The“How To”rants Manual Valdosta State University“如何”拨款手册瓦尔多斯塔州立大学

The

“How

To”

GrantsManualDavid

G.

Bauer5th

EditionSetting

Yourself

Up

for

GrantsSuccessChapter

OneSetting

Yourself

Up

for

Grants

SuccessDeveloping

Your

Career

Grants

PlanDeveloping

a

Proactive

System

Festinger’s

Theory

of

CognitiveDissonanceValues-Based

GrantseekingDeveloping

and

Documentingthe

Need

for

Your

ProjectChapter

TwoCreating

Urgency

and

aCompelling

ProposalDocument

the

needWhat

is

the

problem

that

requires

a

solution?What

will

happenif

this

needs

area

is

notaddressed?What

is

the

gap

between

what

exists

nowand

whatought

to

beor

wouldbe

if

theknowledge

existed

to

solve

the

problem?Why

should

grant

funds

be

used

now

to

solvetheproblemandreduce

the

gap?Creating

a

Gap

Between

What

Exists

Nowand

What

Could

or

Should

BeThe

statement

of

the

problem

must

be:Clear,Concise,

and

Possess

a

futuristic

reference

to

why

theproblem

needs

to

be

addressed

now!

Grantors

fund

proposals

that

show

thegreatest

impact

in

moving

to

close

thegap

in

a

particular

problem.Needs

Assessment

ApproachesThe

Six

Basic

Approaches

Key

informant:

Quotations

from

people

who

knowabout

the

problem

or

are

experts

in

the

field.

Community

Forum:

Public

meetings

to

get

testimony

onthe

problem.CaseStudies:Examplesof

clients

in

aneedpopulation.Statistical

analysis:

Use

of

data

from

public

records.

Survey:

Random

selection

of

population

to

answerquestions

related

to

the

need.

Studies:

Literature

search

of

published

documents

onthe

subject.Finding

Time

to

Write

GrantProposalsChapter

ThreeOrganizing

a

ProposalDevelopment

Workbook

There

are

two

(2)

major

obstacles

tograntseeking:Finding

the

time

to

get

involvedDeveloping

a

proactive

approachThe

Swiss

Cheese

ConceptCreate

manageable

tasks

for

the

processTime-efficient

and

cost

effectiveKeeps

proposal

information

more

organizedSuggested

Proposal

Development

TabsIntroductionDocumenting

NeedOrganizing

the

ProcessDeveloping

IdeasRedefining

IdeasUniquenessAdvisory

Committees

and

AdvocacyChoosing

the

MarketplaceTabs

for

governmental

funding

sourcesResearchingGovernment

MarketplaceCharacteristics:

Government

GrantsContracting

Government

SourcesPlanning

Federal

ProposalsImproving

Federal

ProposalsSubmission:

Public

SourcesDecision:Follow-up:Public

SourcesGovernment

SourcesTabs

for

private

funding

sourcesDifferences:

Public

versus

Private

SourcesRecording

ResearchFoundation

Research

ToolsResearching

Corporate

GrantsContracting

Private

SourcesLetter

ProposalSubmission:

Private

SourcesDecision:

Private

SourcesFollow-up:

Private

SourcesDeveloping

Grant-WinningIdeasChapter

FourFrom

Research

to

Model

Projects

Look

at

your

organization

and

grant

requestfrom

the

the

grantor’s

point-of-view.

Try

and

determine

the

grantor’s

values,

theirlikes

and

dislikes,

and

avoid

those

that

arenegative

and

highlighting

those

that

appeal

tothe

grantor

Develop

several

approaches

to

solving

yourproblem

and

discuss

them

with

the

prospectivefunding

source

before

submittal.Worksheets

can

help

you

Generate

more

fundable

ideas

throughbrainstorming

sessions

Develop

asystem

to

summarize

best

ideas

andaccess

organizational

commitment

to

theproject

Conduct

a

cost-benefit

analysis

of

your

bestideas

Developinstitutional

support

for

your

proposalearly

in

the

processBrainstorming

More

Fundable

ProposalIdeas

Breakyour

participants

into

groups

of

five

toeight.

