名词考查重点及应对策略(原卷版)2024高考英语一轮复习小题大题微技能精析精练(新高考版)

01名词考查重点及应对策略【考点精析】一、可数名词的数考点1可数名词变复数的规则变化可数名词变复数形式时,一般在名词后面加-s或-es。变化形式如下表:构成方法例词一般在词尾加-smap→maps,sea→seasgirl→girls,day→days以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词后加-es(stomach除外)class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词变-y为-i,再加-escountry→countriesfactory→factories以元音字母+-y结尾的名词在词尾直接+-sholiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys以-o结尾的名词一般在词尾加-spiano→pianosphoto→photos有些在词尾加-eshero→heroespotato→potatoes以-f或-fe结尾的名词变-f或-fe为-v,再加-esleaf→leaves,knife→knives,wife→wives,wolf→wolves直接加-sbelief→beliefs,chief→chiefs,proof→proofs,roof→roofs,safe→safes考点2可数名词变复数的不规则变化可数名词变复数不规则变化的形式如下表:构成方法例词增加字母child→children,ox→oxen改变名词中的元音字母或变为其他形式man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,goose→geese,mouse→mice续表构成方法例词单复数同形sheep,deer,series,means,fish表示“某国人”的名词加-sAmerican→Americans,German→Germans单复数同形Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的,将-man和-woman分别改为-men,-womenEnglishman→Englishmen二、不可数名词考点1不可数名词(1)不可数名词没有复数形式,也不可以与不定冠词连用。最常见的不可数名词有:fun,baggage,change(零钱),furniture,hair,homework,information,knowledge,luggage,money,news,progress,traffic等。(2)不可数名词的量有两种表示方法:①用some,much,alittle,alotof,abitof,plentyof等表示多少。注意:既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plentyof,some,alotof,lotsof,mostof等。②用单位词表示,用a...of表示。如:acupoftea,apieceofpaper。考点2不可数名词与可数名词的转化(1)有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以转化为可数名词。如:※Thepotatoisavegetable,notafruit.土豆是一种蔬菜,不是水果。※Mydoctortoldmetoavoidfattyfoodssuchasbaconorhamburgers.我的医生叫我避免吃油腻的食物,如培根或汉堡包。(2)特殊物质名词的数量表示:当要表示“一场/段/件/种……”等意思时,某些物质名词前可用不定冠词,但此时通常有形容词或of短语修饰。如:※Aheavysnowwasfalling.当时正下着一场大雪。※Afinerainbegantofall.开始下起一阵小雨。另外,表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea,coffee,drink,beer等,可以用a(n)或数词修饰,也有复数形式。如:※Twoteasandacoffee,please.请来两杯茶和一杯咖啡。※Iorderedtwocoffeesandanice-cream.我点了两杯咖啡和一份冰淇淋。(3)有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词,但意思不同。如:work工作,awork一部著作;glass玻璃,aglass一个玻璃杯;wood木头,awood一片树林;room空间,aroom一间房间;paper纸,apaper一份试卷(文件、报纸等)等。考点3抽象名词具体化类型(1)表示情感、情绪的词,强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如下11个字:惊(surprise)、乐(pleasure)、幸(honour)、憾(pity)、傲(pride)、慰(comfort)、险(danger)、助(help)、成(success)、败(failure)、美(beauty)。例如:※Thenewmethodhasfinallyprovedtobeasuccess.新方法最终证明是成功的。类型(2)表示“一次”“一场”“一段”等“一……”的概念,常与动词连用构成短语,名词前常有形容词修饰。如:haveagoodtime,haveawonderfulsupper,haveagoodknowledge/understandingof,haveapopulationof,coveranareaof,reachaheightof等。三、名词所有格考点1:表示有生命名词的所有格时,在词尾加“‘s”。如:theboy’sbag,men’srooms;若名词已有复数词尾s,只加“‘”。如:theteachers’readingroom;此外,表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“‘s”来表示所属关系,意为“……的”。如:atenminutes’walk,atwentymiles’journey,twotons’weight,fiftydollars’worth。考点2:如果两个名词并列,且分别加“‘s”,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加“‘s”,则表示两个“共有”。如:John’sandMary’srooms(两间);JohnandMary’sroom(一间)。考点3:of属格:无生命名词的所有格用of结构。如:amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers。考点4:省略格:在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。如:atthedoctor’s在诊所;atmysister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。考点5:双重所有格:of+名词“‘s”结构。如:afriendofmybrother’s,worksofMoYan’s。名词所有格用法口诀:名词所有格,表物是“谁的”,若为生命词,加’s即可行,词尾有s,仅把逗号择;并列名词后,各自和共有,前者分别加,后者最后加;若为无生命词,of所有格,前后须倒置,此是硬规则。注意：如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格,这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同,“AofB”要翻译为“B的A”。特别提示：语法填空题名词考法1.根据语境标志词判断名词(1)看到冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词时,要想到名词;(2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词;(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。2.根据规则确定名词单复数(1)如果空格处被these,several,many和数词等修饰时,要考虑用名词的复数形式;(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are,要考虑用名词的复数形式;(3)在平时学习中要熟记名词单数变复数的规则,方能解决好此类问题。【真题演练】1.(2020·江苏高考)Theytestedthe____________(men)fitnessandrestingmetabolic(新陈代谢的)ratesandtooksamples(样品)oftheirbloodandfattissue.2.(2021·全国乙卷)____________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohikingandaccommodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.3.(2022·浙江高考)JohnOlson,aformer____________(photograph),andhisteamrenderpaintingsintofullytextured3Dmodels.4.(2022·浙江高考)Good____________(manage),likegoodparenting,isalong-termcommitment.5.(2021·新高考I卷)Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe____________(human)are.6.(2021·浙江高考)In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir____________(marry)ceremonyin1842.7.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate____________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.8.(2021·全国甲卷)Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand____________(watchtower)totakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdailyroutines.9.(2022·浙江高考)ForLuc,thismeans____________(independent).“Thefeelingofbeingabletoseeitandtoformmyopinionislikebreakingdownanotherwallasablindperson.”10.(2022·北京高考)Moretakeoutandmorefood____________(deliver)equalmorewaste,especiallyplasticwaste.11.(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷)Acompany____________(represent)wrotebackandtoldmetheairlinewasswitchingoverfromplastictopapercupsonallofits1,200dailyflights.【考点精练】一、用单词的适当形式完成句子1.Therearetwo(code)forLondon.2.Thegraduatesmayhave(problem)infindingajob.3.Wemuststophurtingwildanimalsbecausethere’sno(win)aftertheshot.4.Theoldwomancanoftenbuythingswithlowerpriceinhisstorebecausesheisapopular(custom).5.The(contribute)hemadetothevillagewasgreat,sohebecameverypopularamongthevillagersandtheytreatedhimoneofthem.6.Thecrowdintheroomseemedfullofcuriosity.Theyexpressedtheir(eager)tohearmesing.7.Whatisthe(motivate)behindthesuddenchange?8.Thebossgavehis(approve)tothesuggestionputforwardatthemeeting.9.Theraceorganizersaretryingtoattract(sponsor).10.Shewenttoliveabroadafterthebreak-upofher(marry).11.Thosewholovenaturearemorelikelytomake(contribute)towildlifepreservation.12.Itisimportanttopayyour(electric)billontime.13.Themusicofthisnewbandisanodd(combine)of

