第五章荣誉道德责任

Chapter5Honor,Ethics,andAccountability

LearningObjectives1.Understandthemeaningofhonoranddistinguishitfromethics2.Understandconcernsaboutcorruptioningovernment3.Comprehendethicalissuesastheyrelatetopublicadministrationinsuchsituationsasthe“dirtyhandsdilemma”4.DistinguishbetweenthedifferentlevelsofethicsinpublicadministrationMachavelli—ThePrinceMachiavelli’sprinciplesareasvalidnowastheywere450yearsagobecausetheyare“rootedinhumannature”TheOriginsandNatureofHonorOurmodernconceptsofhonorhavetheiroriginsinancientGreeceandRome.Classicexample–LuciusQuinctiusCincinnatus–458B.C..WhenRomethreatenedwithmilitarydefeat,Cincinnatus,afarmer,wasappointeddictatorbytheSenatetodealwiththeemergency.Abandonedhisplowinmidfield,defeatedtheenemyin16days,resignedthedictatorship,andreturnedtofarming.GeorgeWashington,oneofthefewCincinnatusfiguresinworldhistory.TheOriginsandNatureofHonorThemoderntermlimitsseektoenforcelegislativehonor—”sendpoliticiansback”.Senseofhonorderivedfromfamily,friends,andthemedia.Basedonnotionsofmedievalchivalry(中世纪骑士精神）.Whatiscodeofchivalry?

TheOriginsandNatureofHonorTheknightscodeofchivalrywasamoralsystemwhichencouragedtheknightstoshowbravery,courtesy(礼貌）,honor,andgallantry（绅士风度）towardwomen

Whatdiditconsistof?Faith

CharityJusticeTemperanceResolution(决心）TruthLiberality（慷慨）DiligenceHope….TheOriginsandNatureofHonor中国的“思维八德”Inmoderntime,anewgenerationwasstilltaughttheconceptofhonor,whichhasnodifferentfromthemedievalconcept.Somethingshavenotchangedinathousandyears.Honorhasbeenandremainsoneofthecoreinfluencesofhumanbehavior.TheOriginsandNatureofHonorHonorisoftenmoreimportantthanlifeitself.1776DeclarationofIndependence:Theirliveswerenotsacred,theirfortuneswerenotsacred,buttheirhonorwere.TheOriginsandNatureofHonorNationalHonorOncereservedforthenobility(贵族）,honorhassincetheeighteenthcenturyeincreasinglydemocratized（平民化）.Asabsolutistgovernmentsdeclined,nationalhonorbecameafactorthatinfluencedwholepeoples.Francevs.GreatBritainin1940.WinstonChurchill,“Weshalldefendourisland,whateverthecostmaybe,weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightinthehills;weshallneversurrender”NationalHonorWhyHonorPrecedesEthicsHonorcomesbeforeethicsbecauseapersonwithouthonorhasnomoralcompass（包围）anddoesnotknowwhichwaytoturntobeethical.WhyHonorPrecedesEthicsHonorgoestotheessenceofpublicaffairs;Sinceancienttimesonlyindividualsperceivedtobehonorablecouldbetrustedwiththepublic’sbusiness.Honoralwayshasacontext,isalwaysinfluencedbytheprevailingorganizationalandpoliticalculture.MelvinBelli,ErrolFlynn,andtheFrenchlawsuit.DimensionsofHonorHonorhasmanydimensions.1.“Exofficio”(依照职权行事）–thehonorassociatedwiththeoffice–mostsuperficial.Manypeopleholdpositionsonboards,commissionsandsoonbecauseofanotherofficetheyoccupy.Thus“honorable”istheformofaddressusedformanypublicofficials,suchasU.S.CongressHerehonorabledoesnotnecessarilyimplypersonalhonorintegrity;itmerelysignifiescurrent(orpast)incumbency.Theoutwardperceptionofone’sreputation–business“goodwill”.DimensionsofHonor2.Theoutwardperceptionofone’sreputationReputationinbusinessisahighlyvaluedasset.Indeed,whenbusinessaresold,theyoftensellforsumsfarinexcessoftheirbookvaluebecauseoftheir“goodwill”orreputationinthecommunity.DimensionsofHonorDimensionsofHonor3.Truehonorbeginswithpersonalintegrity(正直）andhonesty.Honestyistheessenceofhonor.Thosewithintegrityliveuptotheirstatedprinciplesandtheirword.Apersonwhosewordishisorherbondgivesthefullfaithandcreditofhisorherwholebeingtokeepingcommitments.Thecoreofadministrativeethicsisintegrityofcommunication.Theintegrityofcommunicationisessentialforthesmoothfunctioningoforganizationsthat,inessece,aremerelyinformation-processingstructures.AsecondmeaningofintegrityisintegratedstrengthorcharacterIndividualswhohavecharacteraresaidtohave“gravitas”(庄严的举止）.DimensionsofHonorThosewhohaveintegrityhaveasuresenseofrightfromwrong;theyknowwhattheircorebeliefsare,andwhattheywillorwillnotdo,nomatterwhatthepressure.

