翻译学术语定义

TranslationandInterpretingTerms

Accreditedtranslator

TranslatorwhohasreceivedaccreditationfromaprofessionalinstitutesuchastheITIortheATA.Accreditation—arequirementformembership—isusually

issuedonthebasisofexaminationandexperience.Germantranslatorsmayhavegraduatedintranslationstudiesatdegreelevel.

holdthetitle

staatlichgeprbfterUbersetzeror

Diplombbersetzerifthey

Adhocinterpreting

Spokentranslationbetweentwolanguagesininformalconversationsbetween

twoormorepeople.Used,forexampleinbusinessmeetings,forphonecalls,duringsitevisitsandsocialevents.Thetermissometimesusedlooselytoincludeconsecutiveinterpreting.

Atril

PublisheroftheDejaVutranslationmemoryprogram.

BackgroundtextHintergrundtext

Textinthesourceortargetlanguageprovidingbackgroundinformationaboutthesubjectmatterofthetexttobetranslated.

BackgroundinformationHintergrundinformationen

Informationrelatingtothesubjectmatterofthesourcetextorthetopicofdiscussion.Facilitatesthetranslator'sorinterpreter'staskbyprovidingcontext,terminology,definitions,etc.

Calibrated>Standardpage

CertifiedtranslationbeglaubigteUbersetzung

Computer-aidedtranslation(CAT),computer-assisted~,machine-aidedor-assisted〜computerunterstbtzteUbersetzung

Translationwiththeaidofcomputerprograms,suchastranslationmemorytools,designedtoreducethetranslator'sworkloadandincreaseconsistencyofstyleandterminology.Basicallyadatabaseinwhichallpreviouslytranslatedsentencesarestoredtogetherwiththecorrespondingsourcetext.If,duringtranslation,asentenceappearsthatissimilartooridenticalwithapreviouslytranslatedsentence,theprogramsuggeststhefoundtargetsentenceasapossibletranslation.Thetranslatorthendecideswhethertoaccept,editorrejecttheproposedsentence.Nottobeconfusedwithmachinetranslation!

ConferenceinterpreterKonferenzdolmetscher

Interpreterwithhighlyspecialisedskillswhoprovidessimultaneousinterpretationofaspeakerswordsinonedirectiononlyfromonelanguageintoanother.

ConferencetranslatorKonferenzbbersetzer

ConsecutiveinterpretingKonsekutivdolmetschen

Oraltranslationofaspeaker'swordsintoanotherlanguagewhenthespeakerhasfinishedspeakingorpausesforinterpreting.Moreformalthanadhocinterpretingandused,forexampleinformalbusinessmeetings,fornegotiations,trainingsessionsorlectures.(cf.simultaneousinterpreting)

ControlledlanguagekontrollierteSprache

Languagewitharestrictedvocabularyandrestrictedrulesofformulation.

Used,forexample,intechnicaldocumentationtomakethetexteasiertounderstandforusersorfornon-nativespeakersandtofacilitatemachinetranslation.

CopywritingWerbetexten

Writingofadvertisingorpublicitycopy.Itcannotbestressedtoostronglythatadvertisingcopywillnottranslatesatisfactorilyduetothedifferentculturalcontextsandadvertisingculturesofothercountriesandregions.Advertsforforeigncountriesshouldthereforealwaysbeproducedinthosecountries.Therearesomeadvertisingagencieswhoprovidethisservice.

CourtinterpreterGerichtsdolmetscher

Interpreterwithspecialsubjectknowledge,providinginterpretationduringlegalproceedings.Requirementsregardingaccreditationandcertificationforcourtinterpretingvaryfromcountrytocountry.

D缈Vu

Translationmemoryprogram,publishedbyAtril.

Desktoppublishing(DTP)

DTPissometimesofferedbytranslatorsandtranslationcompanies/agenciesasavalue-addedservicetoprovideaone-stopsolutionforcustomers'publishingneeds.Theywillusuallyhavethespecialequipmentrequiredtohandlelanguagesthatusedifferenttypescripts.

