托福阅读tpo18r2011年3月20日

2011年3月20Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingideasaboutEnglandandTheywerecompletelyindustrializedbythestartofthenineteenthTheywereovertakeneconomicallybytheNeherlandsandScandinaviaduringtheearlynineteenthcentury.TheysucceededforthesamereasonsthattheNetherlandsandScandinaviadid.Paragraph2suggestswhichofhefollowingaboutheimportanceofpopulationdensityintheIndustrializationoftheNeherlandsandItwasamoreimportantfactorthanpopulaionItwasmoreinfluentialhanherateofpopulationgrowItwasmoreimportantintheearlystagesthanitwasItwasnotasignificant推理题。密度多少了。但这是两个不同的东西，如此的话，esi应该只是定位就明显错了。Accordingtoparagraphs2and3,whichofthefollowingcontributedsignificanlytohesuccessfuleconomicdevelopmentofheNetherlandsandofScandinavia?TherelativelysmallsizeoftheirpopulaTherapidrateatwhichtheirpopulationswereThelargeamountofcapitaltheyhadavailableforThehighproporionofheircitizenswhowereAccordingtoparagraph4,becauseoftheirlocationtheNetherlandsandtheScandinaviancountrieshadallofhefollowingadvantageswhentheybegantoindustrializeEXCEPTaccesstomilitarycontrolofheTheword“exceptional”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningTheword“abolished”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph5,eachofthefollowingcontributedposiivelytoheindustrializationofTheNetherlandsandScandinaviaEXCEPTgenerallyliberaltradehugeprojectsundertakenbytherelativelylittlesocialorpoliticalTheword“progressive”inhepassageisclosestinmeaningTheauthorincludestheinformaionthat“aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden”inordertosupporttheclaimthatthepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializaionoreconomicgrowh。定位太远了identifyanexceptiontothegeneraltrendfavoringliberalexplainwhySwedenindustrializedlessquicklythanheoherScandinaviancountriesandNetherlands。无中生有。provideevidencehatagriculturalreformstakeplacemorequicklyincountrieshathavealiberaltradepolicythaninthosehatdoWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessenialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinhepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangehemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessenialinformationTheearlyindustrializescontrolledmostofheinterna

IndustrializationintheNetherlandsandWhilesomeEuropeancountries,suchasEnglandGermany,begantoindustrializeintheeighteenthcentury,theNeherlandsandtheScandinaviancountriesofDenmark,Norway,andSwedendevelopedlater.Allfourofthesecountrieslaggedconsiderablybehindintheearlynineteenthcentury.However,theyindustrializedrapidlyinthesecondhalfofthecentury,especiallyinthelasttwoorthreedecades.Inviewoftheirlaterstartandtheirlackofcoal—undoubtedlymainreasontheywerenotamongheearlyindustrializers—itisimportanttounderstandthesourcesoftheirsuccess.Allhadsmallpopulaions.Athebeginningofhenineteenthcentury，DenmarkandNorwayhadfewerhan1millionpeople,whileSwedenandheNetherlandshadfewerthan25millioninhabitants.Allexhibitedmoderategrowthratesinthecourseofthecentury(DenmarkhehighestandSwedenthelowest),butallmorehandoubledinpopulationby1900.Densityvariedgreatly.TheNetherlandshadoneofthehighestpopulaiondensitiesinEurope,whereasNorwayandSwedenhadhelowest.DenmarkwasinbetweenbutclosertotheNeConsideringhumancapitalasacharacteristicofpopulaionhowever,allfourcountrieswereadvantagedbythelargepercentagesoftheirpopulationswhocouldreadandwrite.Inboth1850and1914,heScandinaviancountrieshadthehighestliteracyratesinEurope,orintheworld,andtheNeherlandswaswellabovetheEuropeanaverage.ThisfactwasofenormousvalueinhelpingthenationaleconomiesfindtheirnichesinheevolvingcurrentsofheinternationalLocationwasanimportantfactorforallfourcountries.Allhadimmediateaccesstothesea,andthishadimportantimplicationsfora2）significantinternationalresource,fish,aswellasfor1）cheaptransport,merchantmarines,andthe3）shipbuildingindustry.Eachtookadvantageofheseopportunitiesinitsownway.ThepeopleofheNetherlands,wihalongtraditionoffisheriesandmercanileshipping,haddifficultyindevelopinggoodharborssuitableforsteamships:eventuallytheydidsoatRotterdamandAmsterdam,wihexceptionalresultsfortransittradewithGermanyandcentralEuropeandfortheprocessingofoverseasfoodstuffsandrawmaterials(sugar,tobacco,chocolate,grain,andeventuallyoil).Denmarkalsohadanadmirablecommercialhistory,particularlywithrespecttotrafficthroughheSound(thestraitseparaingDenmarkandSweden).In1857,inreturnforapaymentof63millionkronorfromohercommercialnations,DenmarkabolishedtheSoundtolldueshefeesithadcollectedsince1497fortheuseoftheSound.This,alongwithotherpolicyshiftstowardfreetrade,resultedinasignificantincreaseintraffichroughtheSoundandintheportofThepoliicalinstituionsofhefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializaionoreconomicgrowh.4）Thenineteenhcenturypassedrelativelypeacefullyforthesecountries,wihprogressivedemocratizationtakingplaceinallofthem.Theywerereasonablywellgoverned,2,3）withoutnotablecorrupionorgrandiosestateprojects,althoughinallofthemthegovernmentgavesomeaidtorailways,andinSwedenhestatebuiltthemainlines.Assmallcountriesdependentonforeignmarkets,theyfollowed1）aliberaltradepolicyinhemain,houghaprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden.InDenmarkandSwedenagriculturalreformstookplacegraduallyfromthelateeighteenthcenturythroughthefirsthalfofhenineteenh,resulinginanewclassofpeasantlandownerswithadefinitemarketorientation.economy,leavingthesecountriestostakeoutnewareasofspecializationalonghemargins.AidedbyheirhighliteracyratesthesecountrieswereableT(,)

stheirabilitytoadapttotheinternationaldivisionoflabordeterminedbytheearlyindustrializersandtostakeoutareasofspecializationininternationalmarketsforwhichtheywereespeciallywellsuited.Thismeantagreatdependenceon claimkeyareasofspecializationwithinestablishedinternationalHighliteracyratesenabledthesecountriestotakeoverinternationalmarketsandadaptheinternaionaldivisionoflabortosuittheirstrengths.因果倒置Theinternaionaldivisionoflaborestablishedbytheearlyindustrializeswassuitedtohesecountries,akeyfactorintheir是国际分工wassuitedto这些国家，明明就是反了！！句子简化题。错误原因：因为原文hhcontributdoit有就被我跳过了，以为不是重要信息，所以在判断b，c时，由于其关键信息都与ieacyes有关，所以直接忽视了。然后看了下a不对，就选了d。记住句子简化题一定要把原句好好的读！！一字不漏！！

internaionalcommerce,whichhadnotoriousfluctuations;butitalsomeanthighreturnstothosefactorsofproductionthatwerefortunateenoughtobewellplacedintimesofprosperity.InSwedenexportsaccountedfor18percentofhenationalincomein1870,andin1913,22percentofamuchlargernationalincome.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,Denmarkexported63percentofitsagriculturalproduction:butter,porkproducts,andeggs.Itexported80percentofitsbutter,almostalltoGreatBritain,whereitaccountedfor40percentofBritishbutterimports.Accordingtoparagraph6,amajorproblemwithdependingheavilyoninternationalmarketswasthatheywerenotwellsuitedtoagriculturalwerelargelycontrolledbytheearlyledtoslowergrowthoflocalAccordingtoparagraph6.whatadvantagecouldacountrygainfrombeingheavilyinvolvedininternationalcommerce?AsteadilyrisingnationalGreatercontrolovermarketHighreturnswhenthingswentAreducedneedfor其次，原文在提到nationalincome时，讲的是export在1870和1913年中的percent！！从原文中，根本无法得到nationalincome和internationalWhilesomeEuropeancountries,suchasEnglandandGermany,begantoindustrializeintheeighteenthcentury,theNetherlandsandtheScandinaviancountriesofDenmark,Norway,andSwedendevelopedlater.Allfourofthesecountrieslaggedconsiderablybehindinheearlynineteenthcentury.■However,heyindustrializedrapidlyinhesecondhalfofhecentury,especiallyinhelasttwoorthreedecades■Inviewoftheirlaterstartandtheirlackofcoal—undoubtedlyhemainreasontheywerenotamongheearlyindustrializers—itisimportanttounderstandthesourcesofheirsuccess.■此处直接跟下文了Lookathefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencebeaddedtopassageDuringthisperiod,SwedenhadthehighestrateofgrowthoutputpercapitaofanycountryinEurope,andDenmarkwasWherewouldhesentencebest1234Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingheTHERRanswerchoiceshatexpressthemostimportantideasinhepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecauseheyexpressideashatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.AlthoughtheNetherlandsandScandinaviabegantoindustrializerelativelylate,theydidsoverysuccessfullyAlthoughthesecountriesallstartedwithsmall,uneducatedpopulationsindustrializaionledtosignificantpopulaiongrowhandhigherliteracyrates.错了吧Becauseheyallstartedwihgoodharborsforsteamships,hesecountriesstartedwithanimportantadvantageinthecompetiionfortransittrade.错了吧Thesecountriesweresuccessfulprimarilybecausetheirhighliteracyrateshelpedthemfillspecializedmarketniches.Thankstotheirreadyaccesstohesea,thesecountriesenjoyedadvantagesinmercanileshipping,fishing,andshipbuilding.Thesecountrieswerehelpedbyhefactthatheirgovernmentswererelativelystableandhonestandgenerallysupportedliberaltradepolicies.Becauseheywereneverfullydependentoninternaionalcommerce,hesecountrieswereabletosurvivenotoriousfluctuaionsininternaionalmarkets.无关了BDDDAABCBBACCThankstoThesecountrieswerehelpedby„.Thesecountriesweresuccessful„Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessenialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinhepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangehemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessenialinformationItistheconventionaltheorythatwhenpeopleareboredorsleepy,heyoftenexperienceadropinbloodoxygenlevelsduetoheirshallowbreathing。把原文信息乱凑在了一起。Theconvenionaltheoryisthatpeopleyawnwhenboredorsleepybecauseyawningraisesbloodoxygenlevels,whichinturnraisesAccordingtoconvenionalheory,yawningismorelikelytooccurwhenpeopleareboredorsleepythanwhenheyarealertandbreahingdeeply。完全错。Yawningaccordingtotheconventionaltheory,iscausedbyboredomorlackofsleepandcanbeavoidedthroughdeeperbreahing。完全错。能（哈欠通过深呼吸，反转了drop的bloodoxygenlevel，这个drop是由于少眠引起的浅呼吸，最终提高了aleess。）在我的意群读法没有到位前，会遗失大量关键信息。日。。然后我们说说b项。传统观点认为，哈欠发生在无聊和想睡觉时，这是因为哈欠提高了bldoxygenlevel，这个转而调高alertnes。呵呵。文章哪【特注】其实让我们来仔细理解下原句“哈欠有提高aless是通过反转已经下降的血中氧气完成的。这个反转是通过深呼吸。这个血氧下降是由于少眠和无聊”。如此的话，我们就说得通了。因为血氧下降是由于少眠，哈欠的功能又是提高血氧。所以就形成了“因为哈欠可以提高血氧（这个血氧变化与少眠有关），所以哈欠发生在少眠和无聊时”inparagragh1,whatpointdoesheauhormakeaboutheevidenceforhetirednessheoryofyawning？ThereisnoscientificevidencelinkingyawningwithTheevidenceiswide-rangingbecauseitcoversmultipleage-Theevidenceisreliablebecauseitwascollectedoveralongperiodofime.Theevidenceisquestionablebecauseheyawningpatternsofchildrenandadultsshouldbedifferent完全无关内容heword”flaw”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningintheparagraph2whydoestheauthornotehatherewerephysiologicalchangeswhensubjectsopenedtheirmouthsorbreahedTopresentanargumentinsupportofhetirednessTocastdoubtonthereliabilityoftheteststhatmeasurementheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductance.Toargueagainstthehypothesisthatyawningprovidesaspecialwaytoimprovealertnessorraisephysiologicalactivity.Tosupportheideahatopeningthemouhorbreathingdeeplycanaffectbloodoxygenlevels.tirednessheory，而非对这个实验的可靠性做否定，且b项Theword“triggered”inhepassageisclosestinmeaningparagraph2answersallofhefollowingquesionsaboutyawningdoesyawningincreasealertnessorphysiologicaldoesthinkingaboutyawningincreaseyawningovernotthinkingaboutyawning?Doestheamountofcarbondioxideandoxygenintheairaffecttherateatwhichpeopleyawn?Doestherateofbreathingaffecttherateatwhichpeople

