ted演讲稿4篇演讲稿

ted演讲稿4篇lastyearwheniwashere,iwasspeakingtoyouaboutaswimwhichididacrossthenorthpole.去年，当我站在这里的时候，我在谈论我横跨北极的游泳。andwhilethatswimtookplacethreeyearsago,icanrememberitasifitwasyesterday.那还是发生在3年前，对我则仿佛是昨天一般。irememberstandingontheedgeoftheice,abouttodiveintothewater,andthinkingtomyself,ihavenevereverseenanyplaceonthisearthwhichisjustsofrightening.我还记得我站在冰层的边缘，就要扎进水里，然后我自己想到，我再也再也不要看到地球上的这个地方，这里是如此的让人恐惊。thewateriscompletelyblack.thewaterisminus1.7degreescentigrade,or29degreesfahrenheit.it'sflippingfreezinginthatwater.那里的水是全黑色。水的温度是负1.7摄氏度，华氏29度。那水里就是翻动的冰块。andthenathoughtcameacrossmymind:ifthingsgopear-shapedonthisswim,howlongwillittakeformyfrozenbodytosinkthefourandahalfkilometerstothebottomoftheocean?然后一种念头在我脑中划过：假如这场泳出了点问题，我这冰冻的身体要花多长时间才能沉到这4500米的底部呢?andthenisaidtomyself,i'vejustgottogetthisthoughtoutofmymindasquicklyaspossible.然后我告诫我自己，我要把这个念头尽快的抛在我的脑后。andtheonlywayicandiveintothatfreezingcoldwaterandswimakilometerisbylisteningtomyipodandreallyrevvingmyselfup,能让我扎入这冰凉的水里然后游了4千米的唯一措施就是听着我的ipod，让我自己全力运转起来，listeningtoeverythingfrombeautifuloperaallthewayacrosstopuffdaddy,andthencommittingmyselfahundredpercent--thereisnothingmorepowerfulthanthemade-upmind--andthenwalkinguptotheedgeoftheiceandjustdivingintothewater.我听了所有的歌，从华丽的歌剧到吹牛老爹，然后全身心的投入没有什么比下定决心还要厉害的--然后走到冰的边缘扎入水里。andthatswimtookme18minutesand50seconds,anditfeltlike18days.这次游泳花了我18分50秒，但仿佛是18天同样。andiremembergettingoutofthewaterandmyhandsfeelingsopainfulandlookingdownatmyfingers,andmyfingerswereliterallythesizeofsausagesbecause--youknow,we'remadepartiallyofwater--whenwaterfreezesitexpands,andsothecellsinmyfingershadfrozenandexpandedandburst.我记得当我从水里出来时我的手时如此的疼痛然后我看着我的手指，我的手指真的像香肠同样粗，由于--你们懂得了，我们身体一部分由水构成--当水结冰时会膨胀，这样我手指的里细胞就冷冻了，膨胀了炸裂了。andthemostimmediatethoughtwhenicameoutofthatwaterwasthefollowing:i'mnever,evergoingtodoanothercoldwaterswiminmylifeagain.我从水里上岸的一瞬间的想法时这样的：我毕生中再也再也不要去在冰凉的水里游泳了。anyway,lastyear,iheardaboutthehimalayasandthemeltingofthe--(laughter)andthemeltingoftheglaciersbecauseofclimatechange.就这样，去年，我听到了喜马拉雅山以及那里融化的--(笑)由于气候变化所融化的冰川。iheardaboutthislake,lakeimja.我听说了这个湖泊，映佳湖。thislakehasbeenformedinthelastcoupleofyearsbecauseofthemeltingoftheglacier.这个湖是几年前由于冰川融化所形成的。theglacier'sgoneallthewayupthemountainandleftinitsplacethisbiglake.这些冰川顺山而下然后在这里留下了这个大湖。andifirmlybelievethatwhatwe'reseeinginthehimalayasisthenextgreat,bigbattlegroundonthisearth.由此我坚信我要去看见的喜马拉雅就是我下一种在地球上的战场。nearlytwobillionpeople--sooneinthreepeopleonthisearth--relyonthewaterfromthehimalayas.将近20亿的人口--世界上三分之一的地球人口--依托着喜马拉雅山的水源。andwithapopulationincreasingasquicklyasitis,andwiththewatersupplyfromtheseglaciers--becauseofclimatechange--decreasingsomuch,ithinkwehavearealriskofinstability.而世界人口照这个速度发展下去，而冰川水源的提供--由于气候的变化--下降的如此之快，我像我们就有了一种十分不稳定的威胁。north,you'vegotchina;south,you'veindia,pakistan,bangladesh,allthesecountries.