Appoint

a

neutral

group

leader

to

facilitate

theprocessAppoint

a

recorderSet

a

time

limitState

one

question

or

problem

Ask

group

members

to

generate

and

present

asmany

possible

solutions

to

the

problem

as

theycan

within

the

time

limit.Brainstorming

More

Fundable

ProposalIdeas

Encourage

group

members

topiggyback

on

each

other’s

ideas

Record

all

answers,

combining

thosethat

aresimilar.

Avoid

any

evaluation

or

discussionof

ideas

until

the

process

is

over;this

rule

is

critical

for

productivebrainstormingCost-Benefit

Analysis

WorksheetSummary

ofIdea

andMethodologyCostNo.

of

PersonsServedCost

perperson

servedPositive

PointsNegativePointsPreproposal

Summary

and

Approval

FormThis

is

like

your

Insurance

Policy

You

fill

outthe

form

and

then

solicitreview

and

a

critique

by

those

who

will

beinvolved

and

must

sign

off

on

the

proposal

This

form

provides

a

way

to

test

theacceptance

of

your

idea

Helps

summarize

all

needed

resources:staff,

capital,

match

and

other

items

thatwill

be

required

to

implement

the

project.Redefining

Proposal

IdeasChapter

FiveImproving

Your

Database

Research

andFinding

More

Funding

Sources

Don’t

become

overly

self-focused

(a

case

ofthe

“we-we

disease”)

Developdifferent

key

search

terms

touncoverdifferent

types

of

funding

sources

Learning

to

develop

Corporate

Key

SearchTerms

Remember

corporations

like

to

support

projectswherethey

“live”

and

like

to

fund

projects

that

cabe

related

to

their

profits.Why

GrantFunds

to

You

and

YourOrganization?Chapter

SixCapitalizing

on

Your

CapabilitiesWhy

should

the

funder

choose

you?When

to

use

similarity

as

a

uniquenessConduct

a

uniqueness

exercise

Using

your

organization’s

case/missionstatement

to

support

your

proposal

Using

your

existing

case/missionstatementElements

of

a

case/mission

statementCreating

Grant-WinningTeams

and

ConsortiaChapter

SevenInvolving

Volunteers

through

AdvisoryCommittees

and

Advocacy

Groups

Recognizing

the

roles

that

compriseaneffective

teamInvolving

volunteersGrants

Advisory

CommitteesGrant

ResourcesPreparing

your

proposalMaking

pre-proposal

contact

Developing

consortia

or

cooperativerelationships

and

subcontractsHow

To

Incorporate

Advocates

To

IncreaseGrants

SuccessEndorsement

LettersContactsCommunity

Support

Involving

Existing

Boards,

AdvisoryGroups,

Volunteers,

and

StaffUsing

Webbing

and

Linkage

InformationChoosing

the

Correct

GrantsMarketplaceChapter

EightGeneral

Grants

Marketplace

Information

The

two

main

sources

of

support

fornonprofit

organizations

and

their

grantrequests

areGovernmentPrivate

philanthropy

The

grants

area

is

one

that

does

not

havea

political

action

committee

or

stronglobbyUnderstandingtheGovernment

MarketplaceChapter

NineTypes

of

GrantsBlock

GrantsFormula

GrantsCategorical

GrantsContractsState

Government

GrantsBlock

Grants

Underthisprogramstateswouldset

theirpriorities

and

grant

the

federal

funds

tothe

high-priority

areas

and

projects

asthey

saw

fit

Example:Small

Cities

CDBG

(CommunityDevelopment

Block

Grant)Formula

GrantsFunds

are

allocated

according

to

a

set

of

criteria

Generally

specific

to

a

problem

area

or

geographicregion

Must

pass

through

an

intermediary,

such

as

a

state,city

or

county

government

or

a

commission,

beforereaching

the

grantee.

While

the

general

guidelines

are

developed

at

thefederal

level,

the

rules

areopen

to

interpretation,

andlocal

input

can

significantly

alter

the

intent

of

theoriginal

federal

program.

