整理ACCA-F1讲义1课件

PartAThebusinessorganisation,itsstakeholdersandtheexternalenvironment精选1PartAThebusinessorganisatioChapter1Businessorganizationsandtheirstakeholders精选2Chapter1Businessorganization1Typesoforganisation1.1WhatallorganisationshaveincommonAnorganisationis:asocialarrangementwhichpursuescollectivegoals,whichcontrolsitsownperformanceandwhichhasaboundaryseparatingitfromitsenvironment.精选31Typesoforganisation1.1Wha1.2Whydoorganisationsexist?Organisationscanachieveresultswhichindividualscannotachievebythemselves.(a)Oraganisationsovercomepeople’sindividuallimitations,whetherphysicalorintellectural.(b)Organisationsenablepeopletospecialiseinwhattheydobest.(c)Organisationssavetime.(d)Organisationsaccumulateandshareknowledge.(e)Organisationsenablesynerge.Inbrief,organisationsenablepeopletobemoreproductive.精选41.2Whydoorganisationsexist1.3HoworganisationsdifferOwnership(PublicvsPrivate)Ownedbythegovernment(publicsectororganisations)Ownedbyprivateownersorshareholders(privatesectororganisations)ControlControlledbytheownersthemselvesControlledbypeopleworkingontheirbehalfIndirectlycontrolledbygovernment-sponsoredregulators精选51.3Howorganisationsdiffer精选ActivityProfitornon-profitorientationLegalstatusLimitedcompaniesPartnershipsSize精选6Activity精选6SourcesoffinanceBorrowingfrombanksGovernmentfundingIssuingsharesTechnologyVaryingdegreesoftechnologyuse精选7Sourcesoffinance精选71.4WhattheorganisationdoesOrganisationsdomanydifferenttypesofwork精选81.4Whattheorganisationdoes2Typesofbusinessorganisation2.1

Profitvsnon-profitorientationProfitorientationMaximiseprofit(toowners)NonprofitorientationProvisionofgoods/services(topublic/beneficiaries)精选92Typesofbusinessorganisati2.2

PrivatevspublicsectorPrivatesectorOrganisationsnotownedorrunbycentralorlocalgovernment,orgovernmentagencies.PublicsectorOrganisationownedorrunbycentralorlocalgovernmentagencies.精选102.2Privatevspublicsector精选2.3

PrivatesectorbusinessesAbusinessorganisationexiststomakeaprofit.Costsshouldbelessthantherevenues.Profitsarenotincidentaltoitsactivitiesbutthedrivingfactor.精选112.3Privatesectorbusinesses精2.3.1LegalstatusSomeonesettingupabusinesscanchoosetogointobusinessalone,takeononeormorepartnerswhoalsosharetheprofitsofthebusiness,orsetupalimitedcompany.精选122.3.1Legalstatus精选122.3.2LimitedcompaniesAlimitedcompanyhasaseparatelegalpersonalityfromitsowners(shareholders).Theshareholders’riskisgenerallyrestrictedtotheamountthattheyhaveinvestedinthecompanywhenbuyingtheshares.Limitedliability精选132.3.2Limitedcompanies精选13Theownershipandcontrolofalimitedcompanyarelegallyseparate.Shareholdersaretheownersbuthavelimitedrights,asshareholders,overthedaytodayrunningofthecompany.精选14TheownershipandcontrolofaDirectorsareappointedbyshareholderstorunthecompany.Boardofdirectorscontrolsmanagementandstaff,andisaccountabletotheshareholdersExecutivedirectorsparticipateinthedailyoperationoftheorganisation.Non-executivedirectorsareinvitedtojoininanadvisorycapacity,usuallytobringtheirparticularskillsorexperiencetothediscussionsoftheboardtoexercisesomeoverallguidance.精选15Directors精选15Operationalmanagementusuallyconsistsofcareermanagerswhoarerecruitedtooperatethebusiness,andareaccountabletotheboard.精选16Operationalmanagement精选162.3.3TypesoflimitedcompanyPrivatelimitedcompanies(egXLimited)Publiclimitedcompanies(egXplc)Theydifferasfollows:(a)Numberofshareholders(b)Transferabilityofshares(c)Directorsasshareholders(d)SourceofcapitalAprivatecompany’ssharecapitalwillnormallybeprovidedfromthreesources:thefounderorpromoter;businessassociatesofthefounderoremployer;venturecapitalistsApubliccompany’ssharecapitalcanberaisedfromthepublicdirectly,orthroughinstitutionalinvestors,usingrecognisedmarkets,精选172.3.3Typesoflimitedcompany2.3.4AdvantagesanddisadvantagesoflimitedcompaniesAdvantagesMoremoneyReducesriskforinvestorsSeparatelegalpersonalityOwnershipislegallyseparatefromcontrolNorestrictionsonsizeFlexibilityDisadvantagesLegalcompliancecostsShareholdershavelittlepracticalpower精选182.3.4Advantagesanddisadvant2.4

