Cirme scene investigation 英美犯罪勘查简介

Cirmesceneinvestigation犯罪现场勘查CompanyLogoidentifytheresponsiblepersonThepurposeofcrimesceneinvestigationCompanyLogosearchwarrantCompanyLogoAsearchwarrantisacourtorderissuedbyajudgeorSupremeCourtOfficialthatauthorizeslawenforcementofficerstoconductasearchofapersonorlocationforevidenceofacrimeandtoconfiscateevidenceifitisfound.

Searchwarrantsareissuedbyamagistrateandrequireaconstabletoprovideevidencetosupporttheapplicationofthewarrant.Inthevastmajorityofcaseswherethepolicealreadyholdsomeoneincustody,searchesofpremisescanbemadewithoutasearchwarrantunderSection18ofthePoliceandCriminalEvidenceAct(PACE),whichrequiresonlytheauthorityofaninspector.

IntheUKCompanyLogoIntheUSAUndertheFourthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,mostsearchesbythepolicerequireasearchwarrantbasedonprobablecause,searchesmustbereasonableandspecific.Toobtainasearchwarrant,anofficermustfirstprovethatprobablecauseexistsbeforeamagistrateorjudge,basedupondirectinformationorhearsayinformation.Thestandardforasearchwarrantislowerthanthequantumofproofrequiredforalaterconviction.Therationaleisthattheevidencethatcanbecollectedwithoutasearchwarrantmaynotbesufficienttoconvict,butmaybesufficienttosuggestthatenoughevidencetoconvictcouldbefoundusingthewarrant.CompanyLogoU.S.policedonotneedasearchwarranttosearchavehicletheystopontheroadorinanon-residentialareaiftheyhaveprobablecausetobelieveitcontainscontrabandorevidenceofacrime.Andtoperformalimitedsearchofasuspect'souterclothingforweapons,ifpolicehaveareasonablesuspiciontojustifytheintrusion-aTerry'stopandfrisk.'CompanyLogoIncertaincasesasearchwarrantisnotrequired,suchaswhereconsentisgivenbyapersonincontroloftheobjectorpropertytobesearched.Anotherexceptioniswhenevidenceisinplainview-iftheofficerislegitimatelyonthepremises,hisobservationisfromalegitimatevantagepoint,anditisimmediatelyapparentthattheevidenceiscontraband,theofficeriswithinhisrighttoseizetheobjectinquestion.EXCEPTION

Thefirstdisposal

Protectscene

Initiatepreliminarysurvey/determinesceneboundariesThedisposalafterknowsthecasesThesituationofcasesThesituationofvictimsThetrafficroutestothesceneMakepertinentnotesastopossibleapproach/escaperoutesSecureandProtectSceneThesignificanceofsceneprotection

(A)helpidentifycriminalactivity

(B)facilitatethecollectionofcriminalevidence

(C)infavorofthatinvestigationleads

(D)helptoimprovetheefficiencyofsiteinvestigation

(E)isconducivetotheproperdisposalofthecrimescene

(F)infavorofaconservativefieldanddetectthesecret

Sceneprotection1.Takecontrolofsceneonarrival.2.Determineextenttowhichscenehasthusfarbeenprotected.3.Ensureadequatescenesecurity.4.Obtaininformationfrompersonnelwhohaveenteredsceneandhaveknowledgerelativetoitsoriginalconditionsdocumentwhohasbeenatscene.5Keepoutunauthorizedpersonnelbeginrecordingwhoentersandleaves.6、TakeurgentmeasuresforemergencysituationsEmergencysituations1.Rescuevictimsandinjuredpeople.

2.Removedangers,rescueproperty.

3.Removeobstaclestoprotectthetraffic.