Formula

and

block

grants

are

also

easy

target

forelimination

because

it

is

difficult

to

substantiateresults.Categorical

Grants

Designed

to

promote

proposals

within

a

veryspecific,

well-defined

area

of

interestUse

peer

panel

reviews

to

evaluate

proposalsEach

federal

agency

has

its

own

grant

systemDetailed,

time

consuming

grant

applications

Most

agencies

are

now

going

to

on-linesubmissionsContracts

The

basic

differencebetween

a

grant

and

acontract

is

that

a

contract

outlines

preciselywhat

the

government

wants

done.Advertised

differently

from

grantsGrants—CFDAContracts—FedBizOpps

The

contract

game

requires

a

successful

trackrecord

and

documentable

expertiseState

Government

Grants

While

all

federal

funding

must

be

listed

in

adatabase,

most

states

do

not

have

a

databaseand

grant

seeking

is

much

more

difficult

Look

at

the

state

agency

websites

and

talk

withstate

officials

Advantages

are

thatyou

don’thave

to

travelas

far

and

it

allows

you

to

use

your

state

andlocal

politicians

to

make

your

case

heard.

Disadvantages

are

states

set

their

own

prioritieand

they

may

add

additional

restrictions.Researching

the

GovernmentMarketplaceChapter

TenThe

Federal

Grants

SystemRequests

for

Proposals

(RFP)Matching

RequirementsOther

RequirementsFederal

Grants

Research

FormFederalResearch

Tools

Catalog

of

Federal

Domestic

Assistance(CFDA)/

Federal

Register/fedreg/

Federal

Business

Opportunities/Grant

DatabasesGrantSelect

Sponsored

Programs

Information

Network(SPIN)

Illinois

Researcher

Information

Service(IRIS)Community

of

Science

(COS)Federal

Agency

Internet

Mailing

ListsHow

to

Contact

GovernmentGrant

SourcesChapter

ElevenWhen

To

Make

Prepropsal

Contact

Step

1:

dissemination

of

and

comment

onthe

rules

and

regulations

governing

eachprogram

and

comments

from

anyinterested

party.

The

comments

arepublished,

the

finalrules

are

printed,anthe

announcements

of

deadlines

aremade

in

such

publications

as

the

FederalRegister,

NIH

Guide,

and

National

ScienceFoundation

E-Bulletin.When

To

Make

Prepropsal

Contact

Step

2:

The

federal

Program

officer

then

develops

theactual

application

package

and

places

it

on

theagency’s

Web

site

for

public

access.

(RFP

or

RFA)Step

3:

The

deadline

for

submission

occurs.

Step

4:

Once

proposals

are

submitted,

they

arereviewed,

peer

reviewed

and

evaluated

and

scoredaccording

to

the

evaluation

criteria

of

the

agency.

Step

5:

The

notices

of

award

and

rejection

are

madeand

the

cycle

starts

again.Getting

The

Most

From

Past

GranteesWho

received

funding

in

the

past?

Contacting

a

Past

Grantee

(what

questions

toask)

Did

you

call

or

go

see

the

funding

source

beforewriting

the

proposal?

Whom

did

you

find

most

helpful

on

the

fundingsource’s

staff?Did

you

use

you

advocates

or

congressperson?

Did

the

funding

source

review

your

idea

or

proposalbefore

submission?Getting

The

Most

From

Past

Grantees

Did

you

use

consultants

to

help

you

on

theproposal?

Was

there

a

hidden

agenda

to

the

program’sguidelines?

When

did

you

begin

the

process

of

developingyour

application?When

did

you

first

contact

the

funding

source?

What

materials

did

you

find

most

helpful

indeveloping

your

proposal?Getting

The

Most

From

Past

Grantees

Did

the

funding

source

come

to

see

you

(site

visit)before

or

after

the

proposal

was

awarded?

Whocame?

What

did

they

wear?

How

oldwerethey?Would

you

characterize

them

as

conservative,moderate,

or

liberal? Did

anything

surpriseyouduring

their

visit?

How

close

was

your

initial

budget

to

the

awardedamount?