ThepublicsectorThepublicsectorcomprisesallorganisationsownedandrunbythegovernmentandlocalgovernment.精选192.4Thepublicsector精选192.4.1Keycharacteristicsofthepublicsector(a)Accountability,ultimately,toParliament.(b)FundingRaisingtaxesMakingchargesBorrowing(c)Demandforservices:limitless(d)Limitedresources精选202.4.1Keycharacteristicsoft2.4.2Advantages(a)Fairness(b)Fillingthegapsleftbytheprivatesector(c)Publicinterest(d)Economiesofscale(e)Cheaperfinance(f)Efficiency精选212.4.2Advantages精选212.4.3Disadvantages(a)AccountabilityInefficiencymaybeignored(b)InterferencePoliticiansmaynotbefamiliarwiththeoperationofabusinessandyetpoliticalpressuresandindecisionmayinfluenceadverselythedecisionmakingprocess.(c)CostThepublicwilldemandasperfectaserviceaspossiblebutwillnotwishtobearthecostinvolved.精选222.4.3Disadvantages精选222.5

Non-governmentalorganisationsAnon-governmentalorganisation(NGO)isanindependentvoluntaryassociationofpeopleactingtogetherforsomecommonpurpose(otherthanachievinggovernmentofficeormakingmoney).Aimedatpromotingsocial,politicalorenvironmentalchange.精选232.5Non-governmentalorganisatSomeorganisationalfeaturesofNGOsStaffingbyvolunteersaswellasfulltimeemployeesFinancefromgrantsorcontractsSkillsinadvertisingandmediarelationsSomekindofnational‘headquarters’Planningandbudgetingexpertise精选24Someorganisationalfeatureso2.6

Co-operativesocietiesandmutualassociationsCo-operativesarebusinessesownedbytheirworkersorcustomers,whosharetheprofits.OpenmembershipDemocraticcontrol(onemember,onevote)DistributionofthesurplusinproportiontopurchasesPromotionofeducationMutualassociationsaresimilartoco-operativesocietiesinthattheyare‘owned’bytheirmembersratherthanbyoutsideinvestors.精选252.6Co-operativesocietiesandQuestionsAlimitedcompanyhasaseparatelegalidentityfromitsowners.Trueorfalse.ATrueBFalseAnswer:A精选26QuestionsAlimitedcompanyhasWhichofthefollowingprovidesanexampleofa‘boundary’separatinganorganisationfromitsenvironment?AAdivisionalstructureBSystemsandproceduresCFactorygatesDRecruitmentpolicyAnswer:C精选27WhichofthefollowingprovidePrimaryandsecondarygoalsareequallyimportantinanorganisation.Isthisstatementtrueorfalse?ATrueBFalseAnswer:B精选28PrimaryandsecondarygoalsarWhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepublicsector?ACompanieswhereprofitsarethedrivingfactorBCompanieswhichareownedbyawideproportionoftheinvestingpublicCAllthoseorganisationsownedandrunbythegovernmentandlocalgovernmentDBusinessesownedbytheirworkersorcustomers,whosharetheprofitsAnswer:C精选29Whichofthefollowingbestde3StakeholdergoalsandobjectivesStakeholdersarethoseindividualsorgroupsthat,potentially,haveaninterestinwhattheorganisationdoes.Objectivesmustconsiderstakeholders.JohnsonandScholesidentifiedthreetypesofstakeholder:ICE精选303Stakeholdergoalsandobject3.1Internalstakeholders:employeesandmanagementEmployeesManagers3.2ConnectedstakeholdersShareholders(corporatestrategy)Bankers(cashflows)Suppliers(purchasestrategy)Customers(productmarketstrategy)3.3ExternalstakeholdersGovernmentInterest/pressuregroupsProfessionalbodies精选313.1Internalstakeholders:emp3.4AnotherapproachPrimarystakeholders:haveacontractualrelationshipwiththeorganisation.Includesinternalandconnectedstakeholders.Secondarystakeholders.Equatestoexternalstakeholders.3.5StakeholderconflictBetweenmanagersandshareholders精选323.4Anotherapproach精选323.6Stakeholdermapping:powerandinterestMendelow’sMatrix精选333.6Stakeholdermapping:powerThematrixoutlineshowtoapproacheachstakeholderStakeholdermappingisusedtoassessthesignificanceofstakeholdergroups.SegmentD:strategymustbeacceptable–keyplayersSegmentC:keepsatisfiedSegmentB:keepinformedSegmentA:minimaleffortStakeholdersmaymovefromquadranttoquadrant.精选34Thematrixoutlineshowtoapp3.7ThestrategicvalueofstakeholdersThefirmcanmakestrategicgainsfrommanagingstakeholderrelationships.3.8MeasuringstakeholdersatisfactionQualitativeQuantitative精选353.7ThestrategicvalueofstaQuestionsWhichofthefollowingisnotaconnectedstakeholder?ACustomerBEmployeeCLandlord(Lessor)DShareholderAnswer:B精选36QuestionsWhichofthefollowinQuestionsIfastakeholderhasahighlevelo