北方，我们由中国;南方，我们有印度，巴基斯坦，孟加拉，和其他所有国家。andsoidecidedtowalkuptomt.everest,thehighestmountainonthisearth,andgoanddoasymbolicswimunderneaththesummitofmt.everest.这样我决定了登上珠峰，地球上的最高峰，怎样在珠峰下游一次具有象征意义的泳。now,idon'tknowifanyofyouhavehadtheopportunitytogotomt.everest,butit'squiteanordealgettingupthere.我不懂得，你们与否有机会去珠峰，不过要去那的话，是一种考验。28great,big,powerfulyakscarryingalltheequipmentupontothismountain--idon'tjusthavemyspeedo,butthere'sabigfilmcrewwhothensendalltheimagesaroundtheworld.28只巨大的牦牛载着所有的仪器登上山峰--我不仅仅带这我的泳裤。尚有一种摄像团体这个摄像团体，会向世界各地直播。theotherthingwhichwassochallengingaboutthisswimisnotjustthealtitude.这次游泳的挑战不仅仅只有海拔。iwantedtodotheswimat5,300metersabovesealevel.我想做的是在5300米的海平面上游泳。soit'srightupintheheavens.因此直达天堂。it'svery,verydifficulttobreath.yougetaltitudesickness.这里呼吸十分，十分困难。你会有高原反应。ifeelslikeyou'vegotamanstandingbehindyouwithahammerjusthittingyourheadallthetime.你会感到有一种人不停的那着一把锤子在敲你的后脑勺。that'snottheworstpartofit.这还不是最差的。theworstpartwasthisyearwastheyearwheretheydecidedtodoabigcleanupoperationonmt.everest.最糟糕的是，这一年他们决定在珠峰上做一种大扫除。many,manypeoplehavediedonmt.everest,andthiswastheyeartheydecidedtogoandrecoverallthebodiesofthemountaineersandthenbringthemdownthemountain.许多人死在珠峰上，然后今年，他们决定收回珠峰上所有的尸体然后把他们带下山。andwhenyou'rewalkingupthemountaintoattempttodosomethingwhichnohumanhaseverdonebefore,and,infact,nofish--therearenofishupthereswimmingat5,300meters--而当你想上山做某些事情某些没有人做过的事情，实际上，鱼都没游过。在5300米的海拔高度上，没有任何鱼在那里游过。whenyou'retryingtodothat,andthenthebodiesarecomingpastyou,ithumblesyou,andyoualsorealizevery,veryclearlythatnatureissomuchmorepowerfulthanweare.当你尝试着去做这些事情，然后你看到这些尸体和你擦肩而过，这让人不禁有些灰心，也让你就会清晰的认识到自然比我们要强大多了。andwewalkedupthispathway,allthewayup.然后我们就沿着这条路一直走上去。andtotherighthandsideofuswasthisgreatkhumbuglacier.然后在我们的右手边是巨大的昆布冰川。andallthewayalongtheglacierwesawthesebigpoolsofmeltingice.然后，我们在沿路通过所看到的冰川的都是一大块融化的冰块。andthenwegotuptothissmalllakeunderneaththesummitofmt.everest,andipreparedmyselfthesamewayasi'vealwayspreparedmyself,forthisswimwhichwasgoingtobesoverydifficult.然后我们抵达在珠峰下的一种小湖这然后我开始准备自己，像往常同样准备自己，由于这样的游泳方式会是十分艰难的。iputonmyipod,ilistenedtosomemusic,igotmyselfasaggressiveaspossible--butcontrolledaggression--andthenihurledmyselfintothatwater.我带上我的ipod,我听听歌，我让我能有多激奋就多激奋--不过是可以控制的激奋--然后我把我自己扎进水里。iswamasquicklyasicouldforthefirsthundredmeters,andthenirealizedvery,veryquickly,ihadahugeproblemonmyhands.我竭力的游着最起码在前一百米，然后，我忽然意识到，我面临一种巨大的问题。icouldbarelybreathe.我几乎不能呼吸。iwasgaspingforair.我喘了一口气。ithenbegantochoke,andthenitquicklyledtomevomitinginthewater.然后我开始呛水了，这导致我在水里呕吐。anditallhappenedsoquickly:ithen--idon'tknowhowithappened--butiwentunderwater.这一切发生的如此之快然后--我不知到是怎么发生的--不过我沉入水底。andluckily,thewaterwasquiteshallow,andiwasabletopushmyselfoffthebottomofthelakeandgetupandthentakeanothergaspofair.但幸运的是，水比较的浅，我可以从湖底跳起来然后喘另一口气。andthenisaid,carryon.carryon.carryon.然后我说道，坚持，坚持，坚持。