自考英语二重点语法知识讲解

源源-于-网-络-收-集重点语法知识讲解1．动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态一览表时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动被动doaredonedidweredonewilldowillbedone现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动被动aredoingarebeingdoneweredoingwerebeingdonewillbedoing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动被动havedonehavebeendonehaddonehadbeendonewillhavedonewillhavebeendone现在完成进行时主动被动havebeendoing1．1现在完成时发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。现在完成时的标志：sofar，bynow/uptonow，forthreeyears，since1995，inthepasttwodecades过去完成时过去的过去。said,reported,thought等引导的间接引语中。Hemissedthetrain.Hesaidhehadmissedthetrain.hardly・・・when,nosooner…than句型中表示先发生的动作Nosoonerhadhegotupthanhereceivedthecall.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中IfIhadtriedharder,Iwouldhavewon.IwishIhaddonebetterintheexam.1.3完成进行时从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直Thewaterhasbeenrunningthewholenight.1.4过去时过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。过去时的标志：yesterday,in1995，lastweek，inthenineteenthcentury，fiveyearsago等等。2．非谓语动词2.1非谓语动词一览表非谓语动词形式意义现在分词一般式doing主动,正在进行被动式beingdone被动，正在进行完成主动式havingdone主动,已经完成完成被动式havingbeendone被动，已经完成过去分词done被动，已经完成动词不定式一般式todo主动，将要进行被动式tobedone被动，将要进行完成主动式tohavedone主动，已经完成进行主动式tobedoing主动，正在进行2.2.非谓语动词作状语动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语Icameheretomeetyou.(目的)Hehurriedtotherailstationonlytomissthetrain.(结果)分词：1)伴随状语；2)原因状语；3)条件状语4)让步状语；5)时间状语Walkingalongthestreet,hemethisoldfriend.(时间)Beingverytired,myfatherdidn'tgooutwithus.(原因)Madebyhand,thesilkshirtisveryexpensive.(原因)Seenfromthespace,theearthlookslikeablueball.(条件)非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构Havingdonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.(分词作状语)Afterhavingdonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.(连词+分词)Aftertheyhaddonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.(状语从句)Withhomeworkdone,thechildrenbegantoplay.(独立结构)非谓语动词作定语Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecision___(make).(tobemade)Doyouknowtheman(stand)infrontofthehouse?(standing)Thequestion(discuss)atthemomentisveryimportant.(beingdiscussed)Thebridge(build)inthe1950sisstillingoodcondition.(built)动名词和动词不定式作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。Risingearlyisgoodforhealth.Toriseearlytomorrowisdifficultforme.Itisdifficultformetoriseearlytomorrow.Mybiggestwishistogoabroad.Seeingisbelieving.作宾语接动名词作宾语的动词：admit,acknowledge,avoid,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,forgive,finish,include,involve,mind,putoff,postpone,suggest,feellike,lookforwardto,beusedto,beaccustomedto,etc.接动词不定式作宾语的动词：want,tend,intend,pretend,hope,plan,expect,besupposedto,seem,belikelyto,usedto,bewillingto,desire,force,prefer,start,begin接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：forget,remember,regretstop,continueneed/wantallowdoing/allowsbtodoHowcanIforgetmeetingyouforthefirsttime?Sorry,Iforgottolockthedoor.Ican'tstoplaughing.Canyoustoptogivemeahand?Thegrassneedscutting.Thegrassneedstobecut.Wedon'tallowsmokinghere.Youarenotallowedtosmokehere.3．虚拟语气第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气时间从句主句与现在事实相反did/wereshould/could/would+do与过去事实相反haddoneshould/could/would+havedone与将来事实相反weretodoshoulddoshould/could/would+doIfIwereyou,Iwouldbehappytodoit.Ifwehadgotthenews,wecouldhavepreparedearlier.Ifthejobweretosucceed,youshouldworkharder.第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语?/wouldrather+从句wish+从句ifonly+从句asif/asthough+从句It'stime+从句Iwouldratheryoudidn'ttellmethestorynow.Iwouldratheryouhadtoldmethestoryyesterday.第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。suggest,propose,advise,move(动议)，ask,order,require,request,desire,insist,prefer等动词后接的宾语从句；suggestion,proposal,advice,motion,order,requirement,request,desire,preference等名词后的同位语从句；important,necessary,essential,imperative,desirable,advisable,preferable等形容词用在itis…that…句型中；lest,incase,forfearthat等引导的从句中。Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Itismysuggestionthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Itisnecessarythatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Hecametotheofficeearlierlesthe(should)misstheimportantmeeting.4．定语从句和名词性从句4.1定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句引导定语从句1）关系代词（在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which,that,who,whom,whose2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when,where,why,how名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句：1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that,whether,if2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）:what,which,who,whom,whose,whatever,whoever…3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when,where,why,how4.2定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that,which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that不在从句中担任任何成分。