2012年职称英语理工类A阅读理解新增文章篇目

+第四十五篇SomePeopleDoNotTasteSaltLikeOthersLow—saltfoodsmaybeharderforsomepeopletolikethanothers，accordingtoastudybyaPennStateCollegeofAgriculturalScienceslfoodscientist．Theresearchindicatesthatgeneticfactorsinfluencesomeofthedifferenceinthelevelsofsaltweliketoeat．Thoseconclusionsareimportantbecauserecent，well—publicizedeffortstoreducethesaltcontentinfood2haveleftmanypeoplestrugglingtoacceptfarethatsimplydoesnottasteasgoodtothemasitdoestoothers3，pointedoutJohnHayes，assistantprofessoroffoodscience，whowasleadinvestigator40nthestudy．DietshighinsaltCanincreasetheriskofhighbloodpressureandstroke．Thatiswhypublichealthexpertsandfoodcompaniesareworkingtogetheronwaystohelpconsumerslowersaltintakethroughfoodsthatareenjoyabletoeat．Thisstudyincreasesunderstandingofsaltpreferenceandconsumption．Theresearchinvolved87carefullyscreenedparticipantswhosampledsaltyfoodssuchassoupandchips，onmultipleoccasions，spreadoutoverweeks5．Testsubjectswere45：menand42women,reportedlyhealthy，ranginginagefrom20t040years．Thesamplewascomposedofindividualswhowerenotactivelymodifyingtheirdietaryintakeanddidnotsmokecigarettes．Theyratedtheintensityoftasteonacommonlyusedscientificscale，rangingfrombarelydetectabletostrongestsensationofanykind．“Mostofuslikethetasteofsalt．However，someindividualseatmoresalt，bothbecausetheylikethetasteofsaltinessmore，andalsobecauseitisneededtoblockotherunpleasanttastesinfood,”saidHayes.“Supertasters,peoplewhoexperiencetastesmoreintensely,consumemoresaltthannontastersdo.Snackfoodshavesaltinessastheirprimaryflavor,andatleastforthesefoods,moreisbetter,sothesupertastersseemtolikethemmore.”However,supertastersalsoneedhigherlevelsofsalttoblockunpleasantbittertastesinfoodssuchascheese，Hayesnoted．“Forexample，cheeseisawonderfulblendofdairyflavorsfromfermentedmilk，butalsobittertastesfromripeningthatareblockedbysalt，”hesaid．“Asupertasterfindslow-saltcheeseunpleasantbecausethebitternessistoopronounced6．”Hayescitedresearchdonemorethan75yearsagobyachemistnamedFoxandageneticistnamedBlakeslee，showingthatindividualsdifferintheirabilitytotastecertainchemicals．Asaresult，Hayesexplained，weknowthatawiderangeintasteacuityexists，andthisvariationisasnormalasvariationsineyeandhaircolor．“Somepeople，calledsupertasters，describebittercompoundsasbeingextremelybitter，whileothers，callednontasters，findthesesamebittercompoundstobetastelessoronlyweaklybitter．”hesaid．“Responsetobittercompoundsisoneofmanywaystoidentifybiologicaldifferencesinfoodpreferencebecausesupertastin7isnotlimitedtobitterness．(476)词汇：Publicizev．引起公众对…的注意；(用广告)宣传Dietaryadj．饮食的；规定食物的Fermentv．(使)发酵Geneticistn．遗传学家Acuityn．敏锐；尖锐注释：1．PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciences：即PennStateUniversity--CollegeofAgriculturalSciences宾州州立大学农学院。Penn是Pennsylvania的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年：在全国共有24个分校。在句中，PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciences用作定语，修饰foodscientist。2．Well-publicizedeffortstoreducethesaltcontentinfood：大力宣传减少食物含盐量的做法3．1eftmanypeoplestrugglingtoacceptfarethatsimplydoesnottasteasgoodtothemasitdoestoothers：使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare相当于food。4．1eadinvestigator：研发项目负责人5．…carefullyscreenedparticipantswhosampledsaltyfoodsassoupandchips．onmultipleoccasion，spreadoutoverweeks：……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。6．toopronounced：此处pronounced为形容词，意为verynoticeable，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。7．supertasting：超重味感练习：1．Inparagraph2，JohnHayespointsoutthatA．itisgoodtohealthtoeatfoodwithoutsalt．B．manypeoplerejectlow—saltfoodcompletely．C．manypeopleacceptlow—salttastelessfoodreluctantlyD．foodwithreducedsalttastesbetter．2．ThefourthparagraphdescribesbrieflyA．howtoselectsubjectsandwhattodointheresearch．B．howtoidentifysupertastersandnontasters．C．