icarriedonforanotherfiveorsixstrokes,andthenihadnothinginmybody,andiwentdowntothebottomofthelake.我继续划了五到六下水，然后我就筋疲力尽了，我沉入湖底。andidon'twhereigotitfrom,butiwasabletosomehowpullmyselfupandasquicklyaspossiblegettothesideofthelake.不过我不知从哪来的力气，我可以就这样把自己从湖底以最快的速度弄到湖的岸边。i'vehearditsaidthatdrowningisthemostpeacefuldeaththatyoucanhave.我听说过溺水是你可以死的最安详的方式。ihavenever,everheardsuchutterbollocks.我历来没有听过这样的乱说八道。(laughter)itisthemostfrighteningandpanickyfeelingthatyoucanhave.(笑)这是你们所感受过的最恐惊，最惊恐的感觉。igotmyselftothesideofthelake.我把我自己拽到湖岸。mycrewgrabbedme,andthenwewalkedasquicklyaswecoulddown--overtherubble--downtoourcamp.我的队友抓住了我，然后我们以最快的速度下山--在碎石中--抵达我们的营地。andthere,wesatdown,andwedidadebriefaboutwhathadgonewrongthereonmt.everest.在那里，我们坐下来，然后我们做了一下在珠峰哪里出错的汇报。andmyteamjustgaveittomestraight.然后我的队员直接告诉我。theysaid,lewis,youneedtohavearadicaltacticalshiftifyouwanttodothisswim.他们说道，lewis,你要有一种剧烈的战术变化假如你想完毕这个游泳。everysinglethingwhichyouhavelearnedinthepast23yearsofswimming,youmustforget.你必须忘掉在里所学到的游泳里所有的东西。everysinglethingwhichyoulearnedwhenyouwereservinginthebritisharmy,aboutspeedandaggression,youputthattooneside.以及忘掉你在英国部队里所学习的，有关那些速度和激奋，你要先放在一旁。wewantyoutowalkupthehillinanothertwodays'time.我们想让你花两天走上山。takesometimetorestandthinkaboutthings.花点时间休息和思索。wewantyoutowalkupthemountainintwodays'time,andinsteadofswimmingfast,swimasslowlyaspossible.insteadofswimmingcrawl,swimbreaststroke.我们想让你花两天走上山。不要游的太快，不过慢慢的游。不用自由泳，不过用蛙泳。andremember,nevereverswimwithaggression.然后记住，不要游太激奋。thisisthetimetoswimwithrealhumility.是时候谦逊地去游泳了。andsowewalkedbackuptothemountaintwodayslater.因此我们又走了回去两天后回到山峰下。andistoodthereontheedgeofthelake,andilookedupatmt.everest--andsheisoneofthemostbeautifulmountainsontheearth--我站在那在湖的边缘，然后望向珠峰--她是地球上最漂亮的山峰之一--andisaidtomyself,justdothisslowly.我就像这样慢慢的对我自己说道。andiswamacrossthelake.然后我游过了这个湖泊。andican'tbegintotellyouhowgoodifeltwhenicametotheotherside.我无法告诉你们当我抵达湖的另一边时我感觉有多好。butilearnedtwovery,veryimportantlessonsthereonmt.everest,andithankmyteamofsherpaswhotaughtmethis.不过我从珠峰学习到两个十分，十分重要的教训。我十分感谢我队伍中的夏尔巴告诉了我这些。thefirstoneisthatjustbecausesomethinghasworkedinthepastsowell,doesn'tmeanit'sgoingtoworkinthefuture.第一种就是一种事情无论本来是怎样的，并不代表在未来就会怎样。andsimilarly,now,beforeidoanything,iaskmyselfwhattypeofmindsetdoirequiretosuccessfullycompleteatask.相似的，目前，在我做一件事情之前，我问到我自己，我需要怎样的一种态度才能成功的完毕我的任务。andtakingthatintotheworldofclimatechange--whichis,frankly,themt.everestofallproblems--justbecausewe'velivedthewaywehavelivedforsolong,justbecausewehaveconsumedthewaywehaveforsolongandpopulatedtheearththewaywehaveforsolong,doesn'tmeanthatwecancarryonthewaywearecarryingon.然后这样来想一想气候变化，那是，说实话，珠峰和其他所有的问题--不能由于我们已经像这样生活了这样长时间，不能由于我们已经像这样消费了那么长时间不能由于我们像这样人口增长了这样长时间，就意味着我们可以这样像以往同样坚持下去。thewarningsignsareallthere.警告信号就在那。wheniwasborn,theworld'spopulationwas3.5billionpeople.当我出生时，世界的人口只有35亿。