非谓语动词概述与不定式剖析课件

Warming–upExercise

1.Canyouhavethewashing-machine_______(send)tomyplace?2.Thosewhohavequestions________(ask),raiseyourhands.3.Yourshoesaredirty.Theyneed________(wash)badly.4.Wouldyoulike________(take)partinthesportsmeet?5.Thestudentsfeltlike______(solve)theproblemsonceforall.

senttoaskwashingtotakesolvingWarming–upExercise

1.CaLecture4Non-predicateVerb

非谓语动词概述：顾名思义，非谓语动词就是不能充当谓语的动词。除了不能作谓语外，非谓语动词具备动词的特征，可以在句中充当多种成分。根据种类的不同，非谓语动词充当的成分也不一，因此，非谓语动词呈现出多样性和复杂性，需要逐一对比分析，多观察，多推理。Lecture4Non-predicateVerb

第一节分类(classification)非谓语动词可分为三大类型：不定式

(Infinitive)动名词(Gerund)

现在分词(-ing)分词

（Participle）(PresentP.)

过去分词(-ed)(PastP.)第一节分类(classification)非谓语动词可分第二节构成与成分比较分类构成

成分主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式todo动名词doing分词doing-ed☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☹☹☹☹第二节构成与成分比较分类构成第三节不定式构成与特征：

主动被动一般todotobedone进行tobedoing

完成tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行tohavebeendoing

第三节不定式构成与特征：

主动被动一般to

1.动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作和状态的同时或以后：

Ibelievehimtobeanartist.HewaseagertovisitBeijing.Shefounditdifficulttobeunderstoodbyherstudents.Allofusweresurprisedtohavelearnedthatyouareplanning

toleaveschoolnextsemester.(改错)

tolearn1.动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所

2.

动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作和状态与谓语动词所表示的动作和状态同时发生：

ThebookissaidtobesellingwellintheU.S.A.Heappearedtobelisteningattentively.I’dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramsseem____allthetime.A.togetworseB.tobegettingworseC.tohavegoneworseD.gettingworse2.动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作和状态与谓语动词所

3.动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作和状态以前：

I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforme.Theyaresaidtohavefinishedthewholeproject.Mostofthemarereportedtohavebeenprintedontime.Good-bye,Mr.Zhang.I’mpleased___.A.tomeetyouB.meetingyouC.tohavemetyouD.havingmetyou

Key:C(“再见”表明已经见过了）3.动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词4.动词不定式的否定式在to前加not:Shedecidednottobelateagain.Heregrettednottohavecaredforhertheseyears.Theypretendednottobelisteningtous.

5.不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者：

Therearemorethanfiftyproposals___attheconference.A.discussedB.discussingC.tobediscussedD.havingbeendiscussed

Key:C(现在时，被动态）4.动词不定式的否定式在to前加not:不定式的功能与用法

动词不定式在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾补、主补和状语。

1.主语:

既可位于句首,亦可用先行词it作形式主语.Tolearnaforeignlanguagetakesalongtimeandlotsofhardwork.IttakesalongtimeandlotsofhardworktolearnEnglish.Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthan____.A.livingonone’skneesB.liveonone’skneesC.onone’skneesD.toliveonone’sknees

Key:D(一致)不定式的功能与用法2.表语：

表目的：

Thenextstepistomakesurethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.Thepurposeoftheexchangeprogramistopromotetheunderstandingbetweenthetwocountries.表示事态发展或预期的结果：

Tobecomeaslaveistogiveupone’sfreedom.

Manistoliveabetterlifeinthenextcentury.用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求意见：

WhatamItosayiftheyaskmethequestion?2.表语：用于被动语态，具有情态意义：Theregulationsaretobeobserved.Heistoberewardedforhisbrilliantdiscoveries.表示命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止等：

Themanisguiltyandistoundergotenmonths’imprisonment.(决定)

Youmustbepatientandpersistentifyouaretosucceed.(愿望)可用主动形式表被动：

Agreatdealisyettodo.(很多事情还要去做.)Littleremainstodo.(几乎没有什么要做的.)Sheistoblame.(她应该受到谴责.)

用于被动语态，具有情态意义：3.宾语（动词宾语，介词宾语）

1）作单宾语

Weregret____youthatmaterialsyouorderedareoutofstock.

A.informingB.toinformC.havinginformedD.tohaveinformed

Key:B(我们遗憾的通知你，你所订购的材料没有现货）

Mr.Johnsonpreferred____heavierworktodo.A.tobegivenB.tobegivingC.tohavegivenD.havinggiven