DimensionsofHonorDimensionsofHonorAdministratorswithintegrityunderstandthattheyhaveaspecialmoralobligationtothepeopletheyserve.Lackingatraditionalnobility,republicangovernmentsgiveleadershiprolestoseniorbureaucratsandelectedofficials.DimensionsofHonorOnceinoffice,theirfellowcitizensrightlyexpectthemtotakemoralandcareerrisks,paralleltothetraditionalrisksofcombat,toprotecttheirfellowcitizens,toprotecttheregime,toprotecttheconstitution.Unfortunately,lapsesofhonortakeplaceallofthetime—corruption.CorruptionWhatiscorruptionCorruptioniswrongdoingonthepartofanauthorityorpowerfulpartythroughmeansthatillegitimate,immoral,orpatiblewithethicalstandards.Corruptionoftenfrompatronageandisassociatedwithbribery.MostCommonFormsofCorruptionPublicSectorcorruptionBriberyExtortionMisuseofinsideinformationWHATISEXTORTION?

Extortionisacriminaloffensemarkedbytheuseofthreats,coercion,orintimidation(恐吓）toobtainmoney,goods,orservices.

Infact,extortionischaracterizedbythewillingnessofthevictimtorelinquish（让渡）money,goods,orservicesbecauseofthethreatofpossibleviolence,force,orharm,butnottheimminentdangerofthatharm.StateSen.LelandYeenowfacingRICOchargesAfederalindictmentreleasedFridayexpandedcriminalchargesagainststateSen.LelandYee（余胤良）toincluderacketeering（勒索）,allegingYeeattemptedtoextortcampaigncontributionsfromanNFLteamownerandsupportersofmixedmartialarts.Theindictmentallegesthatinexchangeforofficialactions,Yeeacceptedcampaigncontributionstowardhis2011campaignformayorofSanFranciscoandforhislaterabandoned2014campaignforsecretaryofstate.Aracketeeringconvictioncarriesapossibleprisonsentenceof20yearsormoreandhugefines,said“LaurieLevenson,aprofessoratLoyolaLawSchoolandaformerfederalprosector.”RICO(反诈骗腐败组织集团犯罪法)allowstheprosecution（检举）totietogetherdifferenttypesofillegalactivitiesandconspiracies.Thus,itisamoreexpansivecharge,"Levensonsaid."Fromapublicrelationspointofview,beingchargedwith'racketeering'certainlysoundsworseandconnotestheactivitiesoforganizedcrime.MisuseofinsideinformationBriberyBriberyistheoffering,giving,receiving,orsolicitingofanythingofvalueinexchangeforafavorofsomeonewhoworksingovernment,politics,business,sports,orpublicservice.

Abribecanconsistofimmediatecash,orpersonalfavors,oranythingtherecipientmayviewasvaluable.

Worldmapofthe2010

CorruptionPerceptionsIndex

byTransparencyInternational.

Blueindicateslessperceptionofcorruption,whereasredindicateshigherperceptionofcorruptionCausesofCorruptionLowlevelsofeconomicdevelopmentandhighlevelsofpovertyWeakinstitutionsLackofaccountabilityand transparencyInequality34CORRUPTIONMATTERSDistortssocial,economicandpoliticaldecisionsDivertsscarceresourcesSuspendsruleoflawEncouragesdeceptionDiscouragesdevelopmentandinvestmentTrueStories1.HEALTHHAZARDInHonduras,where60%liveinpovertyand5millionpeoplearecompletelydependentonpublichealthfacilities,corruptioninthehealthindustryhasseriousrepercussionsforpeopleinneed.That'swhy,in2013,whenastate-controlledmedicalwarehousewasaccusedofcorruption,immediateactionwascrucial.ThewarehouseinquestionhandledaroundUS$24millionworthofdrugsyearlythatareboughtbythegovernmentandissupposedtoservicethepublichospitalsandhealthcentresinHonduras.Accordingtoreports,however,corruptioninthepurchase,salesanddistributionofpharmaceuticalswasendangeringthelivesofuntoldnumbersofHondurans.Therewasaproofthatmillionsofdollars'worthofmedicinewerebeingsiphonedofffromthestate-controlledwarehouse,possiblytobesoldontheblackmarket.Beyondthemissingdrugs,counterfeitandexpireddrugsweremakingtheirwaytohospitalsundetectedduetolittlecontrolonmedicationenteringthedepot.Oneweekafterthereportwasreleased,theMinisterofHealthorderedaraidonthewarehouse,whichwasputundermilitarycontrol.CorruptionandshoddyconstructionbehindschoolcollapsesinChinaearthquake