Who

onthe

funding

source’s

staff

negotiated

thebudget?How

did

you

handle

matching

or

in-kind

contributions?What

would

you

do

differently

next

time?Understanding

The

Proposal

ReviewProcessWho

was

on

the

last

review

team?What

were

their

credentials?

What

organizations

were

thereviewers

affiliated

with?How

were

proposals

reviewed?Contacting

a

Past

ReviewerHow

did

you

get

to

be

a

reviewer?What

training

did

you

receive?Where

did

you

review

proposals?What

evaluation

system

did

you

follow?Whatwerethe

mostcommon

mistakesyousaw?Did

you

meet

other

reviewers?How

many

proposals

did

you

review?How

long

did

you

have

to

review

the

proposals?

How

did

the

funding

source

handle

discrepancies

inthe

point

assignment?Did

a

staff

review

follow

your

review?Telephoning,

Faxing,

and

E-MailingFederal

and

State

Funding

SourcesDo

your

homework

Review

all

available

information

that

youhave

on

the

grant

announcementAsk

specific

questions

Don’t

ask

questions

where

the

answer

isalready

in

the

grant

announcementFollow

upMaking

an

Appointment

with

a

PublicFunding

Source

Official

This

is

not

always

possible

due

togeographic

location,

but

can

beneficialCall

first

an

try

to

set

an

appointment

Try

a

cold

call

and

it

might

result

insomeone

seeing

you

right

away

Avoidusing

politicians

to

set

a

meetingup

or

going

with

you

on

the

appointmentVisiting

Public

FundingSourcesPlan

for

your

visitWhat

to

TakeQuestions

to

ask

a

program

Officer

Making

a

decision

to

develop

aproposalPlanning

the

SuccessfulFederal

ProposalChapter

TwelveDocumentation

of

Need

Creating

a

sense

of

urgency

depends

on

howwell

you

document

the

needDocument

a

real

need

(perceived

as

important)

Demonstrating

what

ought

to

be

(for

clients)

or

thefield

of

interest

Creating

the

urgent

need

to

close

the

gap

bydemonstrating

that

each

day

the

need

is

notaddressed

the

problem

grows

worse

or

that

there

isunnecessary

suffering,

confusion,

and/or

wastedeffortsWhat

You

Propose

To

Study

Or

Change

Objectives

outline

the

steps

you

proposeto

take

ornarrowor

close

the

gap

createdin

the

needs

statement.

They

follow

theneeds

statement

because

they

cannot

bewritten

until

the

needs

hasbeendocumented.

Remember

that

objectivesmust

bemeasurable

and

you

must

be

able

to

evaluatethem.Objectives

Versus

Methods

Objectives

tell

the

grantseeker

and

thefunding

source

what

will

be

accomplishedby

the

expenditure

of

funds

and

how

thechange

will

be

measured.

