新高考英语二轮复习课时练第1部分阅读理解与阅读七选五专题1第3 题型突破主旨大意题 (含解析)

第3讲题型突破——主旨大意题思维品质体现英语学科核心素养的心智特征，而主旨大意题较好地反映了学生的思维品质。主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过阅读文章正确获取文章主旨，推断文章的主题、标题、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。选项特征技法一标题归纳题——“高度概括”定标题记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。设问方式1．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?2．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?3．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?4．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?5．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?此类试题的解题流程如下：(2022·浙江1月·C)Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia(痴呆症)inlaterlife—andiftheydid，itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDrHelenaHörder，oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden，said：“Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople’scardiovascular(心血管的)fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.”Forthestudy，191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheyweretiredouttomeasuretheirpeak(最大值的)cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevelwithacapacityof120wattsorhigher，while92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory.Atotalof59wereoflowfitnesslevel，withapeakworkloadof80wattsorless，orhavingtheirtestsstoppedbecauseofhealthproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime，44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia，comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness.“However，thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia，itonlyshowsanassociation，”saidHörder.“Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant.”Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied，allofwhomwerefromSweden，sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementiaB．Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC．FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD．BikingImprovesWomen’sCardiovascularFitness答案C解析标题归纳题。依据“穿珠连串”法，由第一段最后一句可知，新的研究发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且如果她们患上痴呆症，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。再根据文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患痴呆症的概率会大大降低。故选C。技法二文章大意题——“主题句定位”寻主旨说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题，如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都会考查文章大意类题目。设问方式1．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?2．Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext?3．Whatdoesthepassagefocuson?此类试题的解题流程如下：(2022·全国甲·C)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica，shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鹅)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle，lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood，Ginni，now71，hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(职业)asaprofessionaldancer，shetouredintheUK，butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest，shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts，Ginnibegantotraveltheworld，eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego，thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo，”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous.Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008，Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore，tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises，thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas，”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland，toberespectedbyhumans，wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.31．