网校学生用2016强化完型新题型

第一部分、完型填空

㈠讲练结合1

Direction:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C,orDonANSWERSHEET1.

①ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.②1,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan’tpossibly2.③Tohelphomelesspeople3independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.

[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore

[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain

[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward

[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep

①5everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.②Estimates6anywherefrom600,000to3million.③7thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8.④Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies9thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.

[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not

[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ

[A]Nowthat [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Exceptthat

[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending

[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers

①Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.

②11whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13thestreet.③Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.④Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.⑤Manyothers,14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16.⑥BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare_17programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.⑦18EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,19it,"Therehastobe20ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal."

[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss

[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only

[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house

[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering

[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas

[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance

[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up

[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating

[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus

[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes

[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination

㈡讲练结合2

Direction:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C,orDonANSWERSHEET1.

①Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.②1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.③Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.④Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4innotbeingtooterrificallybright.

1.[A]Suppose

[B]Consider

[C]Observe

[D]Imagine

2.[A]tended

[B]feared

[C]happened

[D]threatened

3.[A]thinner

[B]stabler

[C]lighter

[D]dimmer

4.[A]tendency

[B]advantage

[C]inclination

[D]priority

①Intelligence,it5,isahigh-pricedoption.②Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a(n)7process—insteadofinstinct.③Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8.

5.[A]insistson

[B]sumsup

[C]turnsout

[D]putsforward

6.[A]off

[B]behind

[C]over

[D]along

7.[A]incredible

[B]spontaneous

[C]inevitable

[D]gradual

8.[A]fight

[B]doubt

[C]stop

[D]think

①Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?②That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.③Ilikeit.④Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.⑤Thisis12themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.

9.[A]invisible

[B]limited

[C]indefinite

[D]different

10.[A]upward

[B]forward

[C]afterward

[D]backward

11.[A]features

[B]influences

[C]results

[D]costs

12.[A]outside

[B]on

[C]by

[D]across

①Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.②Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.③Webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.④Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.⑤18,theywouldhopetostudya19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?⑥20theresultsareinconclusive.

13.[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply

14.[A]bychance

[B]incontrast

[C]asusual

[D]forinstance

15.[A]if

[B]unless

[C]as

[D]lest

16.[A]moderate

[B]overcome

[C]determine

[D]reach

17.[A]at

[B]for

[C]after

[D]with

18.[A]Aboveall

[B]Afterall

[C]However

[D]Otherwise

19.[A]fundamental

[B]comprehensive

[C]equivalent

[D]hostile

20.[A]Byaccident

[B]Intime

[C]Sofar

[D]Betterstill

㈢英语知识运用课后练习

Part1

①TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.②Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.

③Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3 thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

1.A.emphasize

B.maintain

C.modify

D.recognize

2.A.when

B.lest

C.before

D.unless

3.A.restored

B.weakened

C.established

D.eliminated

①JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.②Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.③Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.④Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.⑤Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.

4.A.challenged

B.compromised

C.suspected

D.accepted

5.A.advanced

B.caught

C.bound

D.founded

6.A.resistant

B.subject

C.immune

D.prone

7.A.resorts

B.sticks

C.loads

D.applies

8.A.evade

B.raise

C.deny

D.settle

9.A.line

B.barrier

C.similarity

D.conflict

①TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.②Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefreeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.③Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.

A.by B.as C.though D.towards

A.so B.since C.provided D.though

A.serve B.satisfy C.upset D.replace

A.confirm B.express C.cultivate D.offer

A.guarded B.followed C.studied D.tied

①Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.②Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit 16 isinescapablypoliticalwhichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17 asunjust.

15. A.concepts

B.theories

C.divisions

D.conventions

16. A.excludes

B.questions

C.shapes

D.controls

17. A.dismissed

B.released

C.ranked

D.distorted

①Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves19 tothecodeofconduct.②Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,

20 ,convincingaslaw.

A.suppress B.exploit C.address D.ignore

A.accessible B.amiable C.agreeable D.accountable

A.byallmeans B.atallcosts C.inaword D.asaresult

Part2

①AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”②But

1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.③Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3_heartrateandoxygenconsumption④Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave

benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.

1．[A]among

[B]except

[C]despite

[D]like

2．[A]reflect

[B]demand

[C]indicate

[D]produce

3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable

①6,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7,studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.

6．[A]Inturn [B]Infact [C]Inaddition [D]Inbrief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes

①Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.②Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.③11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12

physicalreactions.④Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.

9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Exceptfor [B]Accordingto [C]Dueto [D]Asfor12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at

13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because

①Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.②Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)17expression.③Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.

14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold

17．[A]disappointed[B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely

Part3

①MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeG.I.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’snothowitusedtobe.②Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe2mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho3alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe4offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.③Thiswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid,5anaverageguy,up6thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies.

1.[A]performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A]actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]eased [C]removed [D]loaded

4.[A]necessities [B]facilities [C]commodities [D]properties5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence

6.[A]for [B]into [C]form [D]against

①Hisnameisnotmuch.G.I.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovernmentIssue,anditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.②AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.③TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvice-presidentorsecretaryofstateJoe.

7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handedout [B]turnover [C]broughtback [D]passeddown9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed

10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither

①GI.Joehada11careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.②Heappearsasacharacter,ora12ofAmericanpersonalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofGI.Joe,basedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.③SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portrayedthemselvesinthefilm.

④Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewar,writingaboutthedirt-snow–and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.⑤Hisreports16the“Willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.⑥Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwar,the18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.⑦19Egypt,France,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,20themostimportantpersonintheirlives.

11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted[C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advances19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond

20.[A]onthecontrary [B]bythismeans [C]fromtheoutset [D]atthatpoint

1①Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.

②Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.③ButDrUriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.④5,hetheorizedthatajudge6ofappearingtoosoftoncrimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison

7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.

1.[A]grant[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]moment

4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless

6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for

7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless

2①To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.②Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDrSmimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas11.

8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success10.[A]chosen[B]stupid[C]found[D]identified

11.[A]exceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise

3①Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews,12by31admissionsofficers.②Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.③Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.④Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.

12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took

15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced

①DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.②Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.

17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard

20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpful

1①Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmetalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.②Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance’sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.③Asthebrain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments”.④3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.

1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why

[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses

[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While

[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure

[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook

2①Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.②It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.③Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.④Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.⑤11,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandanfluctuate12metaleffort.

[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures

[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations

[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion

[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process

[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature

[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However

[A]accordingto[B]regardlessof[C]apartfrom[D]insteadof

3①Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst“braintrainingprogram”designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14.

[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around

[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility

4①TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.②Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.③Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredevelopingmuchlikea(n)20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.

[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows

[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace

[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on

[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually

[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take

[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar

参考答案

Part1 BABDC

BDBAB

ACCDA CACDD

Part2 CDBBA

BADCA

BCDCB DADAC

Part3 BBAAC

DAACB

DBCDD ACCCD

Part4ADCAB

BADDA

DCBDB CACBC

Part5ABDCA

ACBDC

DABAD BDCCB

第二部分、新题型

㈠排序题

Directions:

Part1

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

①Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout：theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.②Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.③Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.④Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

①RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.②Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitsuccess,andexpansionabroad.③Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard：thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.

①Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.②Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.

③Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.④Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.

①Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirgiganticscale,existinginfrastructure,andprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.②RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.③Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.④Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.⑤BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.⑥Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

①Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.②Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretoo

smalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon’teatathome.③Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hotels,restaurants,andcafes.④Overall,Europe’swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,maskstwoopposingtrends.

①Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,SpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.②Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.

However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.

41 →42 →43 →44 →E→45

Directions:

Part2

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphG,Ehavebeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

①Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.②Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.③Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.④Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.

①Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.②Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.③However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.

④Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlooklike.⑤AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”-theyformasortofsocialglue.

①Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.②Therearesimplytoofewposts.③ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.④Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects.⑤Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor’sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.⑥Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.⑦Soattheendofadecadeofthesis-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.

①OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.②Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.③AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyers,theymuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.

①Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.②Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.③Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.④Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.”⑤Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.

①Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMr.Menand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.”②Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.”③“Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.”④Yetquitehowthathappens,MrMenanddoesnotsay.

①ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentth