中国石油考试中心老托福试题及答案

可编辑可编辑，欢送下载，欢送下载0310托福真题03101ASheisyoungerthanhersister.Bshedoesnotspendmuchtimewithhersister’schildren.CshedoesnotgetalongwellwithhersisterDshenolongerresembleshersister.2APaperplatesarecheaperthandishes.BDishesbreakmoreeasilythanpaperplates.CThereisnoneedtowashanydishesnow.DThewoman’sroommatewillreturnsoon.3AShehasnotappliedtoanyuniversitiesyet,Shewillbeginuniversityclassesinafewweeks.Shedoesnotknowyetifauniversitywillaccepther.DSheistoobusytocontacttheuniversityrightnow.4AReconsiderhispositionlaterBAllowthestudenttomissclassCLowerthestudent’sgradeDSuggestthatthestudenttrytorescheduletheoperation5AHedoesnothaveenoughmoneyforthetripyet.BHeisplanningtoworkduringspringbreak.CThetripistoofaroffinthefuturetothinkabout.DHehaschangedhismindaboutgoingtoCanada.6AThephotographisnotgoodenoughtosend.ThephotographwasnottakenattheGrandCanyon.TheyalreadysentMaryaphotographoftheirvacation.DSendingpicturesthroughthemailistooexpensive.7ASheshouldhaveaskedtobeexcusedfromthetrip.BShedeservesthezero.Sheisrighttobeangry.Sheshouldhavegoneonthefieldtrip.8AHewantstoliveoffcampus.BThereareadvantagesanddisadvantagestolivingoffcampus.CLivingspaceinthedormiscrowded.DThereareonlyafewapartmentsavailableoffcampus.9ATurndownthevolumeofthemusicTurnthemusicoffPlayadifferentstyleofmusic.Listentomusicinadifferentroom.10AIttookalongtimetofinishthebuilding.BHewastoobusytonoticetheopeningofthehotel.CHedidnotknowthehotelhadarestaurant.DHewouldliketomeetthewomanforbrunchnextSunday.11AGotoherclass.BCancelherappointmentwiththepresident.CAskherprofessortoexcuseherfromclass.DAttendthepresentation.12ASheadmiresSteve’srelationshipwithhisfather.BShedoesnotknowSteveorhisfather.CHerdaughterisolderthanSteve.DShedisagreeswiththeman.13AHehasheardthenewCD.BHedoesnotenjoyclassicalmusic.CHeisnotinterestedintheCD.DHerarelylistenstomusic.14ABuyticketsforthenextshowing.LeavethetheaterChangetheirseatsforabetterviewAskthecoupleinfrontofthemtobequiet15AThelibraryclosesearlierduringthesummer.BThelibraryisclosedduringsummervacation.Thelibrarywillbeopenuntilmidnighttonight.Shedoesnotusuallygotothelibraryduringthesummer.16ASheissorrythemanhastocanceltheplansBShewantstohandinherreportearly.Shewouldliketogowiththeman.shedoesnotusuallyenjoythesymphony.17AHehasotherplansfortheeveningBHeislookingforwardtoattendingtheparty.CHeoftenmissesLinda’sparties.Dhewantstoknowifheshouldbringanythingtotheparty.18AThereisjustaboutenoughtimetodothejobBThedeskhasneverbeensoorderly.CTheclockonthedeskneedstobeset.DThedeskreallyneedsorganizing.19AHeenjoyslookingattheflowers.Hethinkstheparkisboring.Hedoesnotlikewalkingwiththewoman.DHedoesnotseeanytrees.20ATherearenotverymanyhotelsinthearea.ShestayedattheCloverInnlastmonth.Sheisnotsuretheman’sparentswouldliketheCloverInn.DItmaybetoolatetogetaroomattheCloverInn.21AWaituntillatertoeatGotothecafeteriawithoutherBringhersomefoodfromthecafeteriaDMeetheratthecafeteria22AHehastoworkwithhisbrother.Hehasnodefiniteplans.Heusuallyworksonweekends.Hisplantsdependonthewoman.23ABuystampsatthepostofficeBMailthewoman’sbillDrivetothewoman’shousePickupapackagefromthepostoffice24AThewomanshouldcallBilltocheckhisschedule.BThewomanshouldhaveleftfortheairportearlier.CThewomandoesnotneedtorushtomeetBill.DTrafficneartheairportcoulddelaythewoman’sarrival.25AShedidbetteronthequizthanthemandid.Shedidnothavetotakethequiz.Shehasnotyetreceivedhergradeonthequiz.DShedidnotdowellonthequiz.26AHewillbehappytosharetheirdessertBHedidnotknowwhattimehewassupposedtoarrive.CHeexpectedthetraffictobebad.DHeisnotupsetthattheyatelunch.27AShehastoquitherjobinthelaboratory.BShecutherselfwhileworkinginthelaboratory.CSheenjoysdoinglaboratoryexperiments.DShefeelsthatthemanisdedicatedtohisworktoo.28AAskfordirectionsBTryadifferentroutetothebeachCGobackforthemapDCanceltheirtrip29AHewouldlikethewomantoreschedulethemeeting.HewillmeetthewomanbrieflyonFridayThereportwillnotbereadyuntilThursday.DThereportwasfinishedlastFriday.30AFindoutwhenthebookstoreopensBWithdrawsomecashInquireaboutajobSpendherextramoneyonbooks31AWaystodeterminetheageofafossilBTheidentityofafossilthewomanfoundCAcomparisonoftwoshellfishfossilsDPlansforafieldtriptolookforfossils32ATheclassisgoingtostudythem.Theyevolvedfrombrachiopods.Theyaresimilartobrachiopodsinappearance.DTheybelongtothesamespeciesasbrachiopods.33AIthasaribbedshell.BIthasanunusuallylargevalve.CItwasfoundnearthewater.DItissmallerthanamollusc.34AHehasneverseenafossilthatold.BItcouldbemanymillionsofyearsold.CItisprobablyarecentspecimen.DHewillaskthelabhowolditis.35ATakeittoclassBPutitinhercollectionCTakeittothelabDLeaveitwithherprofessor36AAjewelrystorerobberyBBuyingabirthdaypresentCWritingastoryDDoingresearchforaclassassignment37AHerprofessordidnotlikeherstory.Shehadtroublefinishingherassignmentshedidnotlikethetopicshehadchosenforherpaper.DShewastakingtoomanycourses,38ATakesomeextratimeBDoawritingexerciseCDosomeworkforanothercourseDWritethestoryendingfirst39ATogoshoppingBTodoresearchforherstoryCTomeetwithherprofessorDTotakeabreakfromherwork40ATodescribewayspestscandamageplantsBToexaminethelifecycleofcaterpillarsCToexplainhowcornplantsdevelopDTodescribehowanaturalpesticideworks41ACaterpillarschewingonitsleavesBWaspslayingeggsonitsleavesCPesticidessprayedonitsleavesDKnivescuttingitsstalk42AByflyingincirclesaroundafieldBBydetectingachemicalsignalByinspectingindividualcornleavesBynoticingthecaterpillar’scoloration43ARecentlydiscoveredmanuscriptsBSimilaritiesamongreligionsCMethodsofanalyzingancientmanuscriptsDHowancientmanuscriptsarepreserved44AThesimplicityoftheirlanguageBTheirageCThelocationoftheirdiscoveryDThematerialtheyaremadeof45AOrallypreservedteachingsBAcollectionoflettersAdiaryAscholarlyarticle46AAncientsettlersinAsiaBHowBuddhismispracticedtodayCThespreadofBuddhisminAsiaDWhysomelanguagesdisappear47AThelanguagetheyarewritteninisnotwidelyknown.BTheycannotbemovedfromwheretheywerefoundCThewritinginthemhasfadedDManypeoplewantcreditforthediscovery.48ATheadvantagesofaneconomybasedonfarmingBReasonsfarmerscontinuedusingrivertransportationCTheroleofcottonintheUnitedStateseconomyDImprovedmethodsoftransportingfarmcrops49AThenewtechnologyusedtobuildroadsBTheabilitytotransportgoodsoverlandCThetradeingrainandcottonDThelinkingofsmallerlocalroadsintoonelongroad50AReducedchargesfortransportingfarmproductsBRequiredpaymentfromvehiclesthatusedtheirroadsCMaderepairstoolderroadsDInstalledstreetlightsonroadsconnectingmajorcities10ThemusicalcomedyOklahoma! didmuchtoexpandthepotentialofthemusicalstage,anditencouragedotherstoattempt......(a)originalthemes(b)tooriginalthemes(c)thatwereoriginalthemes(d)howoriginalthemesform,thewhaleis......andwilldrownifsubmergedtoolong.(a)ananimalbreathesairthat(b)ananimalthatbreathesair(c)ananimalbreathesair(d)thatananimalbreathesairThesaguaro,foundindesertregionsinthesouthwesternUnitedStates,......cactusintheworld.(a)isthelargest(b)thelargest(c)thatisthelargest(d)thelargestthatisaItissaidthatUnitedStalesliterature......individualityandidentityinthetwentiethcentury,afterlongimitationofEuropeanmodels.(a)wasachieved(b)achieved(c)toachieve(d)achievingfeministsintheUnitedStates,helpedorganizetheAmericanWomanSuffrageAssociationin1869.theone(b)whowasthe(c)another(d)oneofthe6.......,includingclimate,mineralcontent,andthepermanencyofsurfacewater,wetlandsmaybemossy,grassy,scrubby,orwooded.(a)DependingonmanyfactorsManyfactorsdependingon(c)Factorsdependingonmany(d)Onmanyfactorsdepending,......hisownoftencomplexcompositions,mademanyinnovationsinjazz.heplayed(b)playing(c)thatitplayed(d)wasplayingTheterm“iceage“referstoanyofseveralperiodsoftimewhenglacierscoveredconsiderablymoreofEarth”ssurface......asistodaythantodayis(c)thantheydotoday(d)thattodayFromcolonialtimes,UnitedStatespropertyownersagreedtotaxthetheory......directlyfromservicesthatthegovernmentcouldpertyownersbenefitedsothat(b)whypropertyownersbenefited(c)thatifpropertyownersbenefited(d)thatpropertyownersbenefitedHeliumisnotflammableand,nexttohydrogen,is......(a)knownthelightestgas(b)lightesttheknowngas(c)thelightestgasknown(d)theknowngaslightestWildeaglesthatsurvivetoadulthoodarebelieved......from20to30years.(a)live(b)tolive(c)theylive(d)theirlivingPortland,......,islocatedprimarilyontwohillypeninsulasoverlookingCascoBayanditsmanyisland.(a)whichMaine”slargestcity(b)Maine”slargestcitywhere(c)isMaine”slargestcity(d)Maine”slargestcity13.......widelyusedinthechemicalindustry,sodiumcarbonateisprincipallyconsumedbytheglassindustry.(a)Despite(b)Whether(c)Though(d)ExceptforCells,firstidentifiedbytheearlymicroscopists,begantobeconsidered......inthenineteenthcentury.(a)themasmicrocosmoflivingorganisms(b)themicrocosmoflivingorganisms(c)themicrocosmoflivingorganismstobe(d)aswhich,themicrocosmoflivingorganismsLikeJupiter,Saturnisalarge,gaseousplanetcomposed. ofhydrogenandhelium.(a)itismostly(b)mostly(c)almost(d)botharealmostBacterialculturesareusedcommerciallyinthepreparationoffoodproductssuchthatyogurt,sourcream,andvinegar.Anyonewithabsolute,orperfect,pitchareabletoidentifybyearanynoteatsomestandardpitchortosingaspecifiednoteatwill.Seahorsesusuallylivealongtheshoreamongseaweedandotherplantstowhichtheyclingtobytheirtails.Babieshavesoftspotsbetweenthebonesoftheirskulls,whichallowingforfurthergrowth.20.T.S.Elot,whoapoet,playwright,literarycritic,andeditor,wasaleaderoftheModemistmovementinpoetry.ThePacificOceancomprisesalmostthe entire boundarywesternofNorthandSouthAmerica.Establishedin1948,theStateUniversityof NewYorkisthesinglylargestuniversitysystemintheUnitedStates.Photographydisseminatesinformationabouthumanityandnature,recordsthevisibleworld,andextensionhumanknowledgeintoareastheeyecannotpenetrate.Becauseoftheirrapidlychangingeconomicallyfortunes,manyfrontiertownsoftheAmericanWestunderwentspectacularfluctuationsinpopulationinthenineteenthcentury.Virtuallynodiseaseexiststodayforwhichthereisnodrugthatcanbegiven,neithertocurethediseaseortoalleviateitssymptoms.Calciumisessentialforbloodclotting,fortheactionofcertainenzymes,andforthenormalcontractionandrelaxofmuscles.ThelargecollectionoftheWilliamsCollegeMuseumofArtincludesancientandmedievalart,butmuchexhibitsaremodernorcontemporary.ofincominglightafterithasbeenseparatedintoitscomponentwavelengthsbypassagethroughaprism.Today,fiftyyearsafteritsconstruction,theAlaskaHighwayconveys40,000vehiclesinnormalyear.Sinceprehistorictimes,artists(havebeen)arrangedcolorsonsurfaces(inways)(thatexpress)theirideas(aboutpeople),theworld,andreligion.31.(Fewsubstances)lookless(alikethan)coalanddiamonds,yetboth(arefashioned)(fromsame)elementalcarbon.Meteorologistscanprogramtheircomputestoscanforaspecificsetofweathercriteria,suchasfallingbarometricpressure,increasecloudcover,andrisinghumidity.Obsidianisformed whensiliceouslavacoolstoorapidlytocrystallizedintorock-formingminerals.EuropeansettlersinNorthAmericamovedfromtheAtlanticcoastacross3,000milesforests,grasslands,deserts,andmountainsuntiltheyreachedthePacificOcean.Philosophytriestodiscoverthenatureoftrueandknowledgeandtofindwhatisofbasicvalueandimportanceinlife.Inthisworldofhightechnology,itiseasytoforgetthatthemostimportanttoolseverdevelopedforlearningisstillthebook.Theelementpotassiummakesuplessthanonehalfpercentageofthehumanbody.TwentythousandyearsagoasheetoficeathousandmetersthickcoveredthecoastalregionwhichthecitiesofVancouverandJuneaunowarelocated.TheCrow,Blackfoot,andSiouxtribestraditionallyadornedtheydwellingsandcostumeswithcolorfulandhighlyvaluedbeadeddecorations.Inthelate1800’s,UnitedStatespainterThomasEakinsdevelopabroad,powerfulRealiststylethatbecamealmostexpressionisticinhislateryears.Questions1-9:EuropaisthesmallestofplanetJupiter’sfourlargestmoonsandthesecondmoonoutfromJupiter.Until1979,itwasjustanotherastronomytextbookstatistic.Thencametheclose-upimagesobtainedbytheexploratoryspacecraftVoyager2,andwithindays,Europawastransformed-inourperception,atleast-intooneofthesolarsystem’s(5)mostintriguingworlds.Thebiggestinitialsurprisewasthealmosttotallackofdetail,especiallyfromfaraway.Evenatcloserange,theonlyvisiblefeaturesarethin,kinkedbrownlinesresemblingcracksinaneggshell.Andthisanalogyisnotfaroffthemark.ThesurfaceofEuropaisalmostpurewaterice,butanearlycompleteabsenceofcratersindicatesthatEurop’ssurfaceiceresemblesEartsAntarcticicecap.The(10)eggshellanalogymaybequiteaccuratesincetheicecouldbeaslittleasafewkilometersthick–atrueshellaroundwhatislikelyasubsurfaceliquidoceanthat,inturn,encasesarockycore.TheinteriorofEuropahasbeenkeptwarmovertheeonsbytidalforcesgeneratedbythevaryinggravitationaltugsoftheotherbigmoonsastheywheelaroundJupiter.ThetidesonEuropapullandrelaxinanendlesscycle.Theresultinginternalheat(15)keepswhatwouldotherwisebeicemeltedalmosttothesurface.ThecracklikemarksonEuropa’sicyfaceappeartobefractureswherewaterorslushoozesfrombelow.SoonafterVoyager2’sencounterwithJupiterin1979,whenthebestimagesofEuropawereobtained,researchersadvancedthestartlingideathatEuropa’ssubsurfaceoceanmightharborlife.LifeprocessescouldhavebegunwhenJupiterwasreleasinga(20)vaststoreofinternalheat.Jupiter’searlyheatwasproducedbythecompressionofthematerialformingthegiantplanet.JustastheSunisfarlessradianttodaythantheprimalisminorcomparedtiotsformerintensity.Duringthiswarmphase,some4.6billionyearsago,Europ’soceanmaybeenliquidrighttothesurface,makingitacrucibleforlife.