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Achildhooddream.B．Anunforgettableexperience.C．Sailingaroundtheworld.D．MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.答案B解析主旨大意题。依据“主题句定位”法，通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Thesegentle，lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.”可知，Anunforgettableexperience(一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。技法三段落大意题——首尾兼顾知段意段落大意题常在说明文和议论文中考查。文章的每一个段落都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。相对于标题类试题和文章大意类试题，段落大意类试题考查频率较低。设问方式1．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?2．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusabout...?3．Inthelastparagraph，theauthormainlytellsus.4．Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?5．Thethirdparagraphmainlytellsusthat.此类试题的解题流程如下：(2022·全国甲·D片段)Sometimeintheearly1960s，asignificantthinghappenedinSydney，Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then，oneafteranother，Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks，superbbeaches，andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.32．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B．TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C．ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment.D．Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.答案C解析段落大意题。依据“首尾兼顾知段意”原则，即根据第一段中的“Sometimeintheearly1960s，asignificantthinghappenedinSydney，Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.”以及“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。A(原创题)选自：ScientificAmericanHumansarenottheonlyanimalsthatbeardivorce；somebirdsgothroughitaswell.Arecentstudyrevealswhymembersofonesuchspecies，theEurasianbluetit，sometimesbreaktheirbond.Whenornithologists(鸟类学家)referto“divorce”，theymeanthatbothmembersofabreedingpairsurvivetothefollowingbreedingseasonbutenduppairingwithnewpartnersratherthanreuniting.Greatblueheronsdivorceaftereverybreedingseason，andemperorpenguinssplituparound85percentofthetime.Incontrast，just9percentofmallardduckpairscallitquits，andalbatrossesalmostneverbreakup.Manyresearchershavefocusedonunderstandinghowtheseseparationsaffectreproductivesuccess，butuntilnowfewhavefocusedontheprocessitself.BehavioralecologistCarolGilsenanoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforOrnithologyinGermanyandhercolleaguesmonitoredhundredsofEurasianbluetitsforeightyears，usingartificialnestboxesinaprotectedforestinsouthernGermany.Intheirfindings，publishedinAnimalBehaviour，64percentofbreedingpairssplitupduringthestudy—eventhoughfaithfulpairsproducedmoreeggsandrearedmorefledglings(幼鸟)．Ifbothmembersofapairreturnedtotheirpreviousterritoryaroundthesametime，theyweremorelikelytoreunite；iftheywereondifferentschedules，theyweremorelikelytoseparate.“Ifyouturnupearly，youcan’taffordtowaitaround，”Gilsenansays.“Itcouldbethatyourformermateisinjuredorevendead.Ifyouwait，youmayforgoabreedingopportunity，soyouneedtopairup.”Adultdeathrateinbluetitsisextremelyhigh—around50percent—sothebirdthatreturnsfirstismorelikelytobreedagainbyfindinganewpartnerratherthanriskbeingleftoutentirely.Thebirdsseemtobesimplyplayingtheodds.Theresearchersalsodiscoveredthatifpairsmaintainedcontactoutsidethebreedingseason，theyweremorelikelytohavesynchronizedschedulesandthereforetoremainfaithfultoeachother.JoshA．