4.Topreventcrime,monitorcriminalsuspects.InitiatePreliminarySurvey1.Thesurveyisanorganizationalstagetoplanfortheentiresearch.2.Acautiouswalk-throughofthesceneisaccomplished.3.Selectappropriatenarrativedescriptiontechnique.4.Acquirepreliminaryphotographs.5.Delineateextentofthesearcharea-usuallyexpandinitialperimeter.6.Organizemethodsandproceduresneededrecognizespecialproblemareas.7.Determinepersonnelandequipmentneedsmakespecificassignments.8.Identifyandprotecttransientphysicalevidence.9.Developageneraltheoryofthecrime.10.Makeextensivenotestodocumentscenephysicalandenvironmentalconditions,assignments,movementofpersonnel,etc.CompanyLogoCompanyLogoEvaluatePhysicalEvidencePossibilities1. Baseduponwhatisknownfromthepreliminarysurvey,determinewhatevidenceislikelytobepresent.2. Concentrateonthemosttransientevidenceandworktotheleasttransientformsofthismaterial.3. Focusfirstontheeasilyaccessibleareasinopenviewandprogresseventuallytopossibleout-of-viewlocations-lookforpurposelyhiddenitems.4. Considerwhethertheevidenceappearstohavebeenmovedinadvertently.5. Evaluatewhetherornotthesceneandevidenceappearsintentionally"contrived".CompanyLogoPrepareNarrativeDescription1. Thepurposeofthisstepistoprovidearunningnarrativeoftheconditionsatthecrimescene.Considerwhatshouldbepresentatascene(victim'spurseorvehicle)andisnotobservedandwhatisoutofplace(skimask).2. Representsceneina"generaltospecific"scheme.Considersituationalfactors:lightson/off,heaton/off,newspaperondriveway/inhouse,drapespulled,openorshut.3. Donotpermitnarrativeefforttodegenerateintoasporadicandunorganizedattempttorecoverphysicalevidence-itisrecommendedthatevidencenotbecollectedatthispoint,undermostcircumstances.4. Methodsofnarrative-written,audio,video.PhotographScene1、Beginphotographyassoonaspossible-planbeforephotographing.2、Documentthephotographiceffortwithaphotographiclog.3、Insurethataprogressionofoverall,mediumandclose-upviewsofthesceneisestablished.4、Photographevidenceinplacebeforeitscollectionandpackaging.5、Beobservantofandphotographareasadjacenttothecrimescene-pointsofentry,exits,windows,attics,etc.6、Photographitems,places,etc.,tocorroboratethestatementsofwitnesses,victims,suspects.7、Takephotographsfromeye-level,whenfeasible,torepresentsceneasitwouldbeobservedbynormalview.8、Filmisrelativelycheapcomparedtotherewardsobtained9、Priortoliftinglatentfingerprints,photographsshouldbetaken1:1,oruseappropriatescale.Preparediagram/sketchofscene1、Thediagramestablishespermanentrecordofitems,conditions,anddistance/sizerelationships-diagramssupplementphotographs2、Roughsketchisdrawnatscene(normallynotdrawntoscale)andisusedasamodelforfinishedsketch.3、Typicalmaterialonroughsketch:Specificlocation、DateTime、Caseidentifier、Preparer、Weatherconditions、Lightingconditions、Compassorientation、Evidence、Measurements4、Numberdesignationsonsketchcanbecoordinatedwithsamenumberdesignationsonevidenceloginmanyinstances.CompanyLogoConductDetailedSearch

1.Accomplishsearchbasedonpreviousevaluationofevidencepossibilities.2.Conductsearchinageneralmannerandworktothespecificsregardingevidenceitems.3.Donotforgetentranceandexitareasatsceneforpotentialevidence.4.Useofspecializedsearchpatterns(e.g.,grid,strip/lane,spiral)arerecommendedwhenpossible

Basicpremises1.Thebestsearchoptionsaretypicallythemostdifficultandtimeconsuming.2.Thereisonlyonechancetoperformthejobproperly.RecordandCollectPhysicalEvidence1.Markthelocationsofevidenceondiagram/sketch2.Photographallitemsbeforecollectionandenternotationsinphotographiclog(rememberusescalewhennecessary).3.Ensurethatevidenceorthecontainerofevidenceisinitialedbyinvestigatorcollectingtheevidence.4.Theevidenceshouldbecontainedinthecontainerwhereitcanbeandbeforenoughlongtime5.Sealallevidencecontainersatthecrimescene.

Therearetwobasicsearchapproaches,inthisorder:☻A"cautious"searchofvisibleareas,takingstepstoavoidevidencelossorcontamination.☻Afterthe"cautious"search,avigoroussearchforhidden/concealedareas.ConductFinalSurveyThisSurveyacriticalreviewofallaspectsofthesearch.

Discussthesearchjointlywithallpersonnelforcompleteness.Doublecheckdocumentationtodetectinadvertenterrors.

ConductFinalSurveyChecktoensureallevidenceisaccountedforbeforedepartingscene.Ensureallequipmentusedinthesearchisgathered.

ConductFinalSurveyMakesurepossiblehidingplacesofdifficultaccessareashavenotbeenoverlookedindetailedsearch.

ConductFinalSurvey

ConductFinalSurveyCriticalIssuesHaveyougonefarenoughinthesearchforevidence,documentedallessentialthings,andmadenoassumptionswhichmayprovetobeincorrectinthefuture?Releaseisaccomplishedonlyaftercompletionofthefinalsurvey.

ReleaseCrimeScene

ReleaseCrimeScene

Atminimum,documentationshouldbemadeof:ByWhomReleasedTowhomreleasedTimeanddateofrelease

ReleaseCrimeScene

Ensurethatappropriateinventoryhasbeenprovidedasnecessary,consideringlegalrequirements,topersontowhomsceneisreleased.

Oncethescenehasbeenformallyreleased,reentrymayrequireawarrant.Onlytheperson-in-chargeshouldhavetheauthoritytoreleasethescene.Thispreceptshouldbeknownandadheredtobyallpersonnel.Considertheneedtohavecertainspecialistsservethescenebeforeitisreleased(e.g.,bloodpatternanalysts,medicalexaminer).