whytolimitthenumberofsubjectsto87persons．D．whytoselectmoremalesubjectsthanfemaleones．3.ThearticlearguesthatsupertastersA．1ikethe；tasteofsaltinesstoblocksweettastesinfood．B．1ikesnackfoodsassaltinessistheirprimaryflavor．C．consumelesssaltbecausetheydontlikeintensivetastes．D．1iketosharesaltycheesewithnontasters．4.Whichofthefollowingappliestosupertastersintermsofbittertaste?A．Theylikebitternessinfoodsaswellassaltiness．B．Theylikehigh．saltcheeseasithasintensebittertaste．C．Theypreferhigh—saltcheese．whichtasteslessbitter．．D.Theypreferhigh-saltcheeseasitisgoodtohealth．5.Whatmessagedothelasttwoparagraphscarry?A．Tasteacuityisgeneticallydetermined．B．Tasteacuityisdevelopedovertimeafterbirth．C．Tasteacuityisrelatedtoone'seyeandhaircolor．D．Tasteacuityisstillamysterioussubjectinscience．答案与题解：1．C根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力(struggling)去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(farethatsimplydoesnottaste…goodtothem)。选项C有acceptreluctantly(勉强接受)表达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A、B、D三个选项均是错误的。2．A第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项A概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项B、C、D所述内容均不符合该段的意思。3．B短文的第五段提供了答案osupertaster在这里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐；因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。4．C短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶酪发酵会产生苦味，supertasters不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酪里的昔味，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正确选择。5．A文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes得出的结论是，Tasteacuity(味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种biologicaldifference(生物差异)，所以A是答案。B说味觉敏度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结论相左0℃说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D的内容在最后两段都没有提到，所以不会是答案。+第四十六篇MarvelousMetamaterialsInvisibilitycloaks1wouldhaveremainedimpossible，foreverlockedinsciencefiction．haditnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials2.InGreek,"meta"meansbeyond,andmetamaterialscardothingsbeyondwhatweseeinthenaturalworld—likeshufflelightwavesaroundanobject，andthenbringthembacktogether3．Ifscientistsevermanagetobuildafull—fledgedinvisibilitycloak，itwillprobablybemadeofmetamaterials．"Wearecreatingmaterialsthatdon'texistinnature,andthathaveaphysicalphenomenonthatdoesn'texistinnature,"saysengineerDentchoGenov."Thatisthemostexcitingthing."Genovdesignsandbuildsmetamaterials--suchasthoseusedincloaking--atLouisianaTechUniversityinRuston,Louisiana.Aninvisibilitycloakwillprobablynotbethefirstmajoraccomplishmenttocomefromthefieldofmetamaterials．Otherapplicationsarejustasexcitin9．Inmanylabs，forexample，scientistsareworkingonbuildingahyperlens．Alensisadevice——usuallymadeofglass——thatcanchangethedirectionoflightwaves．Lensesareusedinmicroscopesandcamerastofocuslight，thusallowingaresearchertoseesmallthingsoraphotographertocaptureimageofthingsthatarefaraway．Ahyperlens，however，wouldbemadeofmetamaterials．Andsincemetamaterialscandothingswithlightthatordinarymaterialscan't，thehyperlenswouldbeapowerfult001．Ahyperlenswouldallowresearcherstoseethingsatthesmallestscaleimaginable—assmallasthewavelengthofvisiblelight．Genovpointsoutthatthescienceofmetamaterialsisdrivenbytheimagination：Ifsomeonecallthinkofanideaforanewbehaviorforfight，thentheengineerscanfindawaytodesignadeviceusingmetamaterials．"Weneedpeoplewhocanimagine,"hesays．Since2006，manylaboratorieshavebeenexploringotherkindsofmetamaterialsthatdon'tinvolvejustvisiblelight．Infact，scientistsarefindingthatalmostanykindofwavemayrespondtometamaterials．AtthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciainSpain5．JoseSanchez-Dehesaisworkingwithacoustics,orthescienceofsound．Justasaninvisibilitycloakshuffleswavesoflight，an"acoustic"cloakwouldshufflewavesofsoundinawaythat'snotfoundinnature．