Firth，azoologistattheUniversityofOxford，whowasnotinvolvedwiththestudy，saysthisanalysisapparentlyrulesoutanumberofotherpossiblecausesofbirddivorce，includinglowreproductivesuccessrates，infidelity，andgeneticorbehavioralcompatibility.“Inwildanimalpopulations，”hesays，“divorcecanbedrivenbyconsequentialeffects—almostaccidentally.”语篇解读这是一篇说明文。不仅人可以离婚，自然界中的鸟儿也可以“离婚”，这是因为一个交配季节过后，这一对鸟儿就会分开，在下一个交配季节来临时，其中一个可能不回来了，为了繁殖，另一只鸟儿就不再等待，而是去找一个新配偶。1．Whichbirdsofthefollowingarefaithfultotheirformerpartner?A．Greatblueherons.B．Emperorpenguins.C．Mallardducks.D．Albatrosses.答案D解析推理判断题。由第二段中的“Incontrast，just9percentofmallardduckpairscallitquits，andalbatrossesalmostneverbreakup.”可知，信天翁这类鸟几乎不“离婚”，由此可推断信天翁对自己的伴侣是最忠实的。故选D。2．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．TheresultofCarolGilsenan’sfindings.B．Thereasonwhysomebirdswillfindanewpartner.C．Thenumberofbirdsthatpairwithnewpartners.D．Thekindsofbirdsthatbeardivorce.答案B解析段落大意题。由第四段第二、三句“Itcouldbethatyourformermateisinjuredorevendead.Ifyouwait，youmayforgoabreedingopportunity，soyouneedtopairup.”可知，本段主要告诉我们鸟儿为什么在新的交配季节去找新的伴侣。故选B。3．Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A．BirdsBreakUpB．BirdsC．AnimalsD．HumanandNature答案A解析标题归纳题。由第一段第一句“Humansarenottheonlyanimalsthatbeardivorce；somebirdsgothroughitaswell.”以及下文多次提到鸟儿divorce，breakup，findanewpartner可知，A项适合作为本文的标题。故选A。4．Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthispassagemostlikelybefound?A．Sciencefiction. B．Newspaper.C．Magazine. D．Website.答案C解析文章出处题。本文主题语境是人与自然，向我们讲述了鲜为人知的鸟儿也“离婚”现象，所以最有可能是杂志上的一篇文章。故选C。BForgivenessisimportantinchildrenandadultsforrestoringrelationshipsandlimitingfutureconflicts.Arecentstudysuggeststhatteachingchildrentounderstandotherpeople’sperspectivescouldmakeiteasierforthemtolearnhowtoforgiveotherpeople.Thestudyalsofoundthatteachingchildrentomakesincereapologiescanhelpthemreceiveforgivenessfromothers.Mulvey，anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatNorthCarolinaStateUniversity，ledthestudy.Herteamenlisted185children，agedbetween5and14，inthestudy.Researchersconductedinaninterviewwitheachchildthatcollectedbackgroundinformationandassessedthechild’s“theoryofmind”skills.Theoryofmindisyourabilitytounderstandthatsomeoneelse’sbeliefs，intentionsanddesiresaredifferentfromyourown.Researchersthenledeachchildthroughaseriesofscenarios(设想情况)involvingotherchildrenwhoare“in-group”and“out-group”．Specifically，eachparticipantwastoldtheywerepartofagroup，suchasthegreenteam.Duringinterviews，researchersdescribedsomechildrenasalsobeingonthegreenteam(makingthemin-group)，whileotherchildrenwereontheyellowteam(makingthemout-group)．Ineachscenario，interviewersaskedstudyparticipantswhethertheywerewillingtoforgiveagroupthatleftthemoutofagameoractivity.Therewerethreemainfindings.First，childrenaremorelikelytoforgivesomeoneifhe/shehasapologized.Second，childrenaremorelikelytoforgivepeoplewhoare“in-group”．Third，themoreadvancedachild’stheoryofmindskillsare，themorelikelytheyaretoforgiveothers.Theresearchersidentifiedtwothingsthatparentsandteachersmaywanttofocusonrelatedtoforgiveness.Oneishelpingkidsunderstandhowimportantitistoapologizeinameaningfulway.Thesecondfocusareaishelpingkidsunderstandtheperspectivesofotherpeople，eveniftheyaredifferentfromyou.Mulveysays，“Oneofthebiggestimplicationsofourstudyisthatteachersandparentsneedtoactivelyhelpchildrencultivatetheoryofmindskills，whichwillaidtheminnavigatingadiverseandcomplexworldinthefuture.”语篇解读这是一篇说明文，介绍了北卡罗来纳州立大学通过对185名儿童进行观察，研究帮助儿童学会宽恕行为的方法。一是教会孩子们进行诚挚的道歉；二是帮助孩子理解其他人的不同观点。