2023年武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案

感谢”珞珈人（武大考博）”群网友热心提供题源一、阅读理解Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneform.ofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpression"aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth."Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenceagainstsociety.Tomakeupforhisoffence,societymustgeteven.Thiscanbedoneonlybydoinganequalinjurytohim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegaldocumentsandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltogiveapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownwillpayhisdebt.Thedemandofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimhisdue.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministered,thecauseofhisantisocialbehavior.mustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemoved,provisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfronttherestofthesociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual,notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentsistheonlyadequatemeansforaccompanyingthis,itshouldbeadministered.However,theindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.1.The

best

title

for

this

selection

is

（B）

A.Fitting

Punishment

to

the

Crime

B.Approaches

to

Just

Punishment

C.Improvement

in

Legal

Justice

D.Attaining

Justice

in

the

Courts

2.The

passage

implies

that

the

basic

difference

between

retributive

justice

and

corrective

justice

is

the

（C）

.

A.

type

of

crime

that

was

proven

B.

severity

for

the

punishment

C.

reason

for

the

sentence

D.

outcome

of

the

trial

3.

The

punishment

that

would

be

most

inconsistent

with

the

views

of

corrective

justice

would

be（D）.A.

forced

brain

surgery

B.

whipping

C.

solitary

confinement

D.

the

electric

chair

4.

The

Biblical

expression

"an

eye

for

an

eye,

and

a

tooth

for

a

tooth”

was

presented

in

order

to

（D）.

A.

prove，that

equality

demands

just

punishment

B.

justify

the

need

for

punishment

as

a

part

of

law

C.

give

moral

backing

to

retributive

justice

D.

prove

that

man

has

long

been

interested

in

justice

"In

every

known

human

society

the

male's

needs

for

achievement

can

be

recognized...

In

agreat

number

of

human

societies

men's

sureness

of

their

sex

role

is

tied

up

with

their

right,

orability,

to

practice

some

activity

that

women

are

not

allowed

to

practice.

Their

maleness

in

facthas

to

be

underwritten

by

preventing

women

from

entering

some

field

or

performing

somefeat."This

is

the

conclusion

of

the

anthropologist

Margaret

Mead

about

the

way

in

which

the

rolesof

men

and

women

in

society

should

be

distinguished.If

talk

and

print

are

considered

it

would

seem

that

the

formal

emancipation

of

women

is

far

fromcomplete.

There

is

a

flow

of

publications

about

the

continuing

domestic

bondage

of

womenand

about

the

complicated

system

of

defences

which

men

have

thrown

up

around

theirhitherto

accepted

advantages,

taking

sometimes

the

obvious

form

of

exclusion

from

types

ofoccupation

and

sociable

groupings,

and

sometimes

the

more

subtle

form

of

automatic

doubtof

the

seriousness

of

women's

pretensions

to

the

level

of

intellect

and

resolution

that

men,

itis

supposed,

bring

to

the

business

of

running

the

world.There

are

a

good

many

objective

pieces

of

evidence

for

the

erosion

of

men's

status.

In

thefirst

place,

there

is

the

widespread

postwar

phenomenon

of

the

woman

Prime

Minister,

inIndia,

Sri

Lanka

and

Israel.Secondly,

there

is

the

very

large

increase

in

the

number

of

women

who

work,

especiallymarriedwomen

and

mothers

of

children.

More

diffusely

there

are

the

increasingly

numerousconvergences

between

male

and

female

behaviour:

the

approximation

to

identical

styles

indress

and

coiffure,

the

sharing

of

domestic

tasks,

and

the

admission

of

women

to

all

sorts

ofhitherto

exclusively

male

leisure-time

activities.Everyone

carries

round

with

him

a

fairly

definite

idea

of

the

primitive

or

natural

conditions

ofhuman

life.

It

is

acquired

more

by

the

study

of

humorous

cartoons

than

of

archaeology,

butthat

does

not

matter

since

it

is

not

significant

as

theory

but

only

as

an

expression

of

inwardlyfelt

expectations

of

people's

sense

of

what

is

fundamentally

proper

in

the

differentiationbetween

the

roles

of

the

two

sexes.

In

this

rudimentary

natural

society

men

go

out

to

huntand

fish

and

to

fight

off

the

tribe

next

door

while

women

keep

the

fire

going.