FourmonthsafterthemassiveearthquakeinSichuanprovinceonMay12,2018,aChinesegovernmentcommitteefinallyadmittedlastmonththatshoddyworkmanshipandsubstandardmaterials—theresultofcorruptcollusionbetweenlocalofficialsandconstructioncompanies—werebehindthecollapseof7,000schoolclassrooms.Ofthe70,000killed(notincluding18,000stillmissingandalmostcertainlydead),alargenumber—some10,000—werestudentswhodiedasschoolbuildingscollapsed.Inmanycases,relativelynewschoolswereflattenedinamatterofseconds,makingitimpossibleforchildrentoescape.Bycontrast,thesurroundingbuildingswereoftenstillstanding,indicatingseriousstructuralproblemsinschoolconstruction.Angryparentsdenouncedtheschoolsassubstandard"Tofu"projects—thatis,assoftasChinesebeancurd—inwhichlocalofficialsandbusinessmensiphonedoffpublicmoney.AdministrativeEthicsIsthereadministrativeethicsatall?Answer:yes!Administratorshaveapositivedutytodonoharm.“Nurembergdefense”isinvalid.Followingordersisnoexcuse.Soldiersandbureaucratshaveapositiveobligationtodisobeyillegalandimmoralorders.AdministrativeEthicsAdministrativeethicsimpliesapplyinggeneralmoralrulestospecificsphereofhumanrelations,thatistosayadministrativerelations.HierarchyofEthicsHierarchyofethics.Personalmorality–senseofrightandwrong.(Integrity,honest)Professionalethics–professionalnorms.(“strengthenindividualcapacitiesandencouragetheprofessionaldevelopmentofothers”)Organizationalethics–organizationalculture.(encouragepublicofficialsto“strengthenorganizationalcapabilitiestoapplyethics,efficiency,andeffectivenessinservingthepublic”)Socialethics–Socialobligationtoprotectindividualsandfurthertheprogressofthegroup.(gofarbeyondmerecompliancetothepoliticallydeterminedwill)EthicalDilemmainPublicAdministrationEthicaldilemma:1.Wouldhekeepsilentwhenhefindsthatadministrativediscretionisabused,orthatcorruptionarepracticed?2.Orshouldheblowthewhistle?3.Shouldheactivelyengageinpressuregroupactivitiesbecausehesympathizeswiththeirviews?4.Shouldheactivelyparticipateinpartypolitics?WhistleblowingWhistleblowingreferstowhathappenswhenanemployeedecidesthatobligationstosocietycomebeforeobligationstoanorganization.Awhistleblowerisanindividualwhobelievesthatthepublicinterestoverridestheinterestsofhisorherorganizationandpubliclyblowsthewhistleon–exposes–corrupt,illegal,fraudulent,orharmfulactivity.Whistleblowersnotwellreceived.“Squealers”（打小报告）."IcarefullyevaluatedeverysingledocumentIdisclosedtoensurethateachwaslegitimatelyinthepublicinterest,""ThereareallsortsofdocumentsthatwouldhavemadeabigimpactthatIdidn'tturnover,becauseharmingpeopleisn'tmygoal.Transparencyis.""Therearemoreimportantthingsthanmoney.IfIweremotivatedbymoney,Icouldhavesoldthesedocumentstoanynumberofcountriesandgottenveryrich."Snowden:Aheroortraitor?AdministrativeAccountabilityAccountabilityreferstoonemustanswertohigherauthority—legalororganizational—forone’sactionsinsocietyatlargeorwithinone’sparticularorganizationalposition.Electedpublicofficialsaretheoreticallyaccountabletothepoliticalsovereigntyofthevoters.Administrativeaccountabilityisthataspectofadministrativeresponsibilitybywhichofficialsareheldanswerableforgeneralnotionsofdemocracyandmoralityaswellasforspecificlegalmandates.TwoapproachestoadministrativeaccountabilityAdministrativeAccountabilityInternalProfessionalismorProfessionalstandardsOrcodesWhy?Modernpoliciesarecomplex.Weneedtotrustgovernmentofficialstousetheirprofessionaljudgmentinthepublic’sinterestExternalLegislativeorpopularcontrolsWhy?InternalpowerorcontrolwouldultimatelyleadtocorruptionPublicadministratorsinademocracyworkwithintheruleoflawAgoverningsysteminwhichthehighestauthorityisabodyoflawthatappliesequallytoallIndemocraticsocieties,thesystemofadministrativeaccountabilityisconstitutedbyseveralelements:theseparationofpowersandchecksandbalances,themedia,officialauditors,communitywatchdogs