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthestudyparticipants?A．Theyweredividedintotwogroupsbasedontheage.B．Theyneededtooffersomeoftheirpersonalinformation.C．Theyhadtofillinaquestionnaireaboutreal-lifesituations.D．Theytookpartinagameoractivitybeforeeachinterview.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知，参与研究的孩子需要提供个人的背景资料，故选B。6．Accordingtothestudy，childrenaremorelikelytoforgiveothers.A．fromhighersocialbackgroundsB．havingthehabitofapologizingC．withbettertheoryofmindskillsD．belongingtoadifferentgroup答案C解析细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，孩子的心理理论技能越高级，他们就越有可能原谅他人，故选C。7．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thepossibleeffectofthestudy.B．Thelimitationofthestudy.C．Thetheoreticalbasisofthestudy.D．Thefocusoffuturestudies.答案A解析段落大意题。根据最后一段内容可知，本段主要讲的是这项研究可能产生的影响。故选A。8．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ForgivenessHelpsChildrentoLimitFutureConflictsB．Forgiveness：WhatShouldTeachersandParentsFocuson?C．StudyOutlinesWaystoHelpChildrenLearnForgivenessD．AreYouWillingtoForgiveOthersorReceiveForgiveness?答案C解析标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据第一段最后两句可知，文章主要介绍了最近的一项研究发现了如何让孩子学会宽恕，C项“研究展示了帮助孩子学会宽恕的办法”切题。故选C。强化练(七)主旨大意题(1)AWoodyWilliamsofCharlotte，NorthCarolinaissimplyWoodyWilliams，aretiredgraphicartistandmusicianwhoplaysinlocalclubsandbars.Butonline，the72-year-oldisknownasFunkyGeezer(时髦老头)，andhe’sgotmorethan3millionfollowersonTikTokalone!InDecember2020，WoodywasstayinginhishometoavoidcatchingtheCOVID-19，justlikeeverybodyelse.Hefoundhimselfwithmorefreetimethanusual，andsincehecouldn’tgotoperforminacluborjamwithanybands，hedecidedtocheckoutwhatwashappeningonline.HedownloadedTikTokanduploadedashortvideoofhimselfdoingalittledance.Thelikesandcommentsstartedpouringin，andbeforeheknewit，hisvideohadbeenviewedmillionsoftimes!Encouraged，WoodyleanedintohisFunkyGeezerpersona(人设)，uploadingmorevideostohischannel.Heenjoysconnectingwithpeopleagain，andalwayslovesputtingonashowtomakeotherssmile.FunkyGeezerhasnowgoneviralmorethanonce，andhe’sgotalargefollowingacrossallofhissocialchannels.He’sevengettingrequeststobringhisdancemovestoforeignlands，althoughhe’snotsurehe’llbetravelingmuchbeyondhisusualcircles.“IwasaskedtodoshowsinCanada，EnglandandMicronesia，”hesaid.“Idon’tevenknowwhereMicronesiais.”Woodysayshedoesn’trunhis“FunkyGeezerShow”forfameorfortune;hesimplywantstoputasmileonsomeone’sface!“Mymottoistoinspireuntilyoudie，”hesaid，adding，“Iamjustencouragingthenewbiestocomeup，grabtheirguitar，getinvolved，andexpressthemselves.”语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了70多岁的老人Woody在抖音上发布短视频，从而受到关注的经历和感受。1．WhydidWoodyuploadashortvideoonTikTok?A．Topasstime.B．Toattractfollowers.C．Toshowadancingstyle.D．Topromotelocalclubsandbars.答案A解析推理判断题。根据第二段前两句可知，Woody是因为疫情期间在家无聊，为了打发时间才在抖音上发布短视频的。故选A项。2．WhatdidWoodydoafterthesuccessofhisfirstvideo?A．Heviewedmillionsofvideos.B．Heencouragedotherstojamwithbands.C．Hebeganconnectingpeoplewithdancing.D．Hewentonestepfurthertowardshisnewpersona.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Encouraged，WoodyleanedintohisFunkyGeezerpersona(人设)，uploadingmorevideostohischannel.”可知，他进一步塑造了自己的人设。故选D项。3．Whatareparagraphs4and5mainlyabout?A．HowpopularWoodyis.B．WhereWoodywilltravel.C．WhatchannelsWoodyuses.D．WhyWoodymovedabroad.答案A解析段落大意题。从第四段中的“FunkyGeezerhasnowgoneviralmorethanonce”以及第五段中的“IwasaskedtodoshowsinCanada，EnglandandMicronesia”可知，Woody走红了，而且还被邀请出国表演，由此可见他很受欢迎。故选A项。4．WhichisaproperwordtodescribeWoody?A．Proud. B．Lazy.C．