托福TPO23套听力真题(文本)(常用版)

托福TPO23套听力真题（文本）（常用版）(可以直接使用，可编辑完整版资料，欢迎下载）

托福TPO23套听力真题（文本）托福TPO23套听力真题（文本）（常用版）(可以直接使用，可编辑完整版资料，欢迎下载）小马过河为大家准备了“托福TPO23套听力真题（文本）”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询：400-0123-267。TPO-23Conversation1NarratorListentoaconversationbetweenastudentandthedirectorofcampusactivities.StudentI’mhere‘cause...well,there’ssomethingIdon’tunderstand.Isetananouncementforanevent.AndthismorningIcheckedtheeventssectionoftheuniversity’swebsite.Andnothing,thereisnomentionofit.DirectorAndwhendidyousummitthisrequest?StudentLastWednesday.Ifollowedtheinstructionsverycarefully.IamsureitwasWednesday,becauseIknowannouncementshavebesummittedthreebusinessdaysaheadofthepostingday.DirectorAndwhat’sitfor?StudentAreading.DirectorAreading?StudentYes.Apoetryreading.DirectorOh,OK.Whenisit?StudentInthreedays.ItisanauthorfromFrancewehavebeentryingtogetforawhile.Andnowthathehasfinallyagreedtocome,noonewillbethere.DirectorWow.ThispersonisreallycomingallthewayfromFrance?StudentOh,no.HeisteachinginNewYorkcitythisyear.Wewereabletosellhimontheideamisingtherewillbeanicesizecrowd.Ifeltconfidentaboutthat.BecauseIknowhowenthusiasticourgroupis.DirectorAndyourgroup...doyouhaveaname?StudentUm...itiskindofaloosegroup,youknow,justabunchofstudentsintheFrenchdepartmentwhoareinterestedinFrenchliterature.There’snoformalstructureoranything.IguessyoucouldcallustheFrenchLiteratureReadingGroup.DirectorOK.Anditisarecognizedgroup?Bytheuniversity,Imean.StudentNo.DirectorOK.StudentButtheFrenchDepartmentisfundingthis,ontheconditionthatwedoallthelegwork.DirectorAllright.HoldonasecondwhileIcheck.Well,itlookslikewedidreceiveyouranouncementlastWednesday.Uh,looksliketheeditorsmusthavedecidednottoincludeyoureventinthisweek’slistings.StudentNotincluded?Why?DirectorWell,wedon’tpostthingsautomatically.Wegetsomanyrequeststhatwecouldn’tpossiblypostthemall.Soeventsthatarethoughttobetoospecialized,withoutthepotentialforreallywideappeal...StudentWow,Igottosaythatdoessurpriseme.WhatamIgoingtodonow?Imean,hereallyisquitefamous.Ireallydothinktherewouldbeagenuineinterestbeyondmygroup.Itwouldbeashameifnooneshowupbecausethereisn’tenoughpublicity.IsthereanyoneelseIcantalkto?DirectorIdon’tthinkthatwoulddoyoumuchgoodsincewearealreadyworkingonnextweek’sschedule.ButmaybeyoucouldasktheFrenchdepartmenttoposttheanouncementonitswebsite.Andmaybeyoucouldapproachsomeotherdepartmentsaswell,youknow,relevantones.StudentIknewweshouldhavedoneaposter.Buteverybodywaslike,oh,youcanjustpostitonline.Inanyevent,thanksforyouhelp.It’ssomethingtoconsider.Lecture1-Archaeology(AntikytheraMechanism)NarratorListentopartofalectureinanarchaeologyclass.ProfessorIwastalkingtooneofmycollaeguesinthephysicsdepartmenttheotherday,andweendedupdiscussinghowonediscoverycanchangeeverything.Mycollaeguementionedhowthetheoryofrelativitycompletelychangedthefieldofphysics.Atanyrate1,thatconversationgotmethinkingaboutarchaeologicalfindsthatreallychangedourunderstandingofancientcivilizations.SoIwanttotalkaboutthediscoveryoftheAntikytheraMechanism.TheAntikytheraMechanismwasfoundahundredyearsago,underwaterinanancientGreekshipwreckintheMediterraneanSea.Itwasinextremelypoorconditionandinmanycorrodedpieces.Butoncewefiguredoutwhatitwasandreconstructedit.Well,Isimplydon’thavethewordstoconveyhowextraordinarythisfindwas.TheAntikytheraMechanismisarelativelysmalldevice,roughlythesizeofashoebox,madeofgearsfittedinsideawoodencase.Initsoriginalstate,therewererotatingdialsandotherindicatorsonthetop,withlettersanddrawingsshowingtheSun,thephasesofthemoonanddifferentconstellations.Insidethebox,bronzegearswouldhaverotatedthedisplays.Thedisplays,uh,theindicatorsoftheAntikytheraMechanism,wouldthenmovedtoshowthemotionoftheSunandmoonrelativetotheplanetsandstars.Thedevicecouldbeusedtotellthedifferentphasesofthemoonandmuchmore.Well,scientistshaverecentlyanalyzedtheinscriptionsonthemechanismandre-examinetheothercargointheshipwreck,andtheevidencemakesanabsolutecasethatthisdevicedatesbacktoancientGreecesomewherebetween150and100B.C.E.WhatmakesthatsofascinatingisthatbeforewefoundtheAntikytheraMechanism,theearliestdevicewehadthatcouldtracktheSunandmoonlikethiswasinventedover1,000yearslater.Sowhenthiswasfirstfound,peopleliterallywouldnotbelieveit.Someofmycollaeguesinsistedithadtohavebeenmadewellafter100B.C.E.Butthisphysicalevidencewasconclusive.Itwasthatold.Ofcourse,partofwhatmadethisfindsounusualisthattheAntikytheraMechanismisconstructedofbronze.Now,itisnotthatbronzewasallthatrareinGreecethen,itisjustthatbronzewasvaluableandcouldeasilyberecycled.Itwouldhavebeenrelativelyeasyforapersonwithknowledgeofmetalstomeltdownbronzeobjectsandforgetheminto...well,say,coins.Bronzewasusedtomademoneybackthen.Ormoldthebronzeintoanythingelseofvalueforthatmatter.Weareveryfortunatethatthedeviceendedupunderwater,becauseotherwisebablywouldhaveendeduprecycledinto...whoknowswhat.Now,itwasachallengetofigureouttheAntikytheraMechanism.Itspentover2,000yearsatthebottomoftheseabeforeitwasdiscovered.Andevenafteritwasdiscovered,itwasstillanumberofyearsbeforewereallyunderstoodwhatitwas.Yousee,themechanismhadcorrodedunderwater,andmanyofthegearswerestucktogetherinamass.Cleaningitwasonlypartlysuccessful.Wecouldonlygetagoodlookatthestructureofthegearsaftergammarayswereusdedtoseeinside,verysimilartothewayX-raysareusedtoseeyourbones.Now,oncewegotagoodlookinside,wesawareallycomplexdevice.Themanygearsnotonlymovedinawaythatcouldindicatethephasesofthemoon.TheAntikytheraMechanismalsotrackedboththelunaryearandthesolaryear.Additionally,thegearsalsomovedtomatchthemotionsoftheplanetandpredictedeclipses.Butonethingthatisparticularlynotableisthatthemechanismwassoprecisethatiteventookintoaccountaparticularirregularityinthemoon’sorbit,whichrequiressomeverycomplexmathtoreplicateinmechanicaldevice.YoucouldsaythattheAntikytheraMechanismwasaveryprecisecalendar,whichstandstoreason2calendarswereveryimportanttoancientpeoples.Religiousfestivalshadtobeheldattherighttimeofyear,cropsneededtobeplantedattherighttimeaswell.Andlet’snotforgetthateclipsesinplanetarymotionshadimportantsymbolicmeanings.Lecture2-EnvironmentalScience(EarthRadiationBudget)NarratorListentopartofalectureinanenvironmentalscienceclass.ProfessorBasically,acloudeithercontributestothecoolingofEarth’ssurfaceortoitsheating.Earth’sclimatesystemisconstantlytryingtostrikeabalancebetweenthecoolingandwarmingeffectsofclouds.It’sveryclose,butoverallthecumulativeeffectsofcloudistocoolEarthratherthanheatit.Andthisbalancebetweentheamountofsolarradiation,energyfromtheSun,that’sabsordedbyEarth,andtheamountthat’sreflectedbackintospace.WecallthisEarth’sradiationbudget.Andonewaywekeeptrackoftheradiationbudgetisbylookingatthealbedoofthedifferentsurfacesontheplanet.Asurface’salbedoisthepercentageofincomingsolarenergy,sunlight,that’sreflectedoffthatsurfacebackintospace.Oceanshavealowalbedo,becausetheyreflectverylittleenergy.Mostofthesolarenergythatreachestheoceangetsabsorbedandheatsthewater.Um...rainforestsalsohavelowalbedos.Well,bycontrast,desertsandareascoveredbyiceandsnow,theseplaceshavehighalbedos.Andclouds,ingeneral,cloudalsohavehighalbedos.Thatmeansthatalargepercentageofthesolarenergycloudsreceiveisreflectedintospace.OK.Now,whenwesaythatcloudshaveahighalbedo.Wearetalkingabouttheeffectofallthecloudsonearthaveragedtogether.Butdifferenttypesofcloudshaveperties,theyhavedifferentalbedos.StudentSowhichtypeofcloudscoolEarth?Andwhichtypeheatit?ProfessorWell,highthincloudscontributetoheatingwhilelowthickcloudscoolEarth.Highthincloudsareverytransparenttosolarradiation,like,uh,clearair.SotheymostlytransmitincomingsolarenergydowntoEarth.There’snotmuchreflectiongoingatall.Atthesametime,thesecloudstrapinsomeofEarth’sheat.Becauseofthetrappedheat,thesecloudshaveanoverallheatingeffect.StudentOh.OK.Sincelowthickcloudsarenottransparenttoradiation...ProfessorExactly.TheyblockmostofthesolarenergysoitneverreachesEarth’ssurface.Theyreflectmuchofitbackoutintospace.StudentSothat’showtheycontributetocooling?ProfessorYep.AndasIsaidearlier,thiscoolingeffectpredominates.Now,whatiftherewasaprocessthatcouldcontrolthetypeofcloudsthatform?StudentAreyoutalkingaboutcontrollingtheweather?ProfessorWell,IamnotsureIwouldgothatfar.ButwerecentlynoticedanincreaseincloudcoveroveranareaoftheoceanwatersaroundAntarctica.Anincreasedareaoflowthickclouds,thetypethatreflectsalareportionofsolarenergybacktospaceandcoolstheEarth.Well,thereasonforthisincreasedcloudcover,itturnsout,istheexceptionallylargeamountofmicroscopicmarineplants.Well,thecurrenthypothesisisthatthesemicroorganismsproduceachemical,dimethosulfide,thatinteractswiththeoxygenintheair,creatingconditionsthatleadtotheformationofthelowthickcloudsweobserved.Well,that’strue.Itcouldhavehugeimplications.So,maybewearetalkingaboutcontrollingtheweather.Perhaps,iftheanismsnearAntarcticareallyareresponsible,perhapswecanacceleratetheprocesssomehow.Conversation2-Student&EnglishProfessorNarratorListentoaconversationbetweenastudentandhisEnglishprofessor.ProfessorHi,Bob.Howisitgoing?AreyouenjoyingtheIntroductiontoLiteratureclass?BobYeah,it’sgreat.Araby,thatshortstorybyJamesJoycewereadlastweek,itwasawesome.ProfessorI’mgladyoulikeit.MostofJoyce’sworkisverycomplex.Alotofstudentssaythatheishardtounderstand.Normally,youwouldn’ttackleJoyceinanIntroclass,butI’dliketogivemyfirstyearstudentsatasteofhisstyle,hispsychologicalapproachtoliterature,because...mainlybecauseitinfluencedotherwriters.Ionlywishwehadmoreclasstimetodiscussit.BobMetoo.SowhydidyoupickArabyinsteadofsomeotherstory?ProfessorWell,um,firstyoushouldknowthatArabyisoneoffifteenshortstoriesbyJoyceinabookcalledDubliners.Uh,allthestoriesarerelatedtooneanother,andtheyaresetinthesametimeperiod.ButArabyistheeasiestonetofollow.Thoughallthestoriesinthecollectionarewritteninstreamofconsciousness,whichasyouknow,meanstheyaretoldthroughthenarrator’sthought,throughaninnermonologue,asopposedtodialogueoranobjectivediscriptionofevents.ButArabyiseasierbecauseit’slinear,thestoryunfoldchronologically.BobStill,IwishwecouldreadwholenovelsbyJoyceanddiscussedtheminclass.ProfessorThat’swhathappensinmyMasterWriterClass.BobMasterWriterClass?ProfessorYeah,IteachoneonJoyceeveryspring.It’ssuchaprivilege,spendinganentiretermdivingintoasinglebodyofwork.Andmystudents,theybringsomuchinsighttothetablethatit’seasytoforgetwhotheprofessoris.BobOh,wow.Thatcouldactuallysolvemydilemma,uh,whatIoriginallywantedtoaskyou...um,Iamworkingonmyschedulefornextterm,andI’vegotroomforonemorecourse,andI’dliketotakemoreliterature.CouldItakeyourMasterWriterClassonJoyce?ProfessorI’msorry.Ishouldhavementioned.Uh,MasterWriterisanadvancedseminar.SostudentsneedtogetastrongfoundationinliterarytheoryandcriticismbeforeIletthemintheroom.BobButIhavegottenreallygoodgradesonallmypapersofar,I’msureIcankeepup.Couldn’tyoumakeanexception?ProfessorYourgradesareexcellent.Butinourintroclass,youarereviewingthebasics,likeplots,settingandcharacterandgettingyourfirstrealexposuretodifferentliterarystyles.BobButwhydoIhavetostudydifferentstylestounderstandJoyce’snovels?ProfessorTherearealotoflittledetailsinvolvedininterpretingliterature.AndlikewithJoyce.Hisnovelshaveveryuniquestructures.Theonlywaytoappreciatehowyoumeetthereisbystudyingavarietyofauthors.BobOh,OK.Socouldyousuggestadifferentliteratureclassthen?ProfessorSure.There’sdoctorClain’scourseonnineteenth-centurynovels.It’smorefocusedthantheclassyou’reinnow.Butitwillbuildonyourcurrentknowledgebaseandgiveyouthebackgroundyouneed.That,plusacouplemorefoundationalclasses,andyouwilldefinitelybereadyformyseminar.BobSweet.Thanks.Lecture3-MarineBiology(Dolphins)NarratorListentopartofalectureinamarinebiologyclass.ProfessorWehavebeentalkingabouthowseaanimalsfindtheirwayunderwater,howtheynavigate,andthisbringsupaninterestingpuzzle,andoneI’msureyou’llallenjoy.Imean,everybodylovesdolphins,right?Anddolphins,well,theyactuallyproducetwotypesofsounds.Uh,onebeingthevocalizationsyouareprobablyallfamiliarwith,whichtheyemitthroughtheirblowholes.Buttheoneweareconcernedwithtodayistherapidclicksthattheyuseforecholocation,sotheycansensewhatisaroundthem.Thesesounds,ithasbeenfound,areproducedintheair-fillednasalsacsofthedolphin.Andthepuzzleis,howdotheclicksoundsgettransmittedintothewater?It’snotaseasyasitmightseem.Yousee,thedenserthemedium,thefastersoundtravels.Sosoundtravelsfasterthroughwaterthanitdoesthroughair.Sowhathappenswhenasoundwave,um...OK.You’vegotasoundwavetravellingmerrilyalongthroughonemedium,whensuddenly,ithitsadifferentmedium,what’sgonnahappenthen?Well,someoftheenergyisgoingtobereflectedback,andsomeofitisgoingtobetransmittedintothesecondmedium.And...and...andifthetwomediahavereallydifferentdensities,likeairandwater,thenmostoftheenergyisgoingtobereflectedback,verylittleofitwillkeepgoing,uh,gettransmittedintothenewmedium.Imean,justthinkhowlittlenoisefromtheoutsideworldactuallyreachesyouwhenyourheadisunderwater.So,howdidthedolphin’sclicksgettransmittedfromitsair-fillednasalsacsintotheoceanwater?Becausegiventhedifferenceindensitybetweentheairinthenasalcavityandtheseawater,we’dexpectthosesoundstojustkindofgobouncingaroundinsidethedolphin’shead,whichwilldoitnogoodatall.Ifit’sgoingtonavigateit,needsthosesoundstobebroadcastandbouncedbackfromobjectsinitspath.Well,turnsoutdolphinshaveastructureintheirforeheads,justinfrontoftheirnasalsacs,calledamelon.Now,themeloniskindofalargesac-likepouch,madeupoffattissue.Andthisfattissuehassomeratherfascinatingacousticalproperties.Mostofthefatthatyoufindinananimal’sbodyisusedforstoringenergy,butthisfat,whichyoufindindolphins,andonlyinthemelonandaroundthelowerjaw.Thisfatisverydifferent,veryrichinoil.Anditturnsoutithasaverydifferentpurposeaswell.Now,onewaytoovercomethismismatchinthedensityofairandwaterwouldbe...ifyoucould,um,modifythevelocityofthesoundwave,makeitpreciselymatchthespeedatwhichsthroughwater.Andthat’sexactlywhatmarinebiologistshavediscoveredthemelondoes.Notethatthebursae3,theselittleprojectionsattherearofthemelon,arerightupagainsttheair-fillednasalsacs.Andthesebursae,itturnsout,arewhat’sresponsiblefortransferringsoundtothemelon.Thesoundwavesarethentransmittedbythebursaethroughthemelon.Firstthroughalowvelocitycore,andthenthroughahighvelocityshell,wheretheirspeedisincreasedbeforetheyaretransmittedintothesurroundingseawater.Sonowthesignalscanbeefficientlytransferredintothewater,withminimalreflection.Theonlyotherplace,thisspecialfattytissue,likethatinthemelon,theonlyotherplaceisfoundinthedolphin,isinthelowerjaw.Turnsoutthatthelowerjaw,well,itismadeofaspeciallythinbone.Anditisverysensitivetovibrations,tosoundenergytravellingthroughtheseawater.Itturnsoutthatthejawisprimarilyresponsibleforcapturingandtransferringreturningsoundwavestothedolpin’sinnerear.Sotheserapidclicksthataresentoutbounceoffobjects,maybeagroupoffishswimmingoverhere,aboatcomingfromoverthere.Thesoundsbounceoffthemandthelowerjawcapturesthereturningsounds,makingitpossibleforthedolphintosensewhat’sinthesurroundingwateranddecidewheretoswim.Lecture4-Choreography(ScreenDance)NarratorListentopartofalectureinachoreographyclass.ProfessorNow,whenyouthinkaboutchoreography,well,uh,foryourlastassignment,youchoreographedthedancethatwasperformedonstageinfrontofliveaudience.Now,screendanceisverydifferent.Itisadanceroutineyouwillbechoreographingspecificallytobeviewedonascreen,onacomputerscreen,aTVscreen,inamovietheater,anyscreen.Sothequestionwehavetoaskis,what’sthedifferencebetweenchoreographyforaliveperformanceandchoreographyforon-screenviewing?OK.Thinkforaminute.Whenyouseeamovie,isitjustafilmofpeopleactingonastage?Ofcoursenot.Moviesuseavarietyofcameraanglesandcreativeediting.Moviescandistorttime,slowmovementdown,orspeeditup,showactorsfadinginandoutofscenes,etc.Allofthese...allofthesefilm-makingtechniques,thingsthatcan’tbeusedinaliveperformance,arepossibleinascreendance.Now,we’llcovertheseconceptsingreaterdetaillater,butyoushouldbegettingtheideathatIdon’twantyoutojustfilmdancersonstageandturnitinasyourscreendanceproject.Uh,Yes?Debbie.StudentButisn’tsomethinglosthere,ProfessorWatson?Iamadancer,andwhenIperformonstage,Iamsoenergisedbytheaudience’sreactions,theapplause.Iactually,andforalotofdancers,it...itreallyinspiresus.ProfessorYou’reright.Screendance,whichisarelativelynew,isn’tforeveryone.Uh,somedancersmayseemreluctanttoparticipateinyourproject,becausetheydothriveontheimmediacyofperforminglive.Ifthishappens,youcouldpointoutthatscreendanceoffersotherwaysfordancerstoconnecttotheiraudience.Forexample,dancerscanexpressthemselves,evenchangethewholemoodofthescenethroughafacialexpression.Andyoucouldfilmclose-upshotsoftheirfaces.Facialexpressionsaren’tasimportantinliveperformancesgenerally,becausethechoreographerknowsthatsomeoneinthebackrowofatheatermaynotbeabletoseeadancer’sfaceclearly.StudentBut...um,Ihaveneverusedamoviecameraoreditedfilmbefore.Howwillwelearneverythingweneedtoknowto...?ProfessorOh,don’tworry.Thecamerasyouwillbeusingareprettysimpletooperate.Andyou’llgettoplaywiththefilm-editingsoftwareseveraltimesbeforebeginningyourproject.You’llalsohavetheoptionofworkingwithastudentinthefilmdepartment,someonewho’sfamiliarwiththetechnology.Butthechoreographyandtheendresultwillbeyourresponsibilityofcourse.StudentCouldyoutalksomemoreaboutthefilm-makingtechniques,youknow,theonesthatworkbestforscreendances?ProfessorI’llshowsomeofmyfavoritescreendancesnextweektogiveyouabetteridea.But,uh,OK.Here’sonetechniquethatcancreatetheillusionofflowinascreendance.Youfilmthesamedancer,enteringandexitingtheframeseveraltimes.Movingslowlyatfirst,thenfasterandfaster.Thenintheeditingroom,youcandigitallymanipulatetheseimages,likeyoumightputfiveortenortwentycopiesofthatsamedancermeetinghimselfinthemiddleofthescreen,tomakeitlooklikeheisdancingwithhimself.Obviously,thiscan’tbedoneinaliveperformance.Anotherexample,inonescreendanceIsaw,thedancersleapthroughsheetsoffireinabigabandonedbuilding.Ofcourse,thebuildingwasn’treallyonfire.Atechniquecalledsuper-imposingwasused.Thedancerswerefilmedandlayeredintheeditingroom.Thefirewasaddedtothebackground.StudentThatsoundsawesome.Butifanyonecanwatchadanceonacomputerscreen.Whywouldtheypaytogoseealiveperformance?Whatifscreendancegotsopopularthatitreplacedlivedance?ProfessorScreendanceisanentirelydifferenttypeofpresentation.Itcouldneverreplicatetheimmediacy,thekindofdramathatliveperformanceoffers.Therewillbeanaudienceforthat.Ithinkwhatscreendancewilldo,though,isheightenawarenessofdanceingeneral.Becauseitisaway...uh,itcanreachpeopleintheirhomes,intheirworkplaces,atanytimereally.Andifsomeonediscoversthattheylovedancebywatchingascreendance,there’sagoodchancetheywillgetinterestedenoughtobuyatickettoseealiveperformance.源于：小马过河相关推荐：2021年11月18日托福写作真题解析2021年11月18日托福口语真题解析2021年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2021年11月18日托福听力真题解析听力失音连读表失音与连读在语速较快的时候，为了方便应用产生了失音和连读现象。在四六级听力考试部分出现出现的尤其频繁。这是四六级听力考试中难点所在。掌握好失音和连读是听懂和说一口地道美语的前提。学习方法：失音连读规则繁琐细致，逐条记忆会耗费大量时间。本书将各种情况归纳列表附在本篇后，只需在浏览过规则以后将列表和例句通读几遍，便能自然掌握各种失音连读情况和培养出较强的英语语感，从根本上提高语言使用能力。失音：失音，顾名思义就是某一个或者几个音脱落，把单词短语和句子快速连缀成串。单词间的失音有四种类型。类型一：前一词以“持续音＋/t//d/”结尾，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t//d/失音其中包括：/st/+辅音/ft/+辅音/.t/+辅音/nd/+辅音/ld/+辅音/zd/+辅音/.d/+辅音/vd/+辅音/.t/+辅音/md/+辅音/.d/+辅音/nt/+辅音/lt/+辅音例如：lastclass/l.:skl.:s/nextday/neksdei/bendback/benb.k/settledthere/setl../refusedboth/ri`fju:zb../类型二：前一词以“破音/擦音+/t//d/”结束，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t//d/失音其中包括：/pt/+辅音/kt/+辅音（如完结于skt则脱k而不是t）/t.t/+辅音/bd/+辅音/gd/+辅音/d.d/+辅音/.d/+辅音例如：keptquiet/kepkwai.t/sweptvalley/swepv.li/likedjam/laikd..m/parchedthroat/p.:t..r.t/fetchedme/fet.mi:/rubbedgently/r.bid.entli/注：后一词如始于h则/t//d/很少脱落例如：keptherwaiting/kepth.:`weiti./类型三：动词否定结尾的缩写形式n’t中的/t/失音（无论后一词以元音还是辅音开头）例如：Youmustn’t/m.sn/loseitDoesn’t/d.zn/sheknow?Hewouldn’t/wudn/overeat.类型四：前一词以/t/结束，后一词以/t/或/d/开头，则前面的/t/往往失音。例如

