动词的时和体(一)

TenseandAspect(I)KeyPoints:Usesofsimplepresent;2.Usesofsimplepast;3.Usesofpresentprogressive;4.Usesofpastprogressive.2021/6/161BriefIntroduction英语动词有两种时（一般现在时，一般过去时），六种体（现在进行体，过去进行体，现在完成体，过去完成体，现在完成进行体，过去完成进行体），两种态（主动态，被动态），三种式（陈述式，祈使式，虚拟式）2021/6/162I.UsesofSimplePresent1.表不受时限的客观存在，包括客观真理、格言事实等2.表现在习惯动作，现在习惯性经常性发生的动作，常与频度副词连用(always,hardlyever=almostnever)

我们常10点钟上床睡觉.Weareusuallyinbedby10.2021/6/1633.表现时状态和现在瞬间动作，只适用于

静态动词或表示短暂动作的动态动词动态动词:表运动状态的动词jump,hit,open,close（表短暂动作）静态动词：表相对静止状态的动词如be动词，表感觉的动词feel,表心理状态的动词think(表示的意义具有持续性)2021/6/1644.表将来时间（三种句型）1）Ihope/Ibet+that分句中,可用一般现在时表将来

Ihopehelikesmygift.(willlike)Ibetitrainstomorrow.(willrain)2）see(toit)/makesure/makecertain+that分句中

I’llseethatnobodydisturbsyou(willdisturb).3）if/when引导的条件分句或时间分句中

注：1）和2）中的分句可换成将来时，3）不能2021/6/1655.表过去时间

Ihearyouhavegotapart-timejob.=Iheardyougot/hadgotapart-timejob.

能用一般现在时表示过去时间的动词:tell,say,hear,learn,gather（了解，推测，得知）等或称作：历史性现在时

(HistoricPresent)2021/6/166IIUsesofSimplePast1.表过去时间

Wehadameetingyesterdayafternoon.

一般过去时表示的时间与现在不发