Sensitive. D．Enthusiastic.答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Iamjustencouragingthenewbiestocomeup，grabtheirguitar，andgetinvolved，expressthemselves.”可知，他把自己跳舞的视频分享到抖音上，而且他还想要激励新手，说明他是充满热情的。故选D项。B(2022·安徽“皖南八校”联考)Whatdoesittaketobecomeanastronaut？It’saquestionthat’sbeenaskedsincethestartoftheSpaceAgeinthe1960s.Inthosedays，pilotswereconsideredthemostwell-trainedprofessionals，somilitaryflierswerefirstinlinetogotospace.Morerecently，peoplefromawiderangeofprofessionalbackgrounds—doctors，scientists，andeventeachers—havetrainedtoliveandworkinnear-Earthorbit.Evenso，thoseselectedtogotospacemustmeethighstandards.Peoplewhowanttobecomeastronautsmustbeintopphysicalcondition.Eachcountry’sspaceprogramhashealthrequirementsforitsspacetravelers.Theyusuallyassessacandidate’sfitnesstowithstandsomeprettytoughconditions.Forexample，agoodcandidatemusthavetheabilitytoenduretherigorsoflift-offandtofunctioninweightlessness.Allastronautsmusthavegoodvisualacuityandnormalbloodpressure.Beyondthat，thereisnoagelimit.Mostastronauttraineesarebetweentheagesof25and46，althougholderpeoplehavealsoflowntospacelaterintheircareers.Peoplewhogotospaceareusuallyself-confident，risk-takers，adeptatstressmanagementandmultitasking.Theyalsoneedtobeabletoworkaspartofateamforanygivenassignment.OnEarth，astronautsareusuallyrequiredtoperformvariouspublicrelationsduties，suchasspeakingtothepublic，workingwithotherprofessionals，andsometimeseventestifyingbeforegovernmentofficials.So，astronautswhocanrelatewelltomanydifferentkindsofpeopleareseenasvaluableteammembers.Often，astronautshaveabackgroundasscientistsandmanyhavehigh-leveldegrees，likePhDs.Othershavemilitarytrainingorspaceindustryexpertise.Regardlessoftheirbackground，onceanastronautisacceptedintoacountry’sspaceprogram，heorshegoesthroughrigoroustrainingtoactuallyliveandworkinspace.eq\x(语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了成为一名宇航员需要具备的条件。)5．Whichofthefollowingisofleastimportancetoanastronaut?A．Normalbloodpressure.B．Goodeyesight.C．Toughbody.D．Youngage.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，成为宇航员并没有严格的年龄限制，甚至有人在年龄较大的时候也飞往太空，所以相比其他条件，年龄对于宇航员是最不重要的。故选D。6．Accordingtothepassage，anastronautisonewho________.A．isstrongandhealthyB．hasself-confidenceC．canworkundergreatpressureD．alloftheabove答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段前三句可知，宇航员需要健康和强壮的身体；根据第三段第一句可知，宇航员充满自信且能承受高压，故选D。7．Whyareastronautsaskedtoperformpublicduties?A．Tomakethemfamousamongpeople.B．Torelievetheirfeelingsoftension.C．Toraisetheirawarenessofteamwork.D．Topromotepublicinterestintheaerospace.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第三段中第二、三、四句可知，宇航员被要求履行公共职责是为了锻炼他们的团队合作能力，提高他们的团队合作意识，使他们成为团队中有价值的成员。故选C。8．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．EveryoneCanBeanAstronautB．TheProfessionalQualitiesofanAstronautC．TrainingAstronautsisMuchEasierNowadaysD．It’sNotMysterioustoBeanAstronaut答案B解析标题归纳题。文章第一句“Whatdoesittaketobecomeanastronaut？”以设问的方式引起下文，是文章的主旨句，接下来具体分析了成为一名宇航员需要具备的专业素质，包括身体素质、心理素质、专业知识等。B项(一名宇航员的专业素质)符合题意。故选B。CWhenevaluatingpeopleonvariouspsychologicaltests，psychologistsoftendistinguishbetweenmarkersofabsoluteperformanceandrelativeperformance.Absoluteperformancereflectstherawmeasurementofsomething，likethetimeittakestorunamile.Relativeperformanceishowapersonratesinrelationtotheirpeers，asinwhatplacearunnergetsinarace.Thestandardsweusetoevaluateourselvesarealmostalwaysrelative，aswecompareourselvestoourpeersandthestandardsthataremostfamiliartous.Forinstance，inmyprivatepractice，IhaveonepatientIwillcall“Omar”whoisdependentonsocialservicesandmakeslessthan$30，000peryearathisjob.Whilethislevelofpovertywouldleadmostpeopletowakeupdepressedeachday，OmarisoneofthemostoptimisticandappreciativeindividualsIknow.Why？