Inanorchestrahall,forexample．anacousticcloakcouldredirectthesoundwaves——sosomeonesittingbehindacolumnwouldhearthesameconcertastherestoftheaudience．withoutdistortion．Sanchez-Dehesa，anengineer，recentlyshowedthatit'spossibletobuildsuchanacousticcloak，thoughhedoubtswe'11seeoneanytimesoon．"Inprinciple，itispossible,"hesays，butitmightbeimpossibletomakeone,headds．Otherscientistsarelookingintowaystouselargermetamaterialsasshieldsaroundislandsoroilrigs6asprotectionfromtsunamis．Atsunamiisagiant．destructivewave．Themetamaterialwouldredirectthetsunamiaroundtherigorisland．andthewavewouldresumeitsioumeyontheothersidewithoutcausinganyharm．词汇：Cloakn．斗篷，披风Metamaterialn．超材料full—fledgedadj．完全成熟的，完全合格的Hyperlensn．超透镜Acousticsn．声学Tsunamin.海震，海啸注释：1．Invisibilitycloaks：隐形衣。在《哈利·波特与死亡圣器》(HarryPotterandtheDeathlyHallows)一书中，哈利通过邓布利多的转交继承了他父亲的隐形衣。该书是英国女作家J．K．罗琳创作的哈利·波特系列小说的第7部。2．…haditnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials：……如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。该句使用的是虚拟过去时的倒装结构。虚拟过去时表示与过去事实相反的假设；因为是倒装结构，所以将情态动词had提到主语之前。如使用正常语序，该句可写为．．．．ifithadnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials．3．"meta"meansbeyond．andmetamaterialscandothingsbeyondwhatweseeinthenaturalworld—likeshufflelightwavesaroundanobjectandthenbringthembacktogether：“meta”的词义是“超越”，metamaterials(超材料)能做出我们在自然界看不到的事情，例如将光波移动到某个物体周围，然后将光波全部收回。4．LouisianaTechUniversityinRuston，Louisiana：路易斯安那理工大学，位于路易斯安那州拉斯顿市。该校为公立大学，1894年建校，是美国最为重要的研究型大学之一。5．thePolytechnicUniversityofValenciainSpain：瓦伦西亚理工大学，位于西班牙东南部的瓦伦西亚市，该校建于l968年。．6．oilrigs：石油钻塔练习：1．Whatistrueformetamaterials?A．Theywillalwaysremaininsciencefiction．B．Theyarealreadyareality．C．Theyarenonexistentinnature．D．Scientistsbegintousethemtobuildinvisiblecloaks．2．AhyperlensisamorepowerfultoolthanatraditionallensA．asitcanallowscientiststoseesmallthings．B．asitcanhelpphotographerstocaptureimagesfaraway．C．evenifitismadeofordinarymaterials．D．asitcanhelpscientiststoseeeventhewavelengthsofvisiblelight．3．ScientistsatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciatrytoinventA．anacousticcloakthatcanshufflewavesoflight．B．aninvisiblecloakthatcanshufflewavesofsound．C．anacousticcloakthatcanshufflewavesofsound．D．acloakthatismadeofmaterialsfoundinnature．4．AccordingtoSdnchez—Dehesa,A．itisofgreatpossibilitytobuildanacousticcloaksoon．B．itispossibletobuildanacousticcloakintheorybutfarfrom．reality．C．itistotallyimpossibletobuildanacousticcloak.D．itistheoreticallyimpracticaltobuildanacousticcloak．5．Whatwaysaresomescientistslookingintotoprotecttheislandandoil；rigfromtsunamis?(Readthelastparagraph．A．Surroundthemwithmetamaterialsasprotectiveshields．B．Stoppingthetsunamiwithmetamaterialshoursbeforeitreachesthem．C．Buildingthemwithlargermetamaterialstokeepawaytsunamis．D．Usingtheequipmentmadeofmetamaterialstoforecastarrivalofatsunami．答案与题解：1．CA不是正确答案，因为短文一开始的句子使用了虚拟语态，句子的意思是：如果超材料尚未得到开发的话……。也就是说，科学家已经在研发超材料。短文的后面部分也进一步提到科学家正致力于超材料的开发。但是因为超材料尚未研发成功，科学家更没有开始使用超材料来制造隐身衣，所以B和D也不是正确选择。第二段的第一句提供了答案。2．DA、B所述功效均是第三段中普通的lens能够达到的功效，所以不是正确选择。Hyperlens不是用普通材料制成，所以C也是错误选择。短文第四段对hyperlens做了描述，结合第四段内容可以得到D选项提供的结论。3．C短文的第七段提供了答案。该段的大意是：瓦伦西亚理工大学的研究者JoseSanchez．-Dehesa试图研发acousticcloak，其原理与invisiblecloak相同，只是acousticcloak移动声波(shufflewavesofsound)，而不是移动光波(shufflewavesoflight)。所以，只有C是正确的选择。4．B短文的第八段提供了答案。工程师Sanchez-Dehesa认为，成功开发acousticcloak在理论上是可能的，但他对是否能成功表现出怀疑。5．A短文的最后一段告诉我们，科学家也在研究如何将超材料应用于抵御海啸的袭击。可以在岛屿周围使用超材料作为防护(shields)，因为超材料可以让海啸改变行走方向(redirecttsunarni)。A表达了这层意思，所以是答案。文章没有说，在海啸到达之前数小时用超材料将海啸档住，B不是答案。文章没有建议用超材料建造海岛和石油钻塔，C不是答案。D的内容是用超材料制作海啸预警器，文章中没有提及，也不是答案。译文：一、咸度味感因人而异理A宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出，遗传因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰·海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。该研究包括87名经过仔细筛选的参与者，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健康，年龄在20岁到