1）Thestory（that）hetoldmemaynotbetrue.定语从句2）Thestorythathehasmadeafortunemaynotbetrue.同位语从句4.3什么时候用介词+which的形式？如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/which形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。1）TheplacewhichIvisitedlastweekisverybeautiful.2）TheplaceinwhichIusedtoliveisverybeautiful.4.4which和as引导非限制性定语从句which和as都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。as有“正如"的意思，而which没有。1）Heiseasytogetangry,whichiswellknown.他很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。2)Heiseasytogetangry,aseverybodyknows.正如大家都知道的那样，他很容易生气。1强化练习1．动词时态强化练习Iwashired(hire)byaSaudidiplomatdirectlyfromthePhilippinestoworkinLondonin1989.解析：过去时的被动语态，标志语：1989。However,manypeopledoubtwhetherthiswillreduce(reduce)theincidenceofabuse.解析：一般将来时，表示"会减少"的意思。Uptothattime,theblueshadbeen(be)anessentiallyblackmedium.解析：过去完成时，标志语：uptothattime，表示"过去的过去"。Ofthese20,000,justunder2000arebeingphysically,sexuallyandpsychologicallyabused(abuse).解析：现在进行时的被动。Ifyoudonot(not,control)it,itwillcontrolyou.解析：一般现在时。主讲从现：主句用将来时，但是时间状语、条件状语和让步状语从句中用现在时。Youwillenjoyyourfuntimemoreafteryouhavecompleted(complete)yourstudyresponsibilities.解析：现在完成时，表示"已经完成"。Maintainingahealthyself-esteemis(be)achallengethatcontinuesthroughoutlife.解析：一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。Thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturywitnessed(witness)thefirstextendedtranslationintoEnglishofthewritingsofEliphasLevi.解析：一般过去时，标志语：thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury。Alltheworriestheymighthavefeltforhimweredriven(drive)offbythesightofhischeerfulface.解析：一般过去时的被动Attemptstobreakupthisoldsystemhavebeenmade(make)ineverypresidentialelectioninthepastonehundredyears.解析：现在完成时的被动，标志语：inthepastonehundredyears。2．非谓语动词强化练习Themotherdidn'tknowwhotoblame(blame)forthebrokenglass.解析：who+动词不定式做know的宾语Thechildrenbrought(bring)upinthiswaytendtobehealthier.解析：过去分词作定语，表被动。Itremindedthepresidenttokeepthecampaignfocused(focus)ontheeconomy.解析：过去分词做宾补。Putting(put)foodintoanemptystomachhelpssynchronizethebodyclock.解析：动名词作主语。Itseemsreasonabletoassumethat,otherthingsbeing(be)equal,theywouldprefersingletosharedrooms.解析：现在分词用在独立结构中Thispoem,iftranslated(translate)wordforwordintoChinese,willmakenosense.解析：连词加过去分词作状语Theymayhavetheirpassportsremoved(remove),makingleavingor“escaping”actuallyimpossible.解析：过去分词作宾补Herbody,withhandsandfeetbound(bind),wasdiscoveredbyatravelerearlyinthemorning.解析：过去分词用在独立结构中Icouldn'thelpbutfeel(feel)thisisaverystrangelife.解析：couldn'thelpbut后接动词原形Letusconsidertheearthasaplanetrevolving(revolve)roundthesun.解析：现在分词作定语3．虚拟语气强化练习Ifithadn'tbeenforyourhelp,wewouldhavebeen(be)inrealtrouble.解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,ifhehadnotbeen(notbe)sobusy.解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句3.Itishightimethatwetook(take)firmmeasurestoprotectourenvironment.解析：Itishightime+过去式的虚拟形式Itwasimperativethatstudentsfinish(finish)theirpapersbeforeJuly1st.解析：Itwasimperativethat+动词原形的虚拟形式Theydemandedthattherighttovotebegiven(give)toeveryadultperson.解析：demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式Therewasamistakeonmypaycheck.Ishouldhavereceived(receive)$10more.解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示"本应该收到"而实际上没有。Iwouldratherhebought(buy)thehousenextyear.====Word行业资料分享―可编辑版本―双击可删====Word行业资料分享―可编辑版本―双击可删====解析：wouldrather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。Themanagertoldustobefriendlytothevisitorsasifwehadmet(meet)thembefore.解析：asif所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。Shouldshecometomorrow,Itakehertothemuseum.X正确答案为C[A]can[B]will[C]would[D]must解析：与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。Ifweeverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.正确答案为A[A]hadn'tgot[B]didn'tget[C]wouldn'thavegot[D]wouldn'tget解析：从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时(从bynow可以看出)，所以变为过去完成时。4．定语从句和名词性从句强化练习1.Studieshaveshownteenagersoftensufferfromdepression.正确答案为A[A]that[B]which[C]inwhich[D]inthat解析：that引导宾语从句2.Itisawell-knownfactapersonwillmoveinacirclewhenhecannotusehiseyestocontrolhisdirection.正确答案为A[A]that[B]if[C]when[D]whether解析：that引导同位语从句Ontheotherhandconcernisalsogrowingaboutthepossibilityofaneweconomicorderresource-richnationsoftheThirdWorldwouldcombinetosethighcommodityprices.正确答案为C[A]which[B]what[C]that[D]inthat源-于-网-络-收-集====Word行业资料分享―可编辑版本―双击可删====Word行业资料分享―可编辑版本―双击可删====源源-于-网-络-收-集解析：that引导同位语从句Itisnotyetknowncomputerswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.正确答案为A[A]whether[B]if[C]that[D]how解析：it为形式主语，whether引导真正的主语从句Suchattitudesamounttoabeliefleisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.正确答案为D[A]which[B]if[C]whether[D]that解析：that引导同位语从句Thereasonformakingadecisionisaproblemexists,goalsarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.正确答案为D[A]why[B]because[C]where[D]that解析：