ThemysteryofAccordingtoconventionaltheory,yawningtakesplacewhenpeopleareboredorsleepyandservesthefunctionofincreasingalertnessbyreversing,throughdeeperbreathing,thedropinbloodoxygenlevelsthatarecausedbytheshallowbreathingthataccompanieslackofsleeporboredom.Unfortunately,thefewscienificinvestigationsofyawninghavefailedtofindanyconnectionbetweenhowoftensomeoneyawnsandhowmuchsleeptheyhavehadorhowiredheyare.Abouttheclosestanyresearchhascometosupportinghetirednesstheoryistoconfirmhatadultsyawnmoreoftenonweekdaysthanatweekends,andthatschoolchildrenyawnmorefrequenlyintheirfirstyearatprimaryschoolthanheydoinAnotherflawoftheirednessheoryishatyawningdoesnotraisealertnessorphysiologicalactivity,ashetheorywouldpredict.1）Whenresearchersmeasuredtheheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductanceofpeoplebefore,duringandafteryawning,heydiddetectsomechangesinskinconductancefollowingyawning,indicaingaslightincreaseinphysiologicalacivity.However,similarchangesoccurredwhenhesubjectswereaskedsimplytoopenheirmouthsortobreahedeeply.Yawningdidnohingspecialtoheirstateofphysiologicalactivity.3）Experimentshavealsocastseriousdoubtonhebeliefthatyawningistriggeredbyadropinbloodoxygenorariseinbloodcarbondioxide.Volunteersweretoldtothinkaboutyawningwhiletheybreahedeihernormalair,pureoxygen,oranairmixturewithanabove-normallevelofcarbondioxide.Iftheheorywascorrect,breahingairwihextracarbondioxideshouldhavetriggeredyawning,whilebreahingpureoxygenshouldhavesuppressedyawning.Infact,neitherconditionmadeanydifferencetothefrequencyofyawning,whichremainedconstantatabout24yawnsperhour4）Anoherexperimentdemonstratedthatphysicalexercise,whichwassufficienlyvigoroustodoubleherateofbreahing,hadnoeffectonthefrequencyofyawningAgaintheimplicaionishatyawninghaslittleornohingtodowithoxygen.Acompletelydifferenttheoryholdsthatyawningassistsinhephysicaldevelopmentofhelungsearlyinlife,buthasnoremainingbiologicalfuncioninadults.Ithasbeensuggestedthatyawningandhiccuppingmightservetoclearouthefetus'sairways.Thelungsofafetussecretealiquidhatmixeswithitsmother'samnioicfluid.Babieswihcongenitalblockagesthatpreventthisfluidfromescapingfromheirlungsaresometimesbornwihdeformedlungs.Itmightbethatyawninghelpstoclearoutthelungsbyperiodicallyloweringthepressureinhem.Accordingtohistheory,yawninginadultsisjustadevelopmentalfossilwithnobiologicalfuncion.But,whileacceptinghatnoteverythinginlifecanbeexplainedbyDarwinianevoluion,therearesoundTheword“periodically”inhepassageisclosestinhemeaning reasonsforbeingskepticalofheorieslikehisone,