I’vegottogo./aiv`g.t.g./.hatdoyouwant?/w.d.juw.nt/另外，不完全爆破虽然没有归纳到失音类型里来，但实质上也存在不发音现象。如果前面单词结尾和后面单词开头是两个或者同一个破擦音(/p//b//t//d//k//g/)则前一音保留口型和发音时间却并不发音。但是听者能感到这个音的存在。例如：cutdown/k.daun/stickto/stitu:/breakdown/bridaun/letgo/leg./连读：连贯讲话自然会出现连读现象，在中文中也同样存在，例如传统的北京方言。连读主要出现在意义联系较紧的词，如冠词与名词，数词和名词，动词与副词，连接词与代名词之间。语义自然停顿的地方不用连读。连读类型：类型一：辅音与下一个单词的元音连缀，使全句连贯。例如：inanhour/in.nau./an.nglishbook/.ni.gli.buk/anapple/.n.pl/alotoftime/.`l.t.vtaim/类型二：单词以元音结尾，则在元音后加上/r/音以便和下个单词起首元音连缀。据伦敦出版的第十三版PronouncingDictionary记载，元音间连读情况多出现在以/.//i.//..//.://.://.:/结尾的词后。例如：moreorless/m.:r.l.s/bearup/b..r.p/theideaofit/aidi.r.vit/..类型三：后单词以h开始，则前面单词结尾音直接与后面单词的元音连读,此处h很少发音。例如：givehim/givim/lether/let.:/失音列表：类型一：前一词以“持续音＋/t//d/”结尾，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t//d/失音/st/+辅音/ft/+辅音/.t/+辅音/nd/+辅音/ld/+辅音/zd/+辅音/.d/+辅音/vd/+辅音/.t/+辅音/md/+辅音/.d/+辅音/nt/+辅音/lt/+辅音/st/+辅音2/st/＋/p/dustpan/d.sp.n/2/st/＋/t/nextto/nekstu:/2/st/＋/k/lastclass/l.:skl.:s/

2/st/＋/f/bestfriend/besfrend/2/st/＋/s/fastsociety/f.:ss.`sai.ti/2/st/＋/./firsttheme/f.s.i:m/2/st/＋/./worstshow/w.s..u/2/st/＋/t./lastchance/last..:s/2/st/＋/b/burstbubble/b.sb.bl/2/st/＋/d/nextday/neksdei/2/st/＋/g/almostgot/.:lm.sg.t/2/st/＋/v/lastversion/l.:s`v.:..n/2/st/＋/z/bestzone/besz.n/2/st/＋/./noticedthat/n.tis..t/2/st/＋/h/firsthair/f.:shi./2/st/＋/d./wristjewelry/risd.u:.lri/2/st/＋/l/firstlight/f.:slait/2/st/＋/m/depressedmood/di`presmu:d/2/st/＋/n/suppressednewspaper/s.`pres`nu:speip./2/st/＋/w/justone/d..sw.n/2/st/＋/j/last.uropeanempire/l.:sju.r.`pi.n`empai./2/st/＋/r/westregion/wes`ri:d..n//ft/+辅音2/ft/＋/p/shiftpersonality/.ifp.:s.`n.liti/2/ft/+/t/leftturn/left.:n/2/ft/＋/k/shiftkey/.ifki:/2/ft/＋/f/shiftforoneself/.if.:w.n`self/2/ft/+/s/softcentre/f.ffent./2/ft/＋/./shifttheme/.if.i:m/2/ft/＋/./giftshare/gif.../2/ft/+/t./driftchannel/drift..nl/2/ft/+/b/driftby/drifbai/2/ft/＋/d/driftdistance/drif`dist.ns/2/ft/＋/g/shiftgears/.ifgi.z/2/ft/＋/v/riftvalley/rif`v.li/2/ft/＋/z/shiftzeal/.ifzi:l/2/ft/＋/./shiftthetarget/.if..`t.:git/2/ft/＋/h/shifthairstyle/.if`h..stail/2/ft/＋/d./shiftjoint/.if/2/ft/+/l/shiftlearning/.ifl.:ni./2/ft/＋/m/shiftmatrix/.if`meitriks/2/ft/＋/n/driftnet/drifnet/2/ft/+/w/leftwheel/lefwi:l/

第4页2/ft/+/r/shiftreaction/.ifri:`.k..n//.t/+辅音2/.t/+/p/mashedpotatoes/m..p.`teit.uz/2/.t/＋/t/finishedtoday’swork/fini.t.`deisw.:k/2/.t/＋/k/finishedclass/fini.kl.:s/2/.t/＋/f/cherishedfriends/t.eri.frendz/2/.t/＋/s/pushedswitch/pu.swit./2/.t/+/./pushedthem/pu..em/2/.t/＋/./finishedshaping/fini.`.eipi./2/.t/+/t./smashedchurch/sm..t..t./2/.t/＋/b/smashedbulk/sm..b.lk/2/.t/＋/d/smasheddefence/sm..di`fens/2/.t/＋/g/smashedgate/sm..geit/2/.t/＋/v/smashedvase/sm..v.:z/2/.t/＋/z/smashedzeal/sm..zi:l/2/.t/＋/./pushtheboatout/pu...b.utaut/2/.t/＋/h/smashedhut/sm..h.t/2/.t/＋/d./smasheddream/sm..dri:m/2/.t/+/l/finishedlate/fini.leit/2/.t/＋/m/dashedman/d..m.n/2/.t/+/n/finishednow/fini.n.u/2/.t/+/w/dashedwith/d..wi./2/.t/+/r/smashedresistance/sm..ri`zist.ns//nd/+辅音2/nd/＋/p/lendpaperto/len`peip.tu:/2/nd/＋/t/yearnedto/j\ntu:/2/nd/＋/k/lendcolourto/len`k.l./2/nd/＋/f/foundfive/faunfaiv/2/nd2/nd/＋/./lendthermos/len..:m.s/2/nd/＋/./athousandships/.aus.n.ips/2/nd/＋/t./athousandchairs/.aus.nt...z/2/nd/＋/b/bendback/benb.k/2/nd/＋/g/shinedglass/.aingla:s/2/nd/＋/v/compoundverb/k.mpaunv.b/2/nd/＋/z/athousand