普通地质学(英文)课件

SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresCross-beddingorCross-stratificationSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar1SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresCross-beddingorCross-stratificationBedsinwhichonesetisinclinedtoothersAdvanceofdeltaordunesCurrentdominatedenvironmentWindorwaterSlopeofcross-bedcanindicatescurrentorprevailingwinddirection

SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar2SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresCross-beddingorCross-stratificationTabularorPlanarSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar3普通地质学(英文)课件4普通地质学(英文)课件5SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresSolemarksSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar6SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresFlutecastsSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar7SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresToolmarksSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar8SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresFlameStructuresSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar9SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?LoadstructuresSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar10SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?MudcracksSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar11SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?PlanarCross-bedsSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar12SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?TroughCross-bedsSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar13SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?OscillationripplesSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar14SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?ToolmarksSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar15SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?FossilsSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar16SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?FossilsSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar17SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentaryStructuresGeopetalStructuresorWhichWayisUP?RaindropImpressionsSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSedimentar18SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESInterpretationofSedimentaryRocksProvideinformationaboutconditionsinandnearthe siteofdepositionSuchas: sourceareafromcomposition amountoftransporterosion Qtzvs.Feldspar(clayandiron compounds)vsFerromagnesians ImmaturevsmatureSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESInterpreta19SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocks"Systemsofclassificationarenothatracks,objectivelypresentedtousbynature.Theyaredynamictheoriesdevelopedtoexpressparticularviews..."StephenJayGouldSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica20普通地质学(英文)课件21SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica22SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica23SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksTEXTURESEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica24SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica25SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksQuartzArenite

>90%QuartzCement:silicacalciteSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica26SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksFeldspathicAreniteArkose

>25%FeldsparGraniticsourceRemainderisquartzCement:claycalciteironoxidesSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica27SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksLithicAreniteGreywacke

>33%rockfragmentsImmaturesandstonePoorlysorted,angularRemainderisquartz, feldsparCement:verylittlemostlyclaysSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica28SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica29CompositionCarbonaterocksconsistoflimestoneanddolostone.

Themineralspresentineachare:Limestone Calcite AragoniteDolostone DolomiteSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksCarbonates

CompositionSEDIMENTARYARCHIVE30SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksCarbonates Mostofmarineorigin Directlyorindirectlyrelatedtobiologicalprocesses Skeletalremainsmaybevisible Canbeevaporites Changesinwatertemp.,alkalinity,CO2conc. Clear,shallowtropicalwatersSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica31SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksCarbonatesCharacteristicsofmostmarinecarbonateenvironments:WarmwaterTropicalclimate(30°N-30°Sofequator)Shallowwater(lessthan200mdeep)Clearwater(lowtonoterrigenousinput)SunlightrequiredforphotosynthesisbyalgaeSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica32SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksCarbonatesSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica33SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksCarbonatesOriginofcarbonatesedimentsMuchlimemudformsfromthedisintegrationof calcareousalgae(suchasHalimedaandPenicillus).Whenthecalcareousalgaedie,theirskeletonsbreakdownand disintegrateproducingaragoniteneedlemuds.Theselimemudslithifytoformfine-grainedlimestone.

SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica34SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSEDIMENTARYARCHIVES35SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksCarbonates Fossiliferouslimestone Biomicrite BiospariteSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica36SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksCarbonates Ooliticlimestone Oomicrite OospariteSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica37SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksCarbonates Dolostone Composedofdolomite(CaMg(CO3)2)

TheDolomite“Problem”

Dolomiteisbelievedtoformwhenmagnesiumthathasbeen concentratedinseawaterreplacescalciumcarbonateina previouslydepositedlimestone. Today,dolomiteonlyformsinafewareasoftheworldwhereintense evaporationofseawaterconcentratesthemagnesium. ExtensiveareasofcarbonaterocksofPrecambrian, Paleozoic,andMesozoicagehavebeenalteredtodolomite. Dolomitizationmayberelatedtotimesofhighsealevel worldwide,underfavorableclimaticconditions.

SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica38SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassificationofSedimentaryRocksClays,MudrocksandShalesMudrocksareaveryfine-grainedComposedofclayandsilt-sizedparticlesIfthemudrockisfissileitisa-shaleTypicallyforminlowenergyenvironmentsSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESClassifica39SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevelChangesEustaticSeaLevelChange GlobalchangeinsealevelpositionCausedby: Glacialadvanceandretreat ChangeinspreadingratesEffectlowlandareasSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevel40SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevelChangesSequenceStratigraphyEpeiricseas Seascoveredcontinents Producedpackagescalledsequences LedtosequencestratigraphySEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevel41SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevelChanges SequenceStratigraphySEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevel42SequenceStratigraphyAgroupofrelativelyconformable

stratathatrepresentsacycleofdepositionandisboundedbyunconformitiesorcorrelativeconformities.Sequencesarethefundamentalunitofinterpretation

insequencestratigraphy.Sequencescomprisesystemstracts.SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevelChangesSequenceStratigraphySEDIMENTA43SEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevelChangesVailCurveSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevel44SequenceStratigraphySEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevelChangesSequenceStratigraphySEDIMENTA45/clastic-movie.htmlSEDIMENTARYARCHIVESSeaLevelChangesSequenceStratigraphy/clas46普通地质学(英文)课件47THEFOSSILRECORDPaleontologyAttemptstounderstandallaspectsofthesuccession ofplantsandanimalsovertime.BasedonstudyoffossilsArchaeopteryxTHEFOSSILRECORDPaleontologyA48THEFOSSILRECORDPaleontologyFos