ReleaseCrimeSceneO.J.SimpsonmurdercaseThemurdersAt12:00a.m.onJune13,1994,NicoleBrownSimpsonandRonGoldmanwerefoundmurderedoutsideBrown'sBundyDrivecondominiumintheBrentwoodareaofLosAngeles,California.Hertwochildren,Sydney(age8)andJustin(age5),wereasleepinsideinanupstairsbedroom.O.J.SimpsonandNicoleBrownSimpsonhaddivorcedtwoyearsearlier.EvidencefoundandcollectedatthesceneledpolicetosuspectthatO.J.Simpsonwasthemurderer.Nicolehadbeenstabbedmultipletimesthroughthethroattothepointofneardecapitation;hervertebraewerealmostsevered.Brown'spetAkitawasfoundbarkingnearthecrimesceneat11p.m.;theprosecutionnarrowedthetimeframeofthemurderstobetween10:15and10:40p.m.DNAevidenceSamplesfrombloodyfootprintsleadingawayfromthebodiesandfromthebackgateofthecondominiumweretestedforDNAmatches.InitialpolymerasechainreactiontestingdidnotruleoutSimpsonasasuspect.InmorepreciserestrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphismtestsmatcheswerefoundbetweenSimpson'sbloodandbloodsamplestakenfromthecrimescene(boththefootprintsandthegatesamples).Policecriminalist,DennisFung,testifiedthatthisDNAevidenceputSimpsonatNicoleBrown'stownhouseatthetimeofthemurders.Butincross-examinationbyBarryScheck,whichlastedeightfulldays,mostoftheDNAevidencewasquestioned.Dr.RobinCotton,ofCellmarkDiagnostics,testifiedforsixdays.Bloodevidencehadbeentestedattwoseparatelaboratories,eachconductingdifferenttests.Despitethatsafeguard,itemergedduringthecross-examinationofFungandtheotherlaboratoryscientiststhatthepolicescientist,AndreaMazzola,whocollectedbloodsamplesfromSimpsontocomparewithevidencefromthecrimescenewasatraineewhocarriedthevialofSimpson'sbloodaroundinherlabcoatpocketfornearlyadaybeforehandingitoverasanexhibit.WhiletwoerrorshadbeenfoundinthehistoryofDNAtestingatCellmark,oneofthetestinglaboratories,in1988and1989,theerrorswerefoundduringqualitycontroltestsandhadnotoccurredsince.Inthe1988test,oneofthecompanieshiredforDNAconsultingbySimpson'sdefensealsomadethesameerror.Whatshouldhavebeentheprosecution'sstrongpointbecametheirweaklinkamidaccusationsthatbunglingpolicetechnicianshandledthebloodsampleswithsuchadegreeofincompetenceastorenderthedeliveryofaccurateandreliableDNAresultsalmostimpossible.TherosecutionarguedthattheyhadmadetheDNAevidenceavailabletothedefenseforitsowntesting,andifthedefenseattorneysdisagreedwiththeprosecution'steststheycouldhaveconductedtheirowntestingonthesamesamples.Thedefensehadchosennottoaccepttheprosecution'soffer.GloveOnedarkleatherglovewasfoundatthecrimescene,itsmatchfoundnearKatoKaelin'sguesthousebehindSimpson'sRockinghamDriveestate.Kaelintestifiedthathehadheard"bumpsinthenight"inthesameareaaroundtheguesthousethenightofthemurder.BrownhadboughtSimpsontwopairsofthistypeofglovein1990.Bothgloves,accordingtotheprosecution,containedDNAevidencefromSimpson,BrownandGoldman,withthegloveatSimpson'shousealsocontainingalongstrandofblondehairsimilartoBrown's.OnJune15,1995,defenseattorneyJohnnieCochrangoadedassistantprosecutorChristopherDardenintoaskingSimpsontoputontheleatherglovethatwasfoundatthesceneofthecrime.TheprosecutionhadearlierdecidedagainstaskingSimpsontotryontheglovesbecausetheglovehadbeensoakedinblood(accordingtoprosecutors)fromSimpson,BrownandGoldman,andfrozenandunfrozenseveraltimes.DardenwasadvisedbyClarkandotherprosecutorsnottoaskSimpsontotryontheglove[citationneeded],buttoarguethroughexpertsthatinbettercondition,theglovewouldfit.Instead,DardendecidedtohaveSimpsontryontheglove.TheleathergloveseemedtootightforSimpsontoputoneasily,especiallyoverthelatexglovesheworeunderneath.UelmencameupwithandCochranrepeatedaquiphehadusedseveraltimesinrelationtootherpointsinhisclosingarguments,"Ifitdoesn'tfit,youmustacquit."