithpathogensthatmaybeonanimals'bodiesoronsurfacessoiledbytheirexcreta.Labcoats-Disposablelabcoatsandcoverallsprotectstreetclothesfromcontaminationwithanimalpathogens.Labcoatsshouldnotbewornoutsideoftheanimalfacilityorresearchsetting.Forlongtermworkintheanimalfacility,auniformmaybesubstitutedforthesetypesofcoveringgarments.MucousMembraneProtection–Adeviceoracombinationofdevicessuchasfaceshieldsorsurgicalfacemaskscombinedwithprotectiveglassesorgoggles,worntoprotectthemouth,nose,andeyesfromsplashordropletcontamination.Thedegreeofprotectionneededvarieswiththespecificprocedurebeingconductedandshouldbeadjustedtotheleveloftheanticipatedrisk.Fullfaceshieldsprovidesplashprotectionforallofthefacialmucusmembranes.Partialmucousmembraneprotectionisprovidedbyusingonlyafacemaskandmaybeappropriatewhenthefecaloralrouteofcontaminationistheonlyconcern.ShoeCovering-Stretchbooties,usuallymadeofpaperorplastic,arewornoverstreetshoestopreventthetransferofpathogenicorganisms.Bootiesshouldnotbewornoutsideoftheanimalfacility.Dedicatedfootwearcanbesubstitutedforshoecoveringsduringlong-termactivities.Ifdedicatedshoesareworn,shoecoveringsmaybeusedtocovertheshoeswhenoutsidetheanimalfacility,buttheshoecoversmustberemovedonreturntothefacility.CageSystems

Cagesystemsthatmeetthegeneralrequirementsformaintenanceofnormalbodyfunctionsandprovidemoderateprotectionfromexposuretopathogensaredescribedas"conventional"cages.Conventionalcages,however,donotadequatelyprotectratsandmicefromairbornediseasestowhichtheyarehighlysusceptiblesocagesystemsthatarespeciallydesignedtoprovideextraprotectionfromthesepathogensareused.Rodentvirusesandotherairbornepathogensmaybetransportedbyclingingtodustparticlesandotherparticulatemattersuspendedintheairinsideandabovetheanimalcage.Theriskofexposuretotheseorganismsisreducedbyincreasingfreshaircirculatingaroundthecages,orfilteringtheair.waterSanitationFilteredAirUnit

ObservingandReportingProblemswithAnimalsWhileanimalhealthisthechargeoftheveterinarians,youwillhavearesponsibilitytoobserveandreportchangesinananimal'shealthandtoinformtheveterinarianoranimalfacilitymanagersothattheanimalcanbetreated.Immediateidentificationofsickorinjuredanimalsiscriticallyimportantinaresearchsettingbecausetheanimalsarecloselyconfined,andhousingspaceisfrequentlysharedbyseveralinvestigators.Infectiousdiseaseinonegroupofanimalscouldjeopardizealloftheanimalsintheroomorbuilding.SignsofIllnessandInjury:

Pickingupmice.

Whenpickingupmice,alwaysholdthemousebythebaseofthetail.Thiscanbedonewitheitherforcepsoryourfingers.DONOTpickmiceupbythetipofthetail.Ifyoupickamouseupbythetipofitstail,themousemayspinintightcircleswhenitsfeetlosecontactwiththecagesurface.Ifthishappens,thetipoftailcanbepulledoff.Additionally,amouseheldbythetipofitstailcan"climbupitstail"andbiteyou!Separatingmice/ratsbygender.

Separatingmice/ratsbygendercanbedifficult,especiallywhentheyareyoungandmales'testicleshavenotdescendedintothescrotum.Comparetherelativedistancebetweenanusandurinarypapilla.Thedistancebetweentheanusandtheurinarypapillaisgreaterinthemale.Thisphotographillustratesthatthemouseontherighthasthelesser(shorter)distancebetweentheanusandtheurinarypapilla,soitisthefemale.RestrainingRats.

Ratscanbecaughtandliftedbythebaseofthei