Key:A

约翰先生宁愿被分配较重的工作去做。3.宾语（动词宾语，介词宾语）能够以不定式作单宾语的动词分类：

1）接不定式不接动名词的动词：同意、拒绝、决心、试图、希望、要求

afforddarehoperefuseagreedecidelearnresolve

(决心)aim(打算)demandlongseekarrangedesire

manage

threatenaskdetermine

offer

volunteerbegexpectplanwantcarefailpreparewishchoosefearpretendclaimhelppromise能够以不定式作单宾语的动词分类：2）接不定式或接动名词的动词（与动名词比较）可以互换：

attempt(多接不定式）

(can’t)bearbeginbotherceasecommence(开始)continuehateintendlikeloveneglectomitpreferpropose(打算、建议)start不可以互换：

rememberforgetregret(后悔/遗憾、抱歉)mean(打算/意味着)goonstopneedwant(主观上想要/客观上需要)2）接不定式或接动名词的动词（与动名词比较）复合宾语：在consider,feel,find,make,regard,think等动词后作复合宾语中的宾语时，通常需要先行词作形式宾语。翻译：我觉得学好英语很难。Ifeel/thinkthattolearnEnglishwellisverhard.IfindithardtolearnEnglishwell.Weconsideritagreathonortobeinvited.Imakeitarule_________(keep)recordsoneveryexperiment.tokeep复合宾语：在consider,feel,find,m不定式作介词宾语：常见于except,but的宾语。如果句中的except或but之前有实义动词do的任何形式，则省to。翻译：除了做饭他什么都能做。Hecandoeverythingexceptcook.Hewantednothingbuttostaythere.“Ithoughtyouhadplannedtopracticepianotoday.”“Ididnothingbut___lettersallday.”A.towriteB.writeC.writingD.wroteB不定式作介词宾语：常见于except,but的宾语。如果4.不定式作定语：被修饰词与不定式之间有逻辑上的施动关系(主谓）

1）Hisnextbooktoappearthismonthwillbepopular.2）In1938PearlS.BuckbecamethefirstAmericanwoman___theNobelPrizeforLiterature.

A.receiveB.receivedC.toreceiveD.shereceived

3）Theapplicants___________________(interview)arerequiredtobringallthenecessarypapers.

(被动式，受动关系。）Ctobeinterviewed4.不定式作定语：Ctobeinterviewed被修饰词与不定式之间有逻辑上的受动关系

1.

Ihavesomeletterstomail.2.Doyoulikesomethingtodrink?3.Everyonehadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichofficeroom____.A.tosendittoB.tosenditC.tobesenttoD.tohaveitsend4.I’vegotaloafofbread;nowI’mlookingforaknife________(cut)itwith.

tocutitwithaknife

用刀切

haveaknifecut

把刀切了Atocut被修饰词与不定式之间有逻辑上的受动关系Atocut有时被修饰的名词为其后不定式短语中介词的宾语，此时的介词是必不可少的。Therewerenochairtositon.Hedoesn'thavearoomtolivein.Theboy’sfatherboughthimalargetoytrain_____.A.toplaywithB.toplaywithitC.whichtoplaywithD.atwhichtoplayA有时被修饰的名词为其后不定式短语中介词的宾语，此时的介词是必被修饰的名词与常接不定式的动词同源：Ihavenowishtomakeacomplaint.(Idon’twishtomakeacomplaint.)Heexpressedhisintentiontoresign.(Heintendedtoresign.)类似的词：attempt-attempt,decision-decide,determination-determine,failure-fail,need-need,promise-promise翻译：他承诺过今晚要来参加舞会的。Hemadeapromise

tojoinintheballtonight.Hepromisedtojoinintheballtonight.被修饰的名词与常接不定式的动词同源：被修饰的名词与常接不定式的形容词同源：Hehastheabilitytodothework.(Heisabletodothework.)Icouldseehereagernesstoseeyou.(Shewaseagertoseeyou.)Oneofthekeys

tothesurvivalofanyanimalistheabilityadapts

tochangesintheenvironment.

Key:toadapt类似的词：determination-determined,anxiety-anxious,willingness-willing被修饰的名词与常接不定式的形容词同源：不定式作某些抽象名词的定语：Ihadneverhadtheopportunitytolearntoplaythepiano.Theyfoundawaytospendlessmoneyonelectricity.Hehadeveryreasontocomplain.Thetraditionalapproach___withcomplexproblemsistobreakthemdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.

A.todealingB.indealingC.dealingD.todealKey:D(介词to后往往接名词或名词词组）不定式作某些抽象名词的定语：“介词+关系代词+不定式”作定语Theycouldn’tgetthematerialwithwhichtobuildtheirhome.(=thematerialtobuildtheirhomewith)Irespecttheprofessortowhomtointroduceher.(=theprofessortointroduceherto)Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds___hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.

A.tobebasedonBtobaseonC.whichtobaseonD.onwhichtobaseKey:D(这位教授找不到充分的证据让自己赞同这种新理论。)“介词+关系代词+不定式”作定语不定式作状语：

1）目的状语

1.

____ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster’sdegree.

A.TobecomeB.BecomeC.OnebecomesD.Onbecoming2.Iadvisethemtowithdraw____.A.soastogetnotinvolvedB.soasnottogetinvolvedC.sothatnottogetinvolvedD.asnottogetinvolvedAB不定式作状语：AB结果状语：

1）在too+a./ad.之后：

Therabbitrantooquicklytobeovertakenbythefox.Iamonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.(我很乐意帮你)

当(only)too后面的形容词为apt(易于…),eager,easy,pleased,ready等时，too…to结构表示肯定，too相当于very。

2）在a./ad.+enough之后：

I’moldenoughtomakeupmyownmind.