avoidheissueofwhatyawningdoesforadults.Yawningisdistracing,consumesenergyandtakestime.Itisalmostcertainlydoingsomehingsignificantinadultsaswellasinfetuses.Whatcoulditbe?accordingtothedevelopmentaltheoryofyawningpresentedinparagraph3.Whatistheroleofyawning?ItcausedhiccupswhichaidinthedevelopmentofheItcontrolsheamountofpressurethelungsplaceonoherdevelopingorgans原文那个them就是lungs，所以没有其他的器官IpreventsamnioticfluidfromenteringtheItremovesapotentiallyharmfulfluidfromheParagraph3supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouthedevelopmenttheoryofyawning?ThetheoryisattractivebecauseitexplainsyawningfromheperspectiveofDarwevolutionThetheoryisunsaisfactorybecauseitcannotexplainthelungdeformitiesofinfants.ThetheoryisquestionablebecauseitdoesnotexplainwhyauselessandinconvenientbehaviorwouldconinueintoadulhoodThetheoryisincompletebecauseitdoesnotexplainalltheevolutionarystagesinhedevelopmentofyawning.首先可以排除理论有所怀疑，然后用了限制性定从，“这个理论回避了解释哈欠对成年人的作用”。所以如果用对应的话也可以找出答案！！c没有给写出continue前有没有什么时间，所以continueintoadult行为继续存在于adult（可能意思就是，从进化论上来讲，一个无用的东西会消失，但这个无用的东西却继续存在于成年期）

Theempiricalevidence,suchasitis,suggestsanaltogeherdifferentfunctionforyawning—namely,thatyawningpreparesusforachangeinacivitylevel.Supportforthistheorycamefromastudyofyawningbehaviorineverydaylife.Volunteersworewrist-mounteddeviceshatautomaticallyrecordedheirphysicalacivityforuptotwoweeks:thevolunteersalsorecordedtheiryawnsbypressingabuttononhedeviceeachtimetheyyawned.Thedatashowedhatyawningtendedtooccurabout15minutesbeforeaperiodofincreasedbehavioralactivity.Yawningborenorelationshiptosleeppatterns,howeverThisaccordswihanecdotalevidencehatpeopleoftenyawninsituationswhereheyareneiherirednorbored,butarepreparingforimpendingmentalandphysicalacivity.Suchyawningisoftenreferredtoas"incongruous"becauseitseemsoutofplace,atleastonthetirednessview:soldiersyawningbeforecombat,

Theword“empirical”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningBasedoncommonBasedonobservationorexperiment。这里不是中国人理解的经验主义。。

musiciansyawningbeforeperforming,andathletesyawningbeforecompeting.Theiryawningseemstohavenothingtodowithsleepinessorboredom—quitethereverse—butitdoesprecedeachangeinacivitylevel.Thestudyofyawningbehaviordiscussedinparagraph4supportswhichofhefollowingconclusions?YawningisassociatedwihanexpectaionofincreasedphysicalacivityYawningoccursmorefrequentlywhenpeopleareaskedtorecordheiryawningPeopletendtoyawnaboutfifteenminutesbeforeheybecomeiredorboredMentalorphysicalstresstendstomakepeoplewhydoestheauthormenion“soldiersyawningbeforecombat,musiciansyawningbeforeperforming,andahletesyawningbeforeToarguethatjusttheexpectationofphysicalactivitycanmakesomepeoplefeeltiredToexplainhowtheviewthatpeopleyawnbecausetheyareiredaccountsforyawningbeforestressfulsituaionsTosupportheviewhatyawninghelpsprepareapersonformentalorphysicalexertionToprovideanecdotalevidencehatconflictswihtheexperienceofhevolunteersinthestudy

Anotherflawofthetirednessheoryisthatyawningdoesnotraisealertnessorphysiologicalactivity,asheheorywouldpredict.Whenresearchersmeasuredtheheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductanceofpeoplebefore,duringandafteryawning,theydiddetectsomechangesinskinconductancefollowingyawning,indicaingaslightincreaseinphysiologicalactivity.However,similarchangesoccurredwhenthesubjectswereaskedsimplytoopenheirmouhsortobreathedeeply.Yawningdidnothingspecialtoheirstateofphysiologicalacivity.Experimentshavealsocastseriousdoubtonhebeliefthatyawningistriggeredbyadropinbloodoxygenorariseinbloodcarbondioxide.■Volunteersweretoldtothinkaboutyawningwhileheybreathedeithernormalair,pureoxygen,oranairmixturewithanabove-normallevelofcarbondioxide.■Ifheheorywascorrect,breahingairwihextracarbondioxideshouldhavetriggeredyawning,whilebreathingpureoxygenshouldhavesuppressedyawning■Infact,neithercondiionmadeanydifferencetohefrequencyofyawning,whichremainedconstantatabout24yawnsperhour.■Anotherexperimentdemonstratedthatphysicalexercise,whichwassufficientlyvigoroustodoubletherateofbreahing,hadnoeffectonhefrequencyofyawningAgainheimplicationishatyawninghaslitleornothingtodowihoxygen.lookathefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentenceshouldbeaddedtothepassageThis,however,wasnotthe1234