DIN2345

Germanstandard,specifyingrequirementsfortranslationcontracts,publishedApril1998.CanbeorderedonlinefromBeuth(

http://www.beuth.de/

).

Dominantlanguage->Languageofhabitualuse

Editing->Revising

FreelancetranslatorfreiberuflicherUbersetzer,freischaffender〜Self-employedtranslator,whomayundertakeworkfortranslationagencies,localisationcompaniesand/ordirectlyforendclients.Oftenspecialisesinoneormoreparticularfields,suchaslegal,financial,commercialortechnical.

FreetranslationfreieUbersetzung

Translationinwhichmoreemphasisisgiventotheoverallmeaningofthetextthantotheexactwording(cf.literaltranslation).

Gisting

Producingaroughoroutlinetranslationofatexttoprovideaninsightintothesubjectandoverallcontentofthesourcetext.Beinglessexpensiveandlesstime-consumingthana“proper”(or“custom”)translation,gistingcanbeused,forexample,todeterminewhetheratextcontainsusefulinformationbeforeacustomtranslationiscommissioned.Thetermgistingissometimesusedinconectionwithmachinetranslation,whichisusedbysometranslationprovidersforthatpurpose.

Globalisation(GB),globalization-Ulhternationalisation Globalisierung

GlossaryGlossar

Aninvaluabletoolforthetranslator.Besidemakinguseofthewealthofspecialisedmono-andmultilingualonline-glossariesontheInternet,mosttranslatorscompileandmaintaintheirownsubject-,customer-andproject-specificglossaries.Companiespublishingdocumentationinseverallanguagescanalsobenefitfrommaintainingmulti-languageglossariesoftheirown.Thisnotonlymakestranlators'workeasier,but—byreducingtheamountofterminologyresearchrequired—speedsupsubsequenttranslationprojects.Inaddition,itensuresconsistentandcorrectterminologyusageinalllanguages.Sometranslatorsandmosttranslationcompaniesofferglossarycompilationandmaintenance,eitherasaseparateserviceoraspartofatranslationagreement.(SeetheWebResourcespageforlistsofonlineglossariesanddictionaries.)

Inboundtext

Textintendedforinternaluse,generallynotseenbypeopleoutsidetheoriginatingorganisation.Includesinternalcorrespondence,memos,workinstructions,etc.

Internationalisation(GB),internationalization(US);

globalisation Internationalisierung

Theprocessofdesigningorredesigningaproduct(e.g.software)tofacilitatelocalisationwithaminimumofchanges.Includes,forexample,thearrangementofcountry-specificdatainexternalresourcefilesandtheuseofacharacterencodingmethod(e.g.Unicode)thatsupportsforeigncharactersets.

InterpreterDolmetscher

Providesoral(spoken)translationofaspeaker'swordsfromonelanguageintoanother.(cf.translator)

Interpreting,interpretation Dolmetschen

Theactofrenderingspokenwordsfromonelanguageintoanother.(cf.translating;seealsosimultaneousinterpreting,consecutiveinterpreting)KeystrokeAnschlag

Oftenusedasameasureoflineorpagelengthindefiningthesizeofatranslationjob.Includesallvisiblecharactersaswellasspacesandlinebreaks/paragraphmarks.(Seealsostandardlineandstandardpage.)Languageofhabitualuse;similar:dominantlanguage

Thelanguagethatapersonismostfamiliarwith,usuallythelanguagespokeninthecountryinwhichthepersonlives.Consideredbysometobemoreappropriatethanmother-tongue(Muttersprache)asameasureofatranslatororinterpreter'sabilitytotranslateintothegivenlanguage.InGermanusage,thisdistinctionbetweenmother-tongueanddominantlanguageisnotgenerallymade.

LiaisoninterpreterVerhandlungsdolmetscher

Interpreterwhoprovides—usuallyconsecutive—interpretationbetweentwolanguagesinbothdirections.MaybeaffiliatedtothehostcompanyandactasfacilitatorinnegotiationsorundertakesomePRactivities.

LiteraltranslationwdrtlicheUbersetzung

Translationthatcloselyadherestothewordingandconstructionofthesourcetext.Aliteraltranslationusuallyappears“stilted”andunnaturalandisthereforetobeavoidedunlessthereisaspecificreasonfortranslatingliterally.(cf.freetranslation)

LiterarytranslatorliterarischerUbersetzer

Translatorspecialisinginthetranslationofliterature,suchasfiction,biographiesandpoetry.

Localisation(GB),localization(USLokalisieren

Theprocessofadaptingaproduct(inthecontextoftranslationusuallysoftware)toaspecificlocale,i.e.tothelanguage,culturalnorms,standards,lawsandrequirementsofthetargetmarket.Includes,butisnotlimitedto,translationofthescreentexts,helpfiles,etc.

Machine-aidedtranslation->Computer-aidedtranslationMachinetranslation(MT)automatischeUbersetzung

1.Translationproducedbyacomputerprogram;2.Useofatranslationprogramtotranslatetextwithouthumaninputintheactualtranslationprocess.Thequalityofmachine-translatedtext,intermsofterminology,meaningandgrammar,variesdependingonthenatureandcomplexityofthesourcetext,butisnevergoodenoughforpublicationwithoutextensiveediting.Machinetranslation(usuallyusinghighlycustomisedMTprograms)isoccasionallyusedbysometranslatorsandtranslationcompaniestoassistthemintheirwork,butrarelytotranslateentiredocuments.Somesearchengines,e.g.AltaVista,interfacewithatranslationprogramtoprovidetranslationsofwebsites.TogetanideaofwhatMTcanandcannotdo,visitBabelfish,whichprovidesafreeonlineMTservice(forlink,seeOnlineResourcespage).Nottobeconfusedwithcomputer-aidedtranslation!

Mother-tongueMuttersprache

One'snativelanguage.Oftenusedasanindicatorofatranslatororinterpreter'sabilitytotranslateintoaparticularlanguage.Becauseapersonwhohaslivedinanothercountryformanyyears(perhapsfromchildhood)maybemorefluentintheirsecondlanguagethantheyareintheirfirst(i.e.theirmother-tongue),theterm“languageofhabitualuse”or“dominantlanguage”isoftenpreferred.

MultiTerm

TerminologyprogrampublishedbyTrados.AcomponentoftheTranslator'sWorkbenchtranslationmemoryprogram,butalsoavailableasaseparateproduct.

NativespeakercompetencemuttersprachlicheKompetenz

Oralandwrittencommandofalanguageequivalenttothatofapersonwhonotonlylearnedthelanguageasachildandhascontinuedtouseitashis/herlanguageofhabitualuse,butwhoalsohashadsomelanguagetraining.

Outboundtext

Textintendedforpublication,i.e.forareadershipoutsidetheoriginatingorganisation.Essentiallydesignedtosellproductsandservices.IncludesPRarticles,brochures,catalogues,advertisingcopy,etc.

ParalleltextParalleltext

Textinthesourceortargetlanguagethatiscomparabletothetexttobe

translatedintermsofsubjectmatterortexttype.Includesprevioustranslationsofthesametypeoftext.

Proof-reading,proofreading Korrekturlesen

Strictly,checkingaproofbeforeprintingtoensurethatnomistakeshavebeenmadeintypesetting.Thetermisoftenusedbytranslatorsinthesenseofrevising.Whentypesettingatranslatedtext,itisadvisabletoletthetranslatorwhoperformedthetranslationproofreadthetypesetdocument,especiallywhenthetextiswritteninalanguageforeigntothetypesetter.

Revisingrevidieren,bberarbeiten

Readingatexttoidentifyerrors,inconsistencies,incorrectgrammarandpunctuation,poororinappropriatestyle,and,inthecaseofatranslation,conformancewiththesourcetext,andmakingappropriatechangesandcorrectionstothetext.Ingeneral,thenumberofrevisionstagesisproportionaltothedemandsonthetextquality:atranslationintendedforpublicationmay,forexample,berevisedbythetranslatorandbyoneortwothirdparties(e.g.theauthor,asubjectexpert,asecondtranslator,aneditor),whereasaninternalmemomaynotrequireanyrevisionaftertranslation.(Whatexactlyrevisingandeditingentailandhowtheydifferisthesubjectofmuchdebate.Whatisimportantisthatthepersoncommissioningtheworkcommunicatesclearlywhatisexpectedoftheeditor.)

SimultaneousinterpretingSimultandolmetschen

Oraltranslationofaspeaker'swordsintoanotherlanguagewhilethespeakerisspeaking.Theinterpreterusuallysitsinaboothandusesaudioequipment.

(cf.consecutiveinterpreting)

Softwarelocalisation->Localisation

SourcelanguageAusgangssprache

Languageinwhichthetexttobetranslatediswritten.

SourcetextAusgangstext

Thetexttobetranslated.

SpecialisedlanguagecompetencefachsprachlicheKompetenz

Familiaritywiththerelevantsubjectmatterandcommandofitsspeciallanguageconventions.

StandardlineNormzeile

Astandardmeasureofthesizeofatext.Thestandardlinelengthvariesfromcountrytocountry.InGermany,forexample,itisusually55keystrokes,inBelgium60.Translationprojectsareoftenpricedonaperlinebasis.

Standardpage,calibratedpage Normseite

Astandardmeasureofthesizeofatext,usedesp.inthepublishingindustryandinliterarytranslation.Thestandardpagelengthmayvaryfromcountryto

countryanddependingonthesector,butisgenerallyintheregionof1500to1800keystrokes.Translationprojectsaresometimespricedonaperpagebasis,although—exceptinthecaseofliterarytranslation—thispracticeisbecominglesscommon,beingreplacedbythestandardline.

SworntranslatorvereidigterUbersetzer

Targetaudience

Thegroupofpeoplethataninterpreteraddresses.Usedmostlyinconnectionwithsimultaneousinterpreting.Sometimesused(incorrectly)inthesenseoftargetreadership

TargetlanguageZielsprache

Languageintowhichatextistobetranslated.

TargetreadershipZielleserschaft

Thegroupofpeopleforwhichatextistranslated,forexamplesubjectexperts,novices,prospectivecustomers.Itisimportanttospecifythetargetreadershipwhencommissioningatranslationsothatthetranslatorcanchooseanappropriatestyleandvocabulary.

TargettextZieltext

Thetranslation,i.e.theresultofthetranslationprocess.

TermStar

TerminologyprogrampublishedbyStar.AcomponentoftheTransittranslationmemoryprogram,butalsoavailableasaseparateproduct.

TextfunctionTextfunktion

Thefunctionservedbyatext,e.g.tosellaproduct,toprovideinstructionontheuseofaproduct,toconveyinformationaboutanevent.Itisimportanttospecifythetextfunctionwhencommissioningatranslationtosothatthetranslatorcanchooseanappropriatestyleandvocabulary.

TexttypeTextsorte

Classoftext(e.g.abstract,newsreport,lightfiction,commentary)withspecificcharacteristicsofstyle,sentenceformation,terminology,etc.

Textstyle->Texttype

TMX

Translationmemoryexchangeformat,designedtoalloweasierexchangeoftranslationmemorydatabetweentoolsand/ortranslationvendorswithlittleornolossofcriticaldataduringtheprocess.Supportedbythelatestversionsofmostleadingtranslationmemoryprograms.(Forafullspecification,goto

/tmx/tmx.htm

)

Trados

PublishersoftheTranslator'sWorkbenchtranslationmemoryprogram.