we'renow6.8billionpeople,andwe'reexpectedtobe9billionpeopleby2050.目前有68亿然后我们估计在2050年有90亿。andthenthesecondlesson,theradical,tacticalshift.这里就有第二个教训，剧烈的战术变化。andi'vecomeheretoaskyoutoday:whatradicaltacticalshiftcanyoutakeinyourrelationshiptotheenvironment,whichwillensure我今天来到这里问你们：你在你的环境里能做出怎样的剧烈的战术转变才能保证thatourchildrenandourgrandchildrenliveinasafeworldandasecureworld,andmostimportantly,inasustainableworld?我们的子孙能居住在一种安全的一种保险的世界，最重要的是，一种可持续发展的世界?andiaskyou,please,togoawayfromhereandthinkaboutthatoneradicaltacticalshiftwhichyoucouldmake,whichwillmakethatbigdifference,然后我规定你，请你们，从这里出发然后想象你要做怎样的激进的战术变化，才能做出巨大的变化，andthencommitahundredpercenttodoingit.怎样下定决心去做。blogaboutit,tweetaboutit,talkaboutit,andcommitahundredpercent,becausevery,veryfewthingsareimpossibletoachieveifwereallyputourwholemindstoit.些有关这些变化的博客，微博，谈论一下，然后全身心投入。由于假如我们全身心投入，只有很少事情是不也许的。sothankyouvery,verymuch.因此，十分感谢你们。TED英语演讲稿：怎样让选择更轻易ted演讲稿（2）|简介：面对商场里五花八门的商品，你的选择恐惊症又犯了吗?美国哥伦比亚大学商学专家sheenaiyengar研究怎样让你在做选择时更轻易。为了让你的选择省时省力，商家又会有哪些诀窍呢?doyouknowhowmanychoicesyoumakeinatypicalday?doyouknowhowmanychoicesyoumakeintypicalweek?irecentlydidasurveywithover2,000americans,andtheaveragenumberofchoicesthatthetypicalamericanreportsmakingisabout70inatypicalday.therewasalsorecentlyastudydonewithceosinwhichtheyfollowedceosaroundforawholeweek.andthesescientistssimplydocumentedallthevarioustasksthattheseceosengagedinandhowmuchtimetheyspentengaginginmakingdecisionsrelatedtothesetasks.andtheyfoundthattheaverageceoengagedinabout139tasksinaweek.eachtaskwasmadeupofmany,many,manysub-choicesofcourse.50percentoftheirdecisionsweremadeinnineminutesorless.onlyabout12percentofthedecisionsdidtheymakeanhourormoreoftheirtime.thinkaboutyourownchoices.doyouknowhowmanychoicesmakeitintoyournineminutecategoryversusyouronehourcategory?howwelldoyouthinkyou'redoingatmanagingthosechoices?todayiwanttotalkaboutoneofthebiggestmoderndaychoosingproblemsthatwehave,whichisthechoiceoverloadproblem.iwanttotalkabouttheproblemandsomepotentialsolutions.nowasitalkaboutthisproblem,i'mgoingtohavesomequestionsforyouandi'mgoingtowanttoknowyouranswers.sowheniaskyouaquestion,sincei'mblind,onlyraiseyourhandifyouwanttoburnoffsomecalories.(laughter)otherwise,wheniaskyouaquestion,andifyouranswerisyes,i'dlikeyoutoclapyourhands.soformyfirstquestionforyoutoday:areyouguysreadytohearaboutthechoiceoverloadproblem?(applause)thankyou.sowheniwasagraduatestudentatstanforduniversity,iusedtogotothisvery,veryupscalegrocerystore;atleastatthattimeitwastrulyupscale.itwasastorecalleddraeger's.nowthisstore,itwasalmostlikegoingtoanamusementpark.theyhad250differentkindsofmustardsandvinegarsandover500differentkindsoffruitsandvegetablesandmorethantwodozendifferentkindsofbottledwater--andthiswasduringatimewhenweactuallyusedtodrinktapwater.iusedtolovegoingtothisstore,butononeoccasioniaskedmyself,wellhowcomeyouneverbuyanything?here'stheiroliveoilaisle.theyhadover75differentkindsofoliveoil,includingthosethatwereinalockedcasethatcamefromthousand-year-oldolivetrees.soionedaydecidedtopayavisittothemanager,andiaskedthemanager,"isthismodelofofferingpeopleallthischoicereallyworking?"andhepointedtothebusloadsoftouriststhatwouldshowupeveryday,withcamerasreadyusually.wedecidedtodoalittleexperiment,andwepickedjamforourexperiment.here'stheirjamaisle.theyhad348differentkindsofjam.wesetupalittletastingboothrightneartheentranceofthestore.wethereputoutsixdifferentflavorsofjamor24differentflavorsofjam,andwelookedattwothings:first,inwhichcasewerepeoplemorelikelytostop,samplesomejam?morepeoplestoppedwhentherewere24,about60percent,thanwhenthereweresix,about40percent.thenextthingwelookedatisinwhichcasewerepeoplemorelikelytobuyajarofjam.nowweseetheoppositeeffect.ofthepeoplewhostoppedwhentherewere24,onlythreepercentofthemactuallyboughtajarofjam.ofthepeoplewhostoppedwhenthereweresix,wellnowwesawthat30percentofthemactuallyboughtajarofjam.nowifyoudothemath,peoplewereatleastsixtimesmorelikelytobuyajarofjamiftheyencounteredsixthaniftheyencountered24.nowchoosingnottobuyajarofjamisprobablygoodforus--atleastit'sgoodforourwaistlines--butitturnsoutthatthischoiceoverloadproblemaffectsuseveninveryconsequentialdecisions.wechoosenottochoose,evenwhenitgoesagainstourbestself-interests.sonowforthetopicoftoday:financialsavings.nowi'mgoingtodescribetoyouastudyididwithgurhuberman,emirkamenica,weijangwherewelookedattheretirementsavingsdecisionsofnearlyamillionamericansfromabout650plansallintheu.s.andwhatwelookedatwaswhetherthenumberoffundofferingsavailableinaretirementsavingsplan,the401(k)plan,doesthataffectpeople'slikelihoodtosavemorefortomorrow.andwhatwefoundwasthatindeedtherewasacorrelation.sointheseplans,wehadabout657plansthatrangedfromofferingpeopleanywherefromtwoto59differentfundofferings.andwhatwefoundwasthat,themorefundsoffered,indeed,therewaslessparticipationrate.soifyoulookattheextremes,thoseplansthatofferedyoutwofunds,participationrateswerearoundinthemid-70s--stillnotashighaswewantittobe.inthoseplansthatofferednearly60funds,participationrateshavenowdroppedtoaboutthe60thpercentile.nowitturnsoutthatevenifyoudochoosetoparticipatewhentherearemorechoicespresent,eventhen,ithasnegativeconsequences.soforthosepeoplewhodidchoosetoparticipate,themorechoicesavailable,themorelikelypeopleweretocompletelyavoidstocksorequityfunds.themorechoicesavailable,themorelikelytheyweretoputalltheirmoneyinpuremoneymarketaccounts.nowneitheroftheseextremedecisionsarethekindsofdecisionsthatanyofuswouldrecommendforpeoplewhenyou'reconsideringtheirfuturefinancialwell-being.well,overthepastdecade,wehaveobservedthreemainnegativeconsequencestoofferingpeoplemoreandmorechoices.they'remorelikelytodelaychoosing--procrastinateevenwhenitgoesagainsttheirbestself-interest.they'remorelikelytomakeworsechoices--worsefinancialchoices,medicalchoices.they'remorelikelytochoosethingsthatmakethemlesssatisfied,evenwhentheydoobjectivelybetter.themainreasonforthisisbecause,wemightenjoygazingatthosegiantwallsofmayonnaises,mustards,vinegars,jams,butwecan'tactuallydothemathofcomparingandcontrastingandactuallypickingfromthatstunningdisplay.sowhatiwanttoproposetoyoutodayarefoursimpletechniques--techniquesthatwehavetestedinonewayoranotherindifferentresearchvenues--thatyoucaneasilyapplyinyourbusinesses.thefirst:cut.you'vehearditsaidbefore,butit'sneverbeenmoretruethantoday,thatlessismore.peoplearealwaysupsetwhenisay,"cut."they'realwaysworriedthey'regoingtoloseshelfspace.butinfact,whatwe'reseeingmoreandmoreisthatifyouarewillingtocut,getridofthoseextraneousredundantoptions,wellthere'sanincreaseinsales,there'saloweringofcosts,thereisanimprovementofthechoosingexperience.whenproctor&gamblewentfrom26differentkindsofhead&shouldersto15,theysawanincreaseinsalesby10percent.whenthegoldencatcorporationgotridoftheir10worst-sellingcatlitterproducts,theysawanincreaseinprofitsby87percent--afunctionofbothincreaseinsalesandloweringofcosts.youknow,theaveragegrocerystoretodayoffersyou45,000products.thetypicalwalmarttodayoffersyou100,000products.buttheninthlargestretailer,theninthbiggestretailerintheworldtodayisaldi,anditoffersyouonly1,400products--onekindofcannedtomatosauce.nowinthefinancialsavingsworld,ithinkoneofthebestexamplesthathasrecentlycomeoutonhowtobestmanagethechoiceofferingshasactuallybeensomethingthatdavidlaibsonwasheavilyinvolvedindesigning,whichwastheprogramthattheyhaveatharvard.everysingleharvardemployeeisnowautomaticallyenrolledinalifecyclefund.forthosepeoplewhoactuallywanttochoose,they'regiven20funds,not300ormorefunds.youknow,often,peoplesay,"idon'tknowhowtocut.they'reallimportantchoices."andthefirstthingidoisiasktheemployees,"tellmehowthesechoicesaredifferentfromoneanother.andifyouremployeescan'ttellthemapart,neithercanyourconsumers."nowbeforewestartedoursessionthisafternoon,ihadachatwithgary.andgarysaidthathewouldbewillingtoofferpeopleinthisaudienceanall-expenses-paidfreevacationtothemostbeautifulroadintheworld.here'sadescriptionoftheroad.andi'dlikeyoutoreadit.andnowi'llgiveyouafewsecondstoreaditandtheniwantyoutoclapyourhandsifyou'rereadytotakegaryuponhisoffer.(lightclapping)okay.anybodywho'sreadytotakehimuponhisoffer.isthatall?allright,letmeshowyousomemoreaboutthis.(laughter)youguysknewtherewasatrick,didn'tyou.(honk)nowwho'sreadytogoonthistrip.