rockandopera.14.Thechildrenhadan(argue)aboutwhatgametoplay,buttheydidn’treachanagreement.15.Thevisittookplaceintight（secure）.16.Thesoldierswerefinallysentto(safe)bythenurses.17.WeChinesestudentsputonquiteafew(perform)featuringChinesecultures,includingmartialarts,calligraphyandsoon.18.Thewastewaterwillcausethepollutionandthe(destroy)ofourseasandoceans.19.Throughthis(intervene),thetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.20.Theysaidthattheycouldsatisfyour(demand)whateverweneeded.21.Thefishcangrowtoa(long)offourfeet.22.Onedaytheyhadaheated(argue)aboutwheretospendtheirsummerholiday.23.SportsstarslikethoseinNBAcontributetothenational(economic)bybenefitingthesportsindustryaswellastheadvertisingindustry.24.Inmoderntimes,teenagershavea(prefer)forpopularmusic,whichhassomethingtodowiththeagecharacteristicandtimebackground.25.AlthoughreadingEnglishnewseverydaywilltakeupsomeofmytime,Ifeelthatitwillbe(benefit)toimprovingmyEnglish.26.Wehavebeenin(correspond)formonths.27.Theactivityaimstoraise(aware)ofthedangersofpassivesmoking.28.Whenlearninghisfriendhadmovedtoa

(slight)largerhouse,hewanderedaround,depressedandfullof(anxious).29.IthinkIhavemetyourcompany’srequirements,reallyhopingyoucouldtakeaseriousconsiderationofmy(apply)forthejob.30.Tomakemembersofateamperformbetter,thecoachfirstofallhastoknowtheir(strength)andweaknesses.二、完成句子31.,theboyjumpedforjoy.