错误原因：大概是3周没做题目了，有点不会了。题干明明就是转折，a啊？？？a前有experiment，a后就是整个experimentDirections:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingheTHERRanswerchoiceshatexpressthemostimportantideasinhepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Thetirednesstheoryofyawningdoesnotseemtoexplainwhyyawningoccurs.1424Althoughearlierscientificstudiesstronglysupportedhetirednessheorynewevidencehascastdoubtonthesefindings.

原文说的是Accordingtoconventionaltheory，似乎不能和earlier对应吧。stronglysupported好像也是原文没有先关支撑的内容吧。原文只是提到了下。Somehaveproposedhatyawningplaysaroleinthedevelopmentofhelungsbeforebirthbutthatitservesnopurposeinadult。p3Newstudies,alongwithanecdotalevidence,haveshownthathefrequencyofyawningincreasesduringextendedperiodsofEvidencehasshownthatyawningisalmostcompletelyunrelatedtoamountofoxygeninhebloodandisunrelatedtosleepFluidsinthelungsofthefetuspreventyawningfromoccurring,whichdisproveshedevelopmentalheoryofyawning.乱七八糟Thereissomeevidencethatsuggeststhatyawningpreparesthebodyandmindforachangeinactivitylevelp4BAACDBCDCDACCSomehaveproposethat„.Thereissomeevidence„.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingtakeplaceinthedevelopmentofaflashoflighteningexceptGreattensionbetweentwooppositelychargedAnincreaseinnegativelychargedpariclesoverposiivelychargedThereleaseofelectricalenergyintheformofvisibleTheword“tremendous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whatcausesicecrystaltobecomepositivelyCollisionswithiceCollisionswithnegativelychargedicecrystalsatthebaseofheBecomingconcentratedinthecentralregionoftheFormingatatemperaturegreaterthan15℃Theword【acquireinthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whyarepositivelychargedicepelletsproducedinhelowerpartofhecloud?increaseinCollisionsbetweenicecrystalsandincreasein（无中生有）inhelowerpartoftheThelowerpartofthecloudissmaller（比较！！）hantheregionaboveitMoreicepellets（无中生有的比较）hanicecrystalsreachthelowerpartofthecloudTemperatureinhelowerpartofthecloudarewarmerthan15℃Accordingtoparagraph2,themiddleregionofacloudbecomesnegativelychargedduetoallofhefollowingexceptAshiftofelectricalchargedbetweenicepelletsandiceNegativelychargedicepelletshatremainintheAtemperatureof-15℃orThedevelopmentofapositivechargeatthebaseoftheTheauthorremarkshat【Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive】inordertoexplainwhyThisformoflightninghasbeeninvestigatedsoThisformoflightningisnotascommonaslightningwithoutaScientificunderstandingofthisformoflightningisThebuildupofpositivechargeonthegroundbeneahastormcloudcanhaveseriousconsequences.修辞目的题。请根据原文来判断，这不是推理题！！cimportant，这一点在原文中根本就是没有的，属于过度推理。a的关键是beeninvestigated。回到原文中的话，somuch和alotof也完全对应了Theword【illuminates】inhepassageisclosetinmeaning