Amorousinitiative

is

firmly

reserved

to

the

man,

who

sets

about

courtship

with

a

club.5.

The

phrase

"men's

sureness

of

their

sex

role"

in

the

first

paragraph

suggests

that

they（C）A.

are

confident

in

their

ability

to

charm

women.B.

take

the

initiative

in

courtship.C.

have

a

clear

idea

of

what

is

considered

"manly".D.

tend

to

be

more

immoral

than

women

are.6.

The

third

paragraph（A）A.

generally

agrees

with

the

first

paragraphB.

has

no

connection

with

the

first

paragraphC.

repeats

the

argument

of

the

second

paragraphD.

contradicts

the

last

paragraph7.

The

usual

idea

of

the

cave

man

in

the

last

paragraph（B）A.

is

based

on

the

study

of

archaeologyB.

illustrates

how

people

expect

men

to

behaveC.

is

dismissed

by

the

author

as

an

irrelevant

jokeD.

proves

that

the

man,

not

woman,

should

be

the

wooer8.

The

opening

quotation

from

Margaret

Mead

sums

up

a

relationship

between

man

and

woman

which

the

author（D）A.

approves

ofB.

argues

is

naturalC.

completely

rejectsD.

expects

to

go

on

changingFarmersinthedevelopingworldhatepricefluctuations.Itmakesithardtoplanahead.Butmostofthemhavelittlechoice:theysellatthepricethemarketsets.FarmersinEurope,theU.S.andJapanareluckier:theyreceivemassivegovernmentsubsidiesintheformofguaranteedpricesordirecthandouts.LastmonthU.S.PresidentBushsignedanewfarmbillthatgivesAmericanfarmers$190billionoverthenext10years,or$83billionmorethantheyhadbeenscheduledtoget,andpushesU.S.agriculturalsupportclosetocrazyEuropeanlevels.Bushsaidthestepwasnecessaryto"promotefarmerindependenceandpreservethefarmwayoflifeforgenerations".ItisalsodesignedtohelptheRepublicanPartywincontroloftheSenateinNovember'smidtermelections.Agriculturalproductioninmostpoorcountriesaccountsforupto50%ofGDP,comparedtoonly3%inrichcountries.Butmostfarmersinpoorcountriesgrowjustenoughforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.ThosewhotryexportingtotheWestfindtheirgoodswhackedwithhugetariffsorcompetingagainstcheapersubsidizedgoods.In1999theUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentconcludedthatforeachdollardevelopingcountriesreceiveinaidtheyloseupto$14justbecauseoftradebarriersimposedontheexportoftheirmanufacturedgoods.It'snotasifthedevelopingworldwantsanyfavours,saysGeraldSsendwula,Uganda'sMinisterofFinance."Whatwewantisfortherichcountriestoletuscompete."AgricultureisoneofthefewareasinwhichtheThirdWorldcancompete.Landandlabourarecheap,andasfarmingmethodsdevelop,newtechnologiesshouldimproveoutput.Thisisnopieintheskyspeculation.ThebiggestsuccessinKenya'seconomyoverthepastdecadehasbeentheboominexportsofcutflowersandvegetablestoEurope.Butthatmayallchangein2023,whenKenyawillbeslightlytoorichtoqualifyforthe"leastdevelopedcountry"statusthatallowsAfricanproducerstoavoidpayingstiffEuropeanimportdutiesonselectedagriculturalproducts.Withtradebarriersinplace,thehorticultureindustryinKenyawillshrivelasquicklyasadiscardedrose.Andwhileagricultureexportsremainthegreathopeforpoorcountries,reducingtradebarriersinothersectorsalsoworks:AmericasAfricanGrowthandOpportunityAct,whichcutsdutiesonexportsofeverythingfromhandicraftstoshoes,hasprovedaboontoAfrica'smanufacturers.Thelesson:theThirdWorldcanprosperiftherichworldgivesitafairgo.ThisiswhatmakesBush'sdecisiontoincreasefarmsubsidieslastmonthallthemoredepressing.Poorcountrieshavelongsuspectedthattherichworldurgestradeliberalizationonlysoitcanwangleitswayintonewmarkets.SuchsuspicionscausedtheSeattletradetalkstobreakdownthreeyearsago.ButlastNovembermembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization,meetinginDoha,Qatar,finallyagreedtoanewroundoftalksdesignedtoopenupglobaltradeinagricultureandtextiles.Richcountriesassuredpoorcountries,thattheirconcernswerefinallybeingaddressed.Bush'shandoutlastmonthmakesalieof9.By