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?TheeffectofthetidesonEuropa’sinteriorTemperaturevariationsonJupiter’smoonsDiscoveriesleadingtoatheoryaboutoneofJupiter’smoonsTechniquesusedbyVoyager2toobtainclose-upimages.Theword“intriguing”inline5isclosestinmeaningtochangingperfectvisiblefascinatingInline7,theanothermentions“cracksinaneggshell”inordertohelpreadersvisualizeEuropaasscientistssawitintheVoyager2imagesappreciatetheextensiveanddetailedinformationavailablebyviewingEuropafromfarawayunderstandtherelationshipofEuropatothesolarsystemrecognizethesimilarityofEuropatoJupiter’sothermoonsItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatastronomytextbookspriorto1979providedmanycontradictorystatisticsaboutEuropaconsideredEuropathemostimportantofJupiter’smoonsdidnotemphasizeEuropabecauselittleinformationofinterestwasavailabledidnormentionEuropabecauseithadnotyetbeendiscoveredwhatdoestheauthormeanbystatinginline7that“thisanalogyisnotfaroffthemark”?Thedefinitionisnotprecise.Thediscussionlacksnecessaryinformation.Thedifferencesareprobablysignificant.Thecomparisonisquiteappropriate. ITcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatEuropaandAntarcticahaveincommonwhichofthefollowing?Bothappeartohaveasurfacewithmanycraters.Bothmayhavewaterbeneathathin,hardsurface.Bothhaveanicecanthatismeltingrapidly.Bothhaveareasencasedbyarockyexterior.Theword“endless”inline14isclosestinmeaningtonewfinaltemporarycontinuousAccordingtothepassage,whatistheeffectofJupitesotherlargemoonsonEuropa?TheypreventEuropa’ssubsurfacewatersfromfreezing.TheypreventtidesthatcoulddamageEuropa’ssurface.TheyproducetheveryhardlayeroficethatcharacterizesEuropa.TheyassurethatthegravitationalpullonEuropaismaintainedatasteadylevel.9 Accordingtothepassage,whatisbelievedtocausethethinlinesseenonEuropa’ssurface?AlongperiodofextremelyhightidesWaterbreakingthroughfrombeneaththesurfaceiceThecontinuouspressureofslushontopoftheiceHeatgeneratedbythehotrockycoreQuestion10-19BothinwhatisnowtheeasternandthesouthwesternUnitedStates,thepeoplesoftheArchaicera(8,000-1,000B.C)were,inaway,alreadyadaptedtobeginningsofcultivationthroughtheirintensivegatheringandprocessingofwildplantfoods.Inbothareas,therewasawell-establishedgroundstonetooltechnology,amethodofpounding(5)andgrindingnutsandotherplantfoods,thatcouldbeadaptedtonewlycultivatedfoods.BytheendoftheArchaicera,peopleineasternNorthAmericahaddomesticatedcertainnativeplants,includingsunflowers;weedscalledgoosefoot,sumpweed,ormarshelder;andsquashorgourdsofsomekind.Theseprovidedseedsthatwereimportantsourcesofcarbohydratesandfatinthediet.(10)TheearliestcultivationseemstohavetakenplacealongtherivervalleysoftheMidwestandtheSoutheast,withexperimentationbeginningasearlyas7,000yearsagoanddomesticationbeginning4,000to2,000yearsago.Althoughtheterm“Neolithic”isnotusedinNorthAmericanprehistory,thesewerethefirststepstowardthesamemajorsubsistencechangesthattookplaceduringtheNeolithic(8,000-2,000B.C.)period(15)elsewhereintheworld.Archaeologistsdebatethereasonsforbeginningcultivationintheeasternpartofthecontinent.Althoughpopulationandsedentarylivingwereincreasingatthetime,thereislittleevidencethatpeoplelackedadequatewildfoodresources;thenewlydomesticatedfoodssupplementedacontinuingmixedsubsistenceofhunting,fishing,andgathering(20)wildplants,Increasingpredictabilityoffoodsuppliesmayhavebeenamotive.Ithasbeensuggestedthatsomeearlycultivationwasformedicinalandceremonialplantsratherthanforfood.Onearchaeologisthaspointedoutthattheearlydomesticatedplantswereallweedyspeciesthatdowellinopen,disturbedhabitats,thekindthatwouldformaroundhumansettlementswherepeoplecutdowntrees,trampletheground,deposittrash,and(25)digholes.Ithasbeensuggestedthatsunflower,sumpweed,andotherplantsalmostdomesticatedthemselves,thatis,theythrivedinhuman–disturbedhabitats