(applause)(laughter)ithinkimighthaveactuallyheardmorehands.allright.nowinfact,youhadobjectivelymoreinformationthefirsttimearoundthanthesecondtimearound,butiwouldventuretoguessthatyoufeltthatitwasmorerealthesecondtimearound.becausethepicturesmadeitfeelmorerealtoyou.whichbringsmetothesecondtechniqueforhandlingthechoiceoverloadproblem,whichisconcretization.thatinorderforpeopletounderstandthedifferencesbetweenthechoices,theyhavetobeabletounderstandtheconsequencesassociatedwitheachchoice,andthattheconsequencesneedtobefeltinavividsortofway,inaveryconcreteway.whydopeoplespendanaverageof15to30percentmorewhentheyuseanatmcardoracreditcardasopposedtocash?becauseitdoesn'tfeellikerealmoney.anditturnsoutthatmakingitfeelmoreconcretecanactuallybeaverypositivetooltouseingettingpeopletosavemore.soastudythatididwithshlomobenartziandalessandroprevitero,wedidastudywithpeopleating--employeesthatareallworkingating--andnowthesepeoplewereallinasessionwherethey'redoingenrollmentfortheir401(k)plan.andduringthatsession,wekeptthesessionexactlythewayitusedtobe,butweaddedonelittlething.theonelittlethingweaddedwasweaskedpeopletojustthinkaboutallthepositivethingsthatwouldhappeninyourlifeifyousavedmore.bydoingthatsimplething,therewasanincreaseinenrollmentby20percentandtherewasanincreaseintheamountofpeoplewillingtosaveortheamountthattheywerewillingtoputdownintotheirsavingsaccountbyfourpercent.thethirdtechnique:categorization.wecanhandlemorecategoriesthanwecanhandlechoices.soforexample,here'sastudywedidinamagazineaisle.itturnsoutthatinwegmansgrocerystoresupanddownthenortheastcorridor,themagazineaislesrangeanywherefrom331differentkindsofmagazinesallthewayupto664.butyouknowwhat?ifishowyou600magazinesandidividethemupinto10categories,versusishowyou400magazinesanddividethemupinto20categories,youbelievethatihavegivenyoumorechoiceandabetterchoosingexperienceifigaveyouthe400thanifigaveyouthe600.becausethecategoriestellmehowtotellthemapart.herearetwodifferentjewelrydisplays.oneiscalled"jazz"andtheotheroneiscalled"swing."ifyouthinkthedisplayontheleftisswingandthedisplayontherightisjazz,clapyourhands.(lightclapping)okay,there'ssome.ifyouthinktheoneontheleftisjazzandtheoneontherightisswing,clapyourhands.okay,abitmore.nowitturnsoutyou'reright.theoneontheleftisjazzandtheoneontherightisswing,butyouknowwhat?thisisahighlyuselesscategorizationscheme.(laughter)thecategoriesneedtosaysomethingtothechooser,notthechoice-maker.andyouoftenseethatproblemwhenitcomesdowntothoselonglistsofallthesefunds.whoaretheyactuallysupposedtobeinforming?myfourthtechnique:conditionforcomplexity.itturnsoutwecanactuallyhandlealotmoreinformationthanwethinkwecan,we'vejustgottotakeitalittleeasier.wehavetograduallyincreasethecomplexity.i'mgoingtoshowyouoneexampleofwhati'mtalkingabout.let'stakeavery,verycomplicateddecision:buyingacar.here'sagermancarmanufacturerthatgivesyoutheopportunitytocompletelycustommakeyourcar.you'vegottomake60differentdecisions,completelymakeupyourcar.nowthesedecisionsvaryinthenumberofchoicesthattheyofferperdecision.carcolors,exteriorcarcolors--i'vegot56choices.engines,gearshift--fourchoices.sonowwhati'mgoingtodoisi'mgoingtovarytheorderinwhichthesedecisionsappear.sohalfofthecustomersaregoingtogofromhighchoice,56carcolors,tolowchoice,fourgearshifts.theotherhalfofthecustomersaregoingtogofromlowchoice,fourgearshifts,to56carcolors,highchoice.whatamigoingtolookat?howengagedyouare.ifyoukeephittingthedefaultbuttonperdecision,thatmeansyou'regettingoverwhelmed,thatmeansi'mlosingyou.whatyoufindisthepeoplewhogofromhighchoicetolowchoice,they'rehittingthatdefaultbuttonoverandoverandoveragain.we'relosingthem.theygofromlowchoicetohighchoice,they'rehanginginthere.it'sthesameinformation.it'sthesamenumberofchoices.theonlythingthatihavedoneisihavevariedtheorderinwhichthatinformationispresented.ifistartyouoffeasy,ilearnhowtochoose.eventhoughchoosinggearshiftdoesn'ttellmeanythingaboutmypreferencesforinteriordecor,itstillpreparesmeforhowtochoose.italsogetsmeexcitedaboutthisbigproductthati'mputtingtogether,soi'mmorewillingtobemotivatedtobeengaged.soletmerecap.ihavetalkedaboutfourtechniquesformitigatingtheproblemofchoiceoverload--cut--getridoftheextraneousalternatives;concretize--makeitreal;categorize--wecanhandlemorecategories,lesschoices;conditionforcomplexity.allofthesetechniquesthati'mdescribingtoyoutodayaredesignedtohelpyoumanageyourchoices--betterforyou,youcanusethemonyourself,betterforthepeoplethatyouareserving.becauseibelievethatthekeytogettingthemostfromchoiceistobechoosyaboutchoosing.andthemorewe'reabletobechoosyaboutchoosingthebetterwewillbeabletopracticetheartofchoosing.thankyouverymuch.(applause)TED英语演讲稿：我们为何要睡觉ted演讲稿（3）|简介：毕生中，我们有三分之一的时间都在睡眠中度过。有关睡眠，你又理解多少?睡眠专家russellfoster为我们解答为何要睡觉，以及睡眠对健康的影响。whati'dliketodotodayistalkaboutoneofmyfavoritesubjects,andthatistheneuroscienceofsleep.now,thereisasound--(alarmclock)--aah,itworked--asoundthatisdesperately,desperatelyfamiliartomostofus,andofcourseit'sthesoundofthealarmclock.andwhatthattrulyghastly,awfulsounddoesisstopthesinglemostimportantbehavioralexperiencethatwehave,andthat'ssleep.ifyou'reanaveragesortofperson,36percentofyourlifewillbespentasleep,whichmeansthatifyouliveto90,then32yearswillhavebeenspententirelyasleep.nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.andyet,formostofus,wedon'tgivesleepasecondthought.wethrowitaway.wereallyjustdon'tthinkaboutsleep.andsowhati'dliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.andthejourneythatiwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime."enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber."anyideaswhosaidthat?shakespeare'sjuliuscaesar.yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes."osleep,ogentlesleep,nature'ssoftnurse,howhaveifrightedthee?"shakespeareagain,from--iwon'tsayit--thescottishplay.[correction:henryiv,part2](laughter)fromthesametime:"sleepisthe