Lightningisabrilliantflashoflightproducedbyanelectricaldischargefromastormcloud.Theelectricaldischargetakesplacewhentheattractivetension1）betweenaregionofnegativelychargedparticlesandaregionofpositivelychargedparticlesbecomessogreatthathechargedparticlessuddenlyrushtogeher.3）Thecomingtogetherofheoppositelychargedparticlesneutralizesheelectricaltensionand4）releasesatremendousamountofenergy,whichweseeaslightning.TheseparationofposiivelyandnegaivelychargedparticlestakesplaceduringhedevelopmentofthestormTheseparationofchargedparticlesthatformsinastormcloudhasasandwich-likestructure.Concentraionsofposiivelychargedparticlesdevelopatthetopandbottomofhecloud,butthemiddleregionbecomesnegaivelycharged.Recentmeasurementsmadeinhefieldtogeherwithlaboratorysimulationsofferapromisingexplanationofhowhisstructureofchargedpariclesforms.Whathappensishatsmall(millimeter-tocentimeter-size)pelletsoficeforminhecoldupperregionsofhecloud.Whentheseicepelletsfall,someofthemstrikemuchsmallericecrystalsinthecenterofthecloud.4）Thetemperatureatthecenterofthecloudisabout-15℃orlower.Atsuchtemperatures,thecollisionbetweentheicepelletsandheicecrystalscauseselectricalchargestoshiftsothatheicepelletsacquireanegativechargeandtheicecrystalsbecomepositivelycharged.1）Thenupdraftwindcurrentscarrythelight,positivelychargedicecrystalsuptohetopofthecloud.2）Theheaviernegativelychargedicepelletsarelefttoconcentrateinhecenter.Thisprocessexplainswhythetopofthecloudbecomespositivelycharged,whilethecenterbecomesnegativelycharged.Thenegativelychargedregionislarge:severalhundredmetersthickandseveralkilometersindiameter.Belowthislarge,cold,negaivelychargedregion,thecloudiswarmerthan-15℃,andathesetemperatures,collisionsbetweenicecrystalsandfallingicepelletsproducepositivelychargedicepelletshatthenpopulateasmallregionatthebaseofhecloud.Mostlightningtakesplacewihinacloudwhenthechargeseparaionwihinthecloudcollapses.However,ashestormclouddevelops,thegroundbeneaththecloudbecomesposiivelychargedandlightningcantakeplaceintheformanelectricaldischargebetweenhenegaivechargeofthecloudandheposiivelychargedground.Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive,soeventhoughitrepresentsonly20percentofalllightningithasreceivedalotofscienificattenion.Usinghigh-speedphotography,scientistshavedeterminedhattherearetwostepstotheoccurrenceoflightningfromacloudtotheground.First,achannel,orpath,isformedthatconnectsthecloudandthegroundThenastrongcurrentofelectronsfollowsthatpathfromthecloudtoheground,anditishatcurrentthatilluminateshechannelasthelightningwesee.Theformaionofthechannelisinitiatedwhenelectronssurgefromthecloudbasetowardtheground.WhenastreamofAccordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofhestreamofchargedparticlesfromhegroundItpreventsstreamsofelectronsfromthecloudfromstrikingheItcompletesachannelhatconnectsthestormcloudwithheItproducesastreamofelectronsfromtheIwidensthepathmadebytheinitialstreamofelectronsfromheWhichofthefollowingclaimsaboutlightningstrikescanbeinferredfromparagraph5?DuringalightningstrikethediameterofthechannelheelectronsfollowisconsiderablyenlargedbeyondafewcentimetersAbuildingisunlikelytobehitbylightningunlessitisatleast100meterstail。乱拼凑的信息。AbuildingishitbyalightningstrikebecausethebuildingitselfhasfirstdeterminedhepahthelighteningthentakestoitThelightofalightningstrikefirst无中生有appearsatthepointwherethestreamsofnegativeandposiiveparticlesmeet。

thesenegaivelychargedelectronscomeswithin100metersofthegrounditismetbyastreamofpositivelychargedparticlesthatcomesupfromtheground.Whenhenegativelyandposiivelychargedstreamsmeet,acompletechannelconnectinghecloudandthegroundisformed.Thechannelisonlyafewcenimetersindiameter,buthatiswideenoughforelectronstofollowthechanneltohegroundinthevisibleformofaflashoflightning.Thestreamofpositiveparicleshatmeet