,sohumansintensivelycollectedthemandbegantocontroltheirdistribution.WomenintheArchaiccommunitieswereprobablythemainexperimenterswithcultivation,becauseethnoarchaeologicalevidencetellsusthatwomenwerethemaincollectorsofplantfoodandhaddetailedknowledgeofplants.ThepassagemainlydiscusseswhichofthefollowingaspectsofthelifeofArchaicpeoples?TheprincipalsourcesoffoodthatmadeuptheirdietTheirdevelopmentofgroundstonetooltechnologyTheirdevelopmentofagricultureTheirdistributionofworkbetweenmenandwomenTheword“these”inline13referstoseedsrivervalleystheMidwestandtheSoutheastexperimentationanddomestication12Accordingtothepassage,whendidthedomesticationofplantsbegininNorthAmerica?7,000yearsago4,000to2,000yearsagoLongaftertheNeolithicperiodBeforetheArchaicperiodTheword“adequate”inline18isclosestinmeaningtosufficienthealthfulvarieddependableAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasapossiblemotiveforthecultivationofplantsineasternNorthAmerica?LackofenoughwildfoodsourcesTheneedtokeeptreesfromgrowingclosetosettlementsProvisionofworkforanincreasingpopulation(E)DesirefortheconsistentavailabilityoffoodThephrase“ratherthan”inline21isclosestinmeaningtoinadditiontoinsteadofasareplacementsuchasTheplant“sumpweed”ismentionedinline25inordertocontrastaplantwithhighnutritionalvaluewithonewithlittlenutritionalvalueexplainthemedicinaluseofaplantclarifywhichplantsgrewbetterinplaceswheretreeswerenotcutdownprovideanexampleofaplantthatwaseasytodomesticateTheword“thrived”inline26isclosestinmeaningtostayedoriginatedgrewwelldiedoutAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutallearlydomesticatedplants?Theywerevarietiesofweeds.Theyweremovedfromdisturbedareas.Theysucceededinareaswithmanytrees.Theyfailedtogrowintrampledordamagedareas.Accordingtothepassage,itisthoughtthatmostofthepeoplewhobegancultivatingplantsweremedicalworkersleadersofceremonieswomenhuntersQuestions20-29Manyantsforageacrossthecountrysideinlargenumbersandundertakemassmigrations;theseactivitiesproceedbecauseoneantlaysatrailonthegroundfortheotherstofollow.Asaworkerantreturnshomeafterfindingasourceoffood,itmarkstheroutebyintermittentlytouchingitsstingertothegroundanddepositingatinyamountoftrail(5)pheromone—amixtureofchemicalsthatdeliversdiversemessagesasthecontextchanges.Thesetrailsincorporatenodirectionalinformationandmaybefollowedbyotherantsineitherdirection.Unlikesomeothermessages,suchastheonearisingfromadeadant,afoodtrailhastobekeptsecretfrommembersofotherspecies.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatantspeciesuse(10)awidevarietyofcompoundsastrailpheromones.Antscanbeextremelysensitivetothesesignals.InvestigatorsworkingwiththetrailpheromoneoftheleafcutterantAttatexanacalculatedthatonemilligramofthissubstancewouldsufficetoleadacolumnofantsthreetimesaroundEarth.Thevaporoftheevaporatingpheromoneoverthetrailguidesanantalongtheway,(15)andtheantdetectsthissignalwithreceptorsinitsantennae.Atrailpheromonewillevaporatetofurnishthehighestconcentrationofvaporrightoverthetrail,inwhatiscalledavaporspace.Infollowingthetrail,theantmovestotherightandleft,oscillatingfromsidetosideacrossthelineofthetrailitself,bringingfirstoneandthentheotherantennaintothevaporspace.Astheantmovestotheright,itsleftantennaarrivesinthevaporspace.(20)Thesignalitreceivescausesittoswingtotheleft,andtheantthenpursuesthisnewcourseuntilitsrightantennareachesthevaporspace.Itthenswingsbacktotheright,andsoweavesbackandforthdownthetrail.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?ThemassmigrationofantsHowantsmarkandfollowachemicaltrailDifferentspeciesofantsaroundtheworldTheinformationcontainedinpheromonesTheword“forage”inline1isclosestinmeaningtolookupwalktowardrevolvearoundsearchforfoodTheword“intermittently”inlive4isclosestinmeaningtoperiodicallyincorrectlyrapidlyroughlyThephrase“theone”inline8referstoasinglemessagedeadantfoodtrailspeciesAccordingtothepassage,whydoantsusedifferentcompoundsastrailpheromones?ToreducetheirsensitivitytosomechemicalsToattractdifferenttypesofantsToprotecttheirtrailfromotherspeciesToindicatehowfarawaythefoodisTheauthormentionsthetrailpheromoneoftheleafcutterantinline11topointouthowlittlepheromoneisneededtomarkatrailthedifferenttypesofpheromonesantscanproduceatypeofantthatiscommoninmanypartsoftheworldthatcertainantscanproduceuptoonemilligramofpheromoneAccordingtothepassage,howareantsguidedbytrailpheromones?Theyconcentrateonthesmelloffood.TheyfollowanantwhoisfamiliarwiththetrailTheyavoidthevaporspacesbymovinginastraightline.Theysensethevaporthroughtheirantennae.Theword“furnish”inline16isclosestinmeaningtoincludeprovidecoverselectTheword“oscillating“inline17isclosestinmeaningtofallingdepositingswingingstartingAccordingtothepassage,thehighestamountofpheromonevaporisfoundinthereceptorsoftheantsjustabovethetrailinthesourceoffoodunderthesoilalongthetrailQuestions30-39NativeAmericansprobablyarrivedfromAsiainsuccessivewavesoverseveralmillennia,crossingaplainhundredsofmileswidethatnowliesinundatedby160feetofwaterreleasedbymeltingglaciers.Forseveralperiodsoftime,thefirstbeginningaround60,000B.C.andthelastendingaround7,000B.C.,thislandbridgewasopen.The(5)firstpeopletraveledinthedustytrailsoftheanimalstheyhunted.Theybroughtwiththemnotonlytheirfamilies,weapons,andtoolsbutalsoabroadmetaphysicalunderstanding,sprungfromdreamsandvisionsandarticulatedinmythandsong,whichcomplementedtheirscientificandhistoricalknowledgeofthelivesofanimalsandofpeople.Allthistheyshapedinavarietyoflanguages,bringingintobeingoralliteraturesofpowerandbeauty.(10) Contemporaryreaders,forgettingtheoriginsofwesternepic,lyric,anddramaticforms,areeasilydisposedtothinkof“literature”onlyassomethingwritten.Butonreflectionitbecomesclearthatthemorecriticallyusefulaswellemorefrequentlyemployedsenseofthetermconcernstheartfulnessoftheverbalcreation,notitsmodeofpresentation.Ultimately,literatureisaestheticallyvalued,regardlessoflanguage,culture,(15)ormodeofpresentation,becausesomesignificantverbalachievementresultsfromthestruggleinwordsbetweentraditionandtalent.Verbalarthastheabilitytoshapeoutacompellinginnervisioninsomeskillfullycraftedpublicverbalform.Ofcourse,thedifferencesbetweenthewrittenandoralmodesofexpressionarenotwithoutconsequencesforanunderstandingofNativeAmericanliterature.Theessential(20differenceisthataspeecheventisanevolvingcommunication,nemergentform,”theshape,functions,andaestheticvaluesofwhichbecomemoreclearlyrealizedoverthecourseoftheperformance.Inperformingverbalart,theperformerassumesresponsibilityforthemanneraswellasthecontentoftheperformance,whiletheaudienceassumestheresponsibilityforevaluatingtheperformescompetenceinareas.Itisthisintense(25)mutualengagementthatelicitsthedisplayofskillandshapestheemergingperformance.Wherewrittenliteratureprovidesuswithatraditionoftexts,oralliteratureoffersatraditionofperformances.Accordingtothepassage,whydidthefir