Transit

TranslationmemoryprogrampublishedbyStar.

Translating,translationUbersetzen

Theactofrenderingwrittentextfromonelanguageintoanother.(cf.interpreting)

TranslatingcompetencebbersetzerischeKompetenz

Abilitytorendertextintothetargetlanguagecorrectlyintermsoflanguage,subjectmatterandidiomaticstyle,havingregardtothetextfunctionofboththesourcetextandthetargettext.

TranslationagencyUbersetzungsbbro

Providestranslationandinterpretingservices,actingasmiddlemanbetweencustomersandfreelancetranslators.Mayoffervalue-addedservicessuchastypesetting,publishing,projectmanagement.

TranslationcompanyUbersetzungsbbro

Providestranslationservicesusingmainlyin-housetranslators.Mayspecialiseinaparticularfield—suchaslegal,patentsortechnical—andmayoffervalue-addedservicessuchastypesetting,publishing,projectmanagement.Thetermisoftenusedsynonymouslywithtranslationagency.

TranslationManager

1・TranslationmemoryprogrampublishedbyIBM;2.(Syn.:projectmanager)personinchargeofmanagingatranslationproject.Inlargetranslationprojects,thetranslationmanagerisresponsibleforliasingbetweencustomerandtranslators,coordinatingthetranslationwork(whichmaybecarriedoutbyseveraltranslatorsforeachlanguage),maintainingtheterminologydatabase,ensuringconsistencyofstyleandterminology,etc.

Translationmemory(TM)

Computer-aidedtranslationprogram.Inessenceadatabasethatstorestranslatedsentences(translationunitsorsegments)withtheirrespectivesourcesegmentsinadatabase(the“memory”).Foreachnewsegmenttobetranslated,theprogramscansthedatabaseforaprevioussourcesegmentthatmatchesthenewsegmentexactlyorapproximately(fuzzymatch)and,iffound,suggestthecorrespondingtargetsegmentasapossibletranslation.Thetranslatorcanthenaccept,modifyorrejectthesuggestedtranslation.

TranslatorUbersetzer

Renderswrittentextfromoneormorelanguagesintoanotherlanguage,usuallyintoherlanguageofhabitualuse.Mayofferadditionalservices,suchasdesktoppublishingorproofreading,(cf.interpreter)

Translator'sWorkbench

TranslationmemoryprogrampublishedbyTrados.

Unicode

Characterencodingstandardwhich,unlikeASCII,usesnot8but16bitcharacterencoding,makingpossibletherepresentationofvirtuallyallexistingcharactersets(e.g.Latin,Cyrillic,Japanese,Chinese).TheuseofUnicodesimplifiesmultiplelanguagedocumentandprogramcreation.(Seealsointernationalisation.)

Voice-over,voiceover

Commentaryin,e.g.,afilm,televisionprogramme,video,orcommercialspokenbyanunseennarrator.Foreign-languagevoice-overconsistsoftwoparts:translatingthenarrative,whereby,e.g.,timing(coordinatingthevoicewiththefilmsequence)isanimportantconsideration;recordingthevoice-over,whichmaybeperformedbyalinguistwithspecialtrainingand/orexpertiseorbyanactor.Voice-overservicesareprovidedbysometranslatorsandtranslationagencies/companies.

WhisperingFlbsterdolmetschen

Similartosimultaneousinterpreting,wherebytheinterpretersitsclosetothelistenerandwhispersthetranslationwithouttechnicalaids.

Wordcount

Astandardmeasureofthesizeofatext.Translationprojects,forexample,areoftenpricedonaper-word(US)orper-1000-word(GB)basis.