听到这个令人激动的消息，小男孩高兴地跳了起来。32.Theplantreleasesfromtheleavesthatarebeingeaten.植物从正在被吃的叶子上释放少量的化学物质。33.Theteenagerhasalotofinterestingnovels.(otherthan)除了这本书，这个少年还有许多有趣的小说。34.他救起了一名落水儿童。Hedrowning.35.Theyfoughtalongbattleagainst.他们同偏见与无知进行了长期的斗争。36.当您申请工作时，您需要考虑以下因素。Whenyouforajob,youneedtoconsiderthefollowing.37.贝蒂是唯一一个在比赛中获奖的学生。Bettywasaprizeinthecompetition.38.Thesentenceisformedbythewordsandphrases,toexpressthelanguageunits.句子是由词和词组构成的、能够表达完整的意思的语言单位。39.他们是一群带着期盼的神情等待烟火表演的孩子们。Theyarethechildrenwaitingforthefireworkstobegin.40.Yourtrainingcourseshouldhelpyoubringoutyour,nottrytoturnyouintosomeoneyou’renot.你的训练课程会帮你展现你的个性，不要强迫自己变成不喜欢的自己。41.防止这些有害的习惯影响青少年的生活是至关重要的。Topreventharmfulhabitsliketheseisessential.42.与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同的视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。Cooperatingwithpeoplefromhelpsusviewtheworldfromdifferentanglesandthusgivesusmoreinsightintoourownculture.43.温暖的气候已经融化了一些极地的冰雪。Thewarmclimatehasmeltedsomeofthe.44.Firstweneedtoidentifyactualand.首先，我们需要弄清实际的问题和潜在的问题。45.身份盗窃是一个普遍而严重的问题。isacommonandseriousproblem.46.被困的矿工们就要放弃时，救援到了。Thetrappedminerswereabouttogiveup.47.很多时候他不得不彻底改变他的比赛。He’shadtodrasticallychangehisgame.48.令他们欣慰的是，他们的儿子很快克服了语言障碍，学会了适应那里的新生活。Totheirrelief,theirsonsoonovercamethe

andlearnedto

thenewlifethere.49.Medicalworkersrushedtogive,whichrescuedtheoldman.医务人员匆忙赶来立刻展开急救，挽救了老人的生命。50.True

enjoymentcomesfromandexerciseofthebody,thetwoareeverunited.(根据句意填空)51.Havingwatchedtheexhibition,Ihavebeguntofeelmoreawareofotherpeopleandtodevelop(更加强烈的社会责任感).(根据汉语提示完成句子)52.下面是一篇关于伟大的历史学家司马迁的文章。onthegreathistorianSimaQian.53.Heis;heisawriter，too.他不仅仅是一位演说家，还是一位作家。54.和汽车相比，自行车有许多优点。,bicycleshavemany.55.这个国家陷入了经济增长和环境保护之间的两难境地。Thecountryiscaughtupinitsownbetweeneconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalpreservation.56.骑自行车被认为是一种很好的娱乐方式。Ridingbikesisconsideredas.57.Hehaddeterminedto（不辜负公司的期望）.(根据汉语提示完成句子)58.在这个问题上，我发现自己和大多数同学意见完全一致。tothismatter,Ifindmyselfwiththemajorityofmyclassmates.59.Ofaregoodstudyhabits,usefulskillsandapositiveattitude.同样重要的还有良好的学习习惯、实用的技能和积极的态度。60.真正的友谊犹如健康的身体，直到失去时才知其可贵。Friendshipislikehealth,isseldomknownuntilitislost.61.绝不允许他再犯相同的错误。wassheallowedto.62.Youcanhardlyimagine________________hehasmadeinsuchashorttime!(progress)你简直难以想象他在这么短的时间内取得了多么大的进步！63.说到学英语，人们普遍认为：没有什么比跟英语母语人士待在一起更好的了。learningEnglish,it'suniversallyrecognizedthatthereisthanstayingwith.三、单项选择64.After________fromcollege,wefinallygotthechancetotakeabiketrip.Whichisnotright?A.wegraduated B.graduatedC.graduating D.graduation65.HeroeslikeOfficerCaimademajor____________totheanti-drugcause(禁毒事业).A.contributions B.progress C.donations D.efforts66.We'lleatsomeofthemeatforlunchandkeep_______forsupper.A.theones B.therest C.theothers D.thefew67.Asmallcarhasthegreat_____ofbeingcheapertorun.A.interest B.benefit C.usefulness D.advantage68.Theroomontherightis______.A.her B.sheC.Lucy's D.Lucy69.Youcangetageneral________ofourschool.A.impressive B.impression C.impress D.impressed70.Yourspeechwasheardbyagroupoffive_________,allof__________agreedthatitwas