Becausemostofhisclosestpeers—hissiblingsandfriendsfromchildhood—havelivesfarworsethanhis.IncontrasttoOmar，Ihaveanotherpatient，anadolescentI’llcall“Lena”，whosefamilyhaspropertyover$5million.Lena，however，livesinanupper-classneighborhoodwhereherfamilyisatthelowerendoftheincomelevel.ThoughLena’sfamilyallowshertoenjoypossessionsandexperiencesthatlessthan1percentofherpeersacrosstheworldcanshare，sheconsistentlyfeels“lessthan”．Why？BecauseLenadoesn’tcompareherselftotherestoftheworld.Thisistooabstractanexerciseforher，asitwouldbeformostofus.Accordingly，whetherapsychologistispsychodynamicorcognitive-behavioral，therapy(疗法)withindividualsstrugglingwithsituationalorpsychologicaldepressionaimstosolvetheproblemsassociatedwithbasingone’sself-worthoncomparisonswithothers.Psychologiststrytohelppeoplefocusonpersonalgrowtharoundtheachievementofconcretegoalsinlinewiththeirvalues，independentoftheachievementofothers.Forallofus，definingthesegoals，especiallyduringperiodsofemotionalcalm，cangoalongwayinhelpingustoavoidthetrapofrelativitythatoftenleadstosituationalandpsychologicaldepression.语篇解读本文为一篇说明文。主要介绍幸福与比较的关系，文章通过对比两个例子介绍了两个收入不同、幸福感不同的人，说明一个人的幸福通常取决于他们选择与自己进行比较的人的类型。最后建议人们要建立自尊，避免不健康的比较。9．Whatisthefunctionofparagraph1?A．Toshowthesignificanceofevaluatingpeople.B．Tomotivatereaderstostudypsychologicaltests.C．Tohelppeopleperformwellinpsychologicaltests.D．Toprovidesomebackgroundinformationonevaluatingpeople.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第一段可知，第一段提供了两种评估人的标准即“绝对性表现”和“相对性表现”，为下文作铺垫。故选D。10．Whydoestheauthormentionhistwopatients?A．Tomeasuredifferentachievements.B．Tointroducethestandardstoevaluatepeople.C．Toexplainrelativeperformancewithexamples.D．Tocontrastrelativeperformanceandabsoluteperformance.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第二段第一句以及下文的介绍可知，作者通过举例子的方式介绍了什么叫幸福和收入的相对性表现。故选C。11．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Settinggoalsinlifeisessentialforeveryone.B．It’simportanttoavoidunhealthycomparisons.C．Asenseofachievementcanaffectone’shappiness.D．Improvingself-worthcanhelpgetridofdepression.答案B解析段落大意题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，情境性心理抑郁是不健康的比较方式造成的，所以我们得避免陷入它的陷阱。故选B。12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Happiness：Isitallrelative?B．Self-worth：Isitmeasurable?C．Self-worth：Isitbasedonefforts?D．Happiness：Isitassociatedwithachievements?答案A解析标题归纳题。通读分析文章结构可知，第一段介绍通过心理测试评估一个人时，心理学家通常会区分绝对性表现和相对性表现的标志。第二、三段通过对比两个例子，说明一个人的幸福通常取决于他们选择与自己进行比较的人的类型。第四段做出总结，对于那些患有情境性或心理抑郁症的人经常会落入相对论的陷阱，并对自己的价值有一种扭曲的看法。建议人们要建立自尊，避免不健康的比较。因此，文章主要介绍幸福与比较的相对性关系，故选A。强化练(八)主旨大意题(2)ADuringthe1930s，theGreatWarbrokeout.A25-year-oldAmericansoldier，probablyneverthoughtthathislifewouldchangeforeverwhenhevolunteeredtogotoFrance.OnenightwhiletheAmericanunitwasreturningtothebaseafterabloodyfight，Suleymanstumbledintothegroundandnoticedabitofmovementfromthebush.Beingstuckbetweentwochoiceseitherit’senemyorananimal，Suleymanfoundafive-year-oldgirlfromthebushesshiveringwithcoldandutmostfear.Duetotheatrocityofthewar，thegirlwasabandonedbyherfamilyandthewholevillagewaskilled.Duringthewar，itwasimpossibletofindthechild’sfamilysoSuleymantookthislittleFrenchgirlunderhiswingsandgaveheranAmericannameFlorawhichmeansliketheflower.Soon，Florabecametheappleoftheeyeofeveryonelivinginthearmycamp.Foroneandahalfyears，FloraandSuleymanbecameinseparable；however，everyfairytalecomestoanend.Whenthewarended，SuleymanwassentbacktotheUSA，whileFlorawasputinanorphanage，theNormandySchool，whichwasfoundedbytheAmericangovernmentfororphanedFrenchchildrentohaveaneducation.Foryears，SuleymanalwaysthoughtaboutFlora.WhentheFrenchNationalOlympicTeamwasplayingintheSummerOlympicsinLosAngelesin1984，SuleymangazedthroughtheaudienceonTV，hopingtocatchaglimpseofFlora，buthenevercould.Attheageof85，Suleymanattendedthe60thanniversaryreceptionoftheGreatWarwhereSuleymansharedhisstorywithAmericanandFrenchofficials.Afterhearinghisstory，aFrenchjournaliststartedtoinvestigatethestory，andallgovernmentfileswerereadindetail.Themomentthejournalisthelpeddialthenumber，intears，FlorasaidSuleymanwasherhero，andeverythingcamefloodingbacktoher.语篇解读这是一篇记叙文。讲述了第二次世界大战爆发时，25岁的美国士兵苏莱曼救了一个女孩，取名弗洛拉。两人在一年半的时间里形影不离，直到弗洛拉被送入孤儿院，两人分开。在苏莱曼85岁的时候，记者帮忙拨通了弗洛拉的电话，两人再次取得了联系。1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“atrocity”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Cruelty. B．Challenge.C．Range. D．Stress.答案A解析词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“ofthewar，thegirlwasabandonedbyherfamilyandthewholevillagewaskilled”可知，这个女孩被家人抛弃，整个村庄的人都被杀了，可见战争血雨腥风、十分残酷，故画线词意思是“残酷”。故选A。2．WhydidSuleymanwatch1984SummerOlympics?A．BecauseFloramightbeintheFrenchteam.B．BecauseSuleymanwasgreatlyinterestedinsports.C．BecauseFloramightbewatchingtheevent.D．BecauseSuleymanwantedtotraveltoLosAngeles.答案C解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第二句可知，苏莱曼观看1984年夏季奥运会是因为弗洛拉可能在看比赛。故选C。3．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．FloraandSuleymanbecameattachedtoeachother.B．FlorawassenttoanorphanagecalledNormandy.C．Suleymanfoundsomeanimalsinthebush.D．SuleymanwouldneverseeFloraagain.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Foroneandahalfyears，FloraandSuleymanbecameinseparable”可知，弗洛拉和苏莱曼相互依靠。故选A。4．Whichcanserveasthebestpossibletitleforthetext?A．AToughFlowerintheWarB．TheInfluenceoftheWarC．TheLostandFoundLoveD．TheAppleoftheFather’sEye答案C解析标题归纳题。文章讲述了第二次世界大战爆发时，25岁的美国士兵苏莱曼救了一个女孩，取名弗洛拉。两人在一年半的时间里形影不离，直到弗洛拉被送入孤儿院，两人分开。在苏莱曼85岁的时候，记者帮忙拨通了弗洛拉的电话，两人再次取得了联系。故C项“爱失而复得”最符合文章标题。故选C。B(2022·安徽马鞍山三模)Whenlearningaforeignlanguage，mostpeoplefallbackontraditionalmethods:reading，writing，listeningandrepeating.Butifyoualsogesturewithyourarmswhilestudying，youcanrememberthevocabularybetter，evenmonthslater.Linkingawordtobrainareasresponsibleformovementstrengthensthememoryofitsmeaning.AsneuroscientistBrianMathiasandhiscolleaguesdescribedintheJournalofNeuroscience，theyhad22German-speakingadultslearnatotalof90inventedartificialwords(suchas“lamube”for“camera，”and“atesi”for“thought”)overfourdays.Whilethetestsubjectsfirstheardthenewvocabulary，theyweresimultaneously(同时地)shownavideoofapersonmakingagesturethatmatchedthemeaningoftheword.Whenthewordwasrepeated，theyweresupposedtoperformthegesturethemselves.Fivemonthslater，theywereaskedtotranslatethevocabularytheyhadlearnedintoGermaninamultiple-choicetest.Atthesametime，theyhadadeviceattachedtotheirheadsthatsentweakpulsestotheirprimarymotorcortex(皮层)—thebrainareathatcontrolsvoluntaryarmmovements.Whentheseinterfering(干扰)signalswereactive，thesubjectsfoundithardertorecallthewordsaccompaniedbygestures.Whenthedevicesentnointerferingsignals(butstillappearedtothesubjectstobeactive)，theyfounditeasiertorememberthewords.Theresearcher