Abbreviations

ACPIAssociationofCourtandPoliceInterpreters(UK)

AIICAssociationinternationaledesinterpretesdeconference(InternationalAssociationofConferenceInterpreters)

AITCAssociationinternationaledestraducteursdeconference(InternationalAssociationofConferenceTranslators)

AITIAssociateoftheInstituteofTranslationandInterpreting

AITIAssoziationeItalianaTraduttorieInterpreti(ItalianTranslatorsandInterpretersAssociation)

ATAAmericanTranslatorsAssociation

ATCAssociationofTranslationCompanies(UK)

•• ••

BDUBundesverbandderDolmetscherundUbersetzer(GermanInterpretersandTranslatorsAssociation)

CATComputer-aidedtranslation

DTPDesktoppublishing

FITFederationinternationaledestraducteurs(InternationalFederationofTranslators)

IoLInstituteofLinguists(UK)

ITAIrishTranslators'Association

ITIInstituteofTranslationandInterpreting

LISALocalisationIndustryStandardsAssociation

MILMemberoftheInstituteofLinguists

MITIMemberoftheInstituteofTranslationandInterpreting

MTMachinetranslation

NWTNNorthWestTranslatorsNetwork(UK)

TATranslatorsAssociation(adivisionoftheSocietyofAuthors)

TBXTermBaseeXchange(exchangeformatforterminologydatabases)TMTranslationmemory

TMXTranslationmemoryexchangeformat

compiledbyWayneLeman

Accuracy

Addressee

Alliteration

Allusion

Alphabet

Anachronism

Anaphora

Anthropomorphism

Antitheticalparallelism

Aphorism

Apocalyptic

Apocrypha

Apostrophe

Aramaic

Archaism

Artificialconstruction

Associativemeaning

Audience

Authorialintention

Autographs

Backtranslation(BT)

Basetext

BibliaHebraicaStuttgartensia(BHS)

Biblicallanguages

Biblish

Bilingualdictionary

Borrowing

Calque

Canon

Causalrelation

Chiasmus

Choppy

Chronologicalorder

Clarity

Clear

Cliche

Closestnaturalequivalent

Cognates

Coherence

Cohesion

Collocationalclash

Colloquialism

Commentary

Committeetranslation

Commonlanguagetranslation(CLT)

Communicativeaccuracy

Communitytesting

Completeequivalence(CE)

Comprehensioncheck

Concordance

Connotation

Constructrelationship

Construction

Context

Contextualmeaning

Criticalapparatus

Criticaltext

Culturalclash

Culturalsubstitute

Denotation

Descriptivegrammar

Deuterocanonical

Dictionary

Discourse

Discourseanalysis

Discoursestructure

Disjointed

Donorlanguage

Doublet

Dynamic

Dynamicequivalence(DE)

Eclectictext

Ellipsis

Emotiveimpact

Episode

Epistle

Epistolary

Equivalent

Eschatology

Etymology

Etymologicalmeaning

Euphemism

Exclusivelanguage

Exegesis

Exegete

Exegeticalaccuracy

Explicitinformation

Expository

Extendedmeaning

Extendedmetaphor

Extraneousinformation

Faithfulness

Falsefriends

Fauxamis

Fidelity

Fieldtesting

Figurativesense

Figureofspeech

Form

Formalequivalencetranslation(FE)

Form-equivalenttranslation

Freetranslation

Fronttranslation

Fullnessofmeaning

Function

Functionalequivalence

Functionallinguistics

Gender

Genderaccuracy(inclusivelanguage)

Genericsubstitute

Genitives

Genre

Gist

Gloss

Grammar

Greek

Hearer

Hebraicism

Hebrew

HebrewBible

HellenisticGreek

Hendiadys

Hermeneutics

Highercriticism

Historicalanachronism

Hortatory

Hyperbole

Idiom

Idiomatictranslation

Illocutionaryforce

Impact

Implication

Implicature

Impliedinformation

Implicitinformation

Inadequatemeaning

Inclusivelanguage

Inference

Informationchunking

Informationflow

Informationload

Inspiration

Intention

Interlineartran