thebestonethisyear.A.judge;whom B.judges;themC.judge;them D.judges;whom71.Twobagsareonthetable.Theyare___.A.thetwins’ B.thetwin’s C.twins D.twin’s72.Thestrongerthe___________is,themorequicklyapersonwilllearnaforeignlanguage.Thatistosay,itisuptowhetherhehasaninterestintheforeignlanguage.A.inspiration B.ambition C.motivation D.aspiration73.______hisworkinphysics,hespentmuchtimeworkingforhumanrightsand_____.A.Besides;progresses B.Except;progressesC.Besides;progress D.Except;progress74.Itwas_________tobeinvitedheretoday.A.greathonour B.honouring C.agreathonour D.honoured75.---Mom,canyougivemeanextra200yuanamonth?---Son,wehavejustboughtahouse,andfromnowonweneedtopractisestrict.A.economy B.medicine C.self-control D.patience76.TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyby____，butalsothefleshandbloodof____men.A.earthandstone，millionsof B.earthsandstones，millionsC.theearthandstone，millionof D.theearthsandstones，millions77.Ilikereadingpoems,becausepoemscan________certain________.A.convey;emotion B.convey;emotions C.express;emotions D.explain;emotions78.‘’ThereisamongChinesepeoplethatnocountryorindividualcancanprotectitselfwithoutintellectualproperty（知识产权）protection’’LiuXinsaid.A.commitment B.criterion C.consensus D.competence79.Hangzhouissuchan________citythatitoftenmakesastrong________onvisitorsanditssightsneverfailtoattractforeigntourists.A.impressed，impression B.impressing，impressionC.impressive，impress D.impressive，impression80.______mothersmadethemhavepianolessons.A.PeterandAnne B.Peter'sandAnne'sC.Peter'sandAnne D.PeterandAnne's81.Ofthetwo_______I’dliketochoose_______expensiveone.A.handkerchiefs...aless B.handkerchieves...aleastC.handkerchiefs...theless D.handkerchieves...theleast82.Thisdictionaryis_______tomytranslation,butthatoneis________.A.agreathelp;ofnouse B.veryhelpful;ofnoanyuseC.greathelp;helpless D.important;offewimportance83.Walkingaftersupperisof________toyourhealth.A.benefit B.benefits C.beneficial D.beneficially84.Shortlyaftertheaccident,two______policewenttothespottokeeporder.A.dozenof B.dozensC.dozen D.dozensof85.Asseniorthreestudents,wehadbetterfollowthe________asmuchaspossiblefromourteachersandparents;althoughtheyareabitnagging（唠叨）,indeedweareexpectedtomake_________inallaspects.A.advice;progress B.advices;progress C.advices;progresses D.advice;progresses86.TheWesternholidayHalloweenalsohaditsorigininold____aboutthereturnofthespiritsofdeadpeople.A.beliefs B.reliefC.brief D.chiefs87.Onceyoumastertheusefulskills,everythinginyourlifewillchangefor.A.better B.thebetter C.worse D.theless88.Soldierswhoarefightingtogetheroftenhaveastrongfeelingof________.A.brotherhood B.brother C.brothers D.brotherly89.Sinceitiscommontocopyothers’designs,theCouncilofFashionDesignershasrecentlyurgedthegovernmenttopasslawstoprotectdesigners’rights.A.practice B.standard C.sense D.activity90.Whilemostofusareonlytooreadyto________othersthecoldwindof________,wearesomehowreluctanttogiveourfellowsthewarmsunshineofpraise.A.respondto...conflict B.applyto...criticismC.reactto...threat D.replyto...superiority91.The________wasdoneearlyinthemorningwithoutaceremony.A.bury B.buryingC.buried D.burial92.Heisasuccessasaleaderbuthehasn't_____inteaching.A.manyexperiences B.muchexperienceC.anexperience D.alotexperience93.Mr.Tonyalwayshas________totellhisstudentsatthebeginningofhislectures.A.agoodnews B.somegoodpieceofnewsC.somegoodpiecesofnews D.somepieceofgoodnews94.The_______