Somemoleculesarelargeenoughtobeseenundertheelectronicmicroscope.结果状语：so+a./ad.+as

Hebehavedsofoolishlyas

tomakemethinkhehadlosthissenses.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardly____.A.noticedB.tobenoticed

C.beingnoticedD.tonoticesuch…as结构

Hiskindnesswassuchastomakeallofuslovehim.Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeep

youwaitingforsolong.so+a./ad.+as被only修饰的不定式（短语）作结果状语Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhisbrotherhadleft.Hesurvivedthecrashonlytodieinthedesert.Atlastsheleftherhouseandgottotheairport,only___theplaneflyingaway.

A.havingseenB.tohaveseenC.sawD.tosee其他形式：Helivedtobeeighty.Shewentabroadnevertoreturn.WhathaveIdonetomakeyousoangry?被only修饰的不定式（短语）作结果状语方式状语（asif/asthough引导）Heopenedhismouthasiftospeak.Shestoodupasiftoleave.Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthough___outoftheoffice.A.wentB.goneC.togoD.wouldgo方式状语（asif/asthough引导）6.

不定式作补语6.1带to不定式作宾补表示思维活动的动词后：consider,find,believe,expect,hold,think,etc.Weconsiderhertobeourfriend.Ibelievehimtohavegoneabroad.Youcanfindthequestions______________(answer)onpage31.Thestudentsexpectedthere____morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.A.isB.beingC.havebeenD.tobetobeansweredD6.不定式作补语tobeansweredD在表示请求、允许、命令等动词后Amembershipcardauthorizes___theclub’sfacilitiesforaperiodof12months.A.theholderusingB.thehold’suseC.theholdertouseD.theholderusesBecauseoftherecentaccident,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmefromswimmingintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.Key:C;toswim在表示请求、允许、命令等动词后建议，请求,要求：advise,ask,beg,command,invite,request,require,允许，让，迫使：allow,enable,get,force,permit,compel,challenge,promise,oblige,leave(委托，让)指示、命令：direct,instruct,order,command,lead,tell,choose,assign,cause,愿望，期待,鼓励：wish,expect,encourage,urge,prefer,inspire,promote,mean,stimulate,summon提醒，警告：remind,warn,阻止，劝告,说服：forbid,advise,persuade,convince打算，想要：mean,intend,want,need,打扰麻烦：trouble,给予，授权,批准：entitle,authorize建议，请求,要求：advise,ask,beg,co改错Hehopedhissistertolendhimahand.Hehopedthathissisterwouldlendhimahand.Hedemandedmetogiveupthechance.

HedemandedthatIgiveupthechance.Isuggesthimnottogotherealone.

Isuggestthathenotgotherealone.改错不带to的不定式作宾补：感官动词feel,hear,listen,lookat,notice,observe,overhear,see,watch等之后：Ihaveheardbothteachersandstudentsspeakwellofhim.在使役动词have,let,make之后：Therearegoingtohavetheservicemaninstallanelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.不带to的不定式作宾补：不定式作主语补足语要求不定式作宾补的大部分动词(have,let,notice,watch等除外)都可以作被动句中的谓语，这样，主句中的宾补就成了被动句中的主补。

Theywerenotallowed

tocomein.Shewasseen

torunoutoftheroom.不定式在“主-动-that从句”的被动句中作主补：Thebanksisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.(Itisreportedthatthebankshavebeenrobbed…)不定式作主语补足语不定式在suppose,design等动词的固定被动式中作主补：TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed

tohavesentrocketstothemoon.Thebackgroundmusicinanassemblylineisdesigned

nottobelistenedto.(装配线里的背景音乐不是为了给人听而设计的。)不定式在suppose,design等动词的固定被动式中作不定式作形容词补语表原因：（fortunate,glad,happy,lucky)Shewasproudtobeinvitedtospeak.I’msorrytohearthat.在表示人的品格或智能特征的形容词后，主语与不定式之间存在逻辑上的施动关系：Hewassillytodoso.(Itwassillyofhimtodoso)(brave,careful,clever,clumsy,courageous,generous,reasonable,sensible,wise)不定式作形容词补语逻辑上的受动关系：agreeable(愉快的,惬意的)amusing,difficult,easy,hard,hopeless,impossible,interesting,nice,pleasantHeisdifficulttoteach.Yourquestionisimpossibletoanswer.(Itisimpossibletoansweryourquestion.)表示未来的趋势、可能性、愿望：able,afraid,anxious,apt,bound,determined,eager,free,fit,inclined,keen,liable,likely,certain,sure,ready,reluctant,prone,welcome,willingTheyarelikelytolosetheelection.Areyousuretowinthegame?逻辑上的受动关系：agreeable(愉快的,惬意的)不定式作独立成分：Totellthetruth,weknownothingaboutit.Tobeginwith,heistooyoungforthatposition.Ithappened,tobeexact,atfivepasttwo.[tobebrief,tobefrank,tobesure,toconclude，

todohimjustice(说句对他公道的话),tomakealongst