comparison,

farmers

（C）

receive

more

government

subsidies

than

others.?A.in

the

developing

worldB.in

JapanC.in

EuropeD.in

America?10.In

addition

to

the

economic

considerations,

there

is

a

（A）

motive

behind

Bush’s

signing

of

the

new

farm

bill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.The

message

the

writer

attempts

to

convey

throughout

the

passage

is

that

（A）?A.poor

countries

should

be

given

equal

opportunities

in

trade?B.“the

least?developed

country”

status

benefits

agricultural

countries?C.poor

countries

should

remove

their

suspicions

about

trade

liberalization?D.farmers

in

poor

countries

should

also

receive

the

benefit

of

subsidies12.The

writer’s

attitude

towards

new

farm

subsidies

in

the

U.S.

is

（C）?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedRogerRosenblatt’sbookBlackFiction,inattemptingtoapplyliteraryratherthansociopoliticalcriteriatoitssubject,successfullyalterstheapproachtakenbymostpreviousstudies.AsRosenblattnotes,criticismofBlackwritinghasoftenservedasapretextforexpoundingonBlackhistory.AddisonGayle’srecentwork,forexample,judgesthevalueofBlackfictionbyovertlypoliticalstandards,ratingeachworkaccordingtothenotionsofBlackidentitywhichitpropounds.

Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.Rosenblatt’sliteraryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesandconnectionsamongworksofBlackfictionwhichsolelypoliticalstudieshaveoverlookedorignored.

WritingacceptablecriticismofBlackfiction,however,presupposesgivingsatisfactoryanswerstoanumberofquestions.Firstofall,isthereasufficientreason,otherthantheracialidentityoftheauthors,togrouptogetherworksbyBlackauthors?Second,howdoesBlackfictionmakeitselfdistinctfromothermodernfictionwithwhichitislargelycontemporaneous?RosenblattshowsthatBlackfictionconstitutesadistinctbodyofwritingthathasanidentifiable,coherentliterarytradition.LookingatnovelswrittenbyBlacksoverthelasteightyyears,hediscoversrecurringconcernsanddesignsindependentofchronology.Thesestructuresarethematic,andtheyspring,notsurprisingly,fromthecentralfactthattheBlackcharactersinthesenovelsexistinapredominantlyWhiteculture,whethertheytrytoconformtothatcultureorrebelagainstit.

BlackFictiondoesleavesomeaestheticquestionsopen.Rosenblatt’sthematicanalysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity;heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworksyethisreluctanceseemsmisplaced,especiallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.Forinstance,someofthenovelsappeartobestructurallydiffuse.Isthisadefect,oraretheauthorsworkingoutof,ortryingtoforge,adifferentkindofaesthetic?Inaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likeJeanToomer’sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression?

Inspiteofsuchomissions,whatRosenblattdoesincludeinhisdiscussionmakesforanastuteandworthwhilestudy.BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan.Itsargumentistightlyconstructed,anditsforthright,lucidstyleexemplifieslevelheadedandpenetratingcriticism.13

The

author

objects

to

criticism

of

Black

fiction

like

that

by

Addison

Gayle

because

it（D）.A.

emphasizes

purely

literary

aspects

of

such

fictionB.

misinterprets

the

ideological

content

of

such

fictionC.

misunderstands

the

notions

of

Black

identity

contained

in

such

fictionD.

substitutes

political

for

literary

criteria

in

evaluating

such

fiction14.

The

author

of

the

passage

is

primarily

concerned

with

（A）.A.

evaluating

the

soundness

of

a

work

of

criticismB.

comparing

various

critical

approaches

to

"a

subjectC.

discussing

the

limitations

of

a

particular

kind

of

criticismD.

summarizing

the

major

points

made

in

a

work

of

criticism15.

The

author's

discussion

of

Black

Fiction

can

be

best

described

as

（B）.A.

pedantic

and

contentiousB.