Methods

state

the

means

to

the

end

orchange.How

to

Write

ObjectivesDetermine

result

areas.Determine

measurement

indicatorsDetermine

performance

standardsDetermine

the

time

frameDetermine

the

cost

frameWrite

the

objectiveEvaluate

the

objectiveMethods

IdentifyWhat

will

be

doneWho

will

do

itHow

long

it

will

takeThe

materials

and

equipment

neededMethods

Section

Should

Describe

your

program

activities

in

detail

anddemonstrate

how

theywill

fulfill

your

objectives

or

research

studyDescribe

the

sequence,

flow,

and

interrelationship

of

the

activities

Describe

the

planned

staffing

for

yourprogram

anddesignate

who

isresponsible

for

whichactivities

Describe

your

client

population

andmethod

for

determining

clientselectionState

a

specific

time

frame

Present

a

reasonable

scope

of

activities

that

can

be

accomplished

withinthat

stated

time

frame

with

your

organization’s

resourcesRefer

to

the

cost-benefit

ratio

of

your

projectInclude

a

discussion

of

risk

(why

success

is

probable)Describe

the

uniqueness

of

yourmethodsandoverall

project

designThe

Project

PlannerDevelop

your

budget

by

having

you

clearly

definewhichproject

personnel

will

perform

each

activity

fora

given

time

frame,

with

the

correspondingconsultant

services,

supplies,

materials,

andequipment

Defend

you

budget

on

an

activity-by-activity

basis

sothat

you

can

successfully

negotiate

your

finalaward

Project

a

monthly

and

quarterly

cash

forecast

for

year1,

year2andyear3of

your

proposed

projectIdentify

matching

or

in-kind

contributionsIndirect

Costs

These

are

difficult

to

break

down

individuallybut

are

indirectly

attributable

to

theperformance

of

federal

grants.Includes

such

items

as:Heating

and

lightBuilding

maintenancePayroll

personnelPurchasingAnd

others

These

are

negotiated

yearly

with

thecognizant

agency

and

are

based

on

aformulaBudget

The

project

planner

contains

all

theinformation

needed

to

construct

thebudget.

SF-424A

(Budget

forms

for

non-construction

projectsBudget

Narrative

is

also

usually

requiredEvaluation

Federal

and

state

funding

sourcesgenerally

place

a

much

heavieremphasis

on

evaluation

than

mostprivate

sources

do.

Enlist

your

local

college

or

university(they

have

staff

and

students

whocan

often

provide

servicesthat

canbe

mutually

beneficialSummary

or

AbstractWritten

after

the

proposal

is

completedThe

second

most

often

read

part

of

a

proposalServes

a

dual

purpose

Provide

the

peer

reviewer

with

a

clear

idea

of

whatthe

proposed

research

or

project

entails

Provide

grantseekers

with

anexample

of

the

type

ofresearch

or

project

the

federal

agency

fundsAn

abbreviated

version

of

your

proposalTitle

Page

The

title

of

a

proposal

is

very

important.It

is

the

first

part

read

by

reviewers,

and,if

it’s

not

good

it

may

be

the

only

partreadThe

title

of

your

proposal

should:Describe

your

project

Express

your

project’s

end

results,

notmethodsDescribe

your

project’s

benefits

to

clientsBe

short

and

easy

to

rememberDon’t

use

jargon

or

acronymsFuture

FundingFunding

sources

want

to

see

their

investment

continueWays

you

could

continue

your

projectService

feesMembership

feesSupport

from

agencies

such

as

the

United

WayBig

gift

campaigns

aimed

at

wealthy

individualsAn

endowment

programFoundationand

corporate

grantsA

direct-mail

campaignOther

fundraising

mechanismsDissemination

Letothers

know

what

you

and

thefunding

source

have

accomplishedConsider

establishingconsortia

You

can

disseminate

the

resultsofyourgrant

by:

Mailing

a

final

report,

quarterly

journal,

or

anewsletter

to

others

in

your

field

Sponsoring

a

seminar

or

conference

on

thetopic

Attending

a

national

or

internationalconference

to

deliver

the

results

of

the

projectProduce

a

CD

or

video

of

the

projectAttachmentsfor

ProposalsStudies

or

research,

tables,

and

graphsVitae

of

key

personnelMinutes

of

advisory

committee

meetingsList

of

board

membersAuditor’s

report

or

statementLetters

of

recommendation

or

endorsementCopy

of

your

IRS

tax-exempt

designationPictures

or

architect’s

drawingsCopies

of

your

agency’s

publications

List

of

other

funding

sourcesyou

will

approachfor

supportWriting

Your

Federal

or

State

ProposalTo

create

a

winning

proposal:Follow

the

guidelines

exactlyFill

in

all

the

blanksDouble-check

all

computations

Include

anything

the

funding

source

asks

for,even

if

you

think

you

already

provided

theinformation

under

another

section

of

yourproposalVocabulary

Make

sure

that

your

proposal

useslanguage

appropriate

to

the

reviewers.

Shorter

words

are

generally

better

thanlongcomplexones

Avoid

buzzwords

unless

you

are

sure

thereviewer

expects

themDefine

all

acronymsWriting

Style

Peer

reviews

are

typically

shortontime

sofollow

these

tips:Use

simple

sentences

and

short

paragraphs

Begin

each

section

with

a

strong

motivating

leadsentence

Make

sure

your

writing

style

cannot

be

construed

ascute

or

offensive

to

the

reader, Avoid

stating

theobvious

and

talking

down

to

the

reviewerDevelop

a

user-friendly

proposalVisual

Attractiveness

To

enhance

the

readability

of

your

proposal

andmake

your

points

stand

out,

use

(unless

statedotherwise):UnderliningBulletsDifferent

fontsVarious

margins

and

spacingBold

headingsPictures

and

graphicsCharts

and

tableshandwritingOnline

Proposal

Presentation

The

federal

government

is

movingtowards

paperless

applications

E-grants

is

being

used

by

many

federalagenciesImproving

Your

Federal

ProposalChapter

ThirteenThe

Grants

Quality

Circle

The

secret

to

improving

your

federal

proposal

is

toconduct

a

mock

review

that

emulates

the

actualreview

system

as

closely

as

possible

Role

play

the

review

team

and

pass

judgment

on

yourproposal

Have

review

team

spend

the

same

amount

of

timethat

the

real

reviewers

will

spend

evaluating

theproposal

Can

help

increase

the

amount

of

quality

proposalbeing

generatedfromyour

organizationSubmissionChapter

FourteenWhat

To

Do

Submit

a

day

or

two

before

the

deadline(avoid

the

last

minute)Follow

all

instructions

and

every

ruleReview

submittal

requirements

Complete

assurance

and

certificationsearlyReceive

the

appropriate

authority

to

applWhat

Not

To

Do

Limit

the

use

of

elected

officials

in

thegrants

process

Do

not

ask

for

extra

time

beyond

thesubmittal

date

Do

not

contact

federal

bureaucrats

aftersubmissionOther

Submission

Techniques

Hand

deliver

the

proposal

if

permissible

andthank

staff

members

for

their

assistance

Electronic

submission

is

where

most

applicationare

headed

(requirement

to

have

in

place

by

2003)

Send

a

copy

to

your

congressperson’s

office(tell

that

you

do

not

want

or

expect

anyintervention

at

this

point)Federal

Grant

RequirementsChapter

FifteenFederal

Grants

RequirementWorksheetSee

page

158

in

Bauer

bookRaising

and

Documenting

Matching

Funds

An

organization

can

be

asked

tosupply

either

cash,

services,

orfacilities

to

match

a

percentage

ofthe

grant.

This

requirement

may

change

overthe

years

that

federal

support

isprovided

fortheproject.Worksheet

on

page

160Federal

Grants

Management

Circulars

/omb/gr

ants/

There

are

different

circulars

fordifferent

entitiesGovernment:

A-102

Education,

Non-profits

and

Hospitals:A-110Dealing

with

the

Decision

of

PublicFunding

SourcesChapter

SixteenStreamlining

the

ProcessAcceptedAccepted

with

modificationsrejectedAcceptedThank

the

grantor

Request

the

reviewers’

comments,nd

include

a

self-addressed

label

for

the

funding

source’sconvenience

Ask

the

federal

official

for

insight

into

what

you

couldhave

done

betterInvite

theprogram

or

project

officer

for

a

site

visit

Ask

the

official

what

mistakes

successful

granteesoften

make

in

carrying

out

their

funded

grant

so

thatyou

can

avoid

these

errors.AcceptedWith

Budget

ModificationsSend

the

funding

source

a

thank

you

letter

Call

the

funding

source

and

suggest

that

the

program

officerrefer

to

your

project

planner

to

negotiate

budget

terms

Discuss

the

option

fo

eliminating

some

of

the

project’smethods

or

activities.

If

several

activities

must

be

eliminated,

consider

dropping

theaccomplishment

of

an

objective

or

reducing

the

expected

degreeof

change

If

you

are

forced

to

negotiate

away

the

supporting

structurenecessary

to

achieve

your

objectives,

be

prepared

to

turn

downthe

funds.Rejected

Send

the

funding

official

a

thank

you

letter

in

appreciation

for

his

or

hertime

and

effort

as

well

as

that

of

the

reviewers

and

staff.

Tell

them

youwouldappreciate

any

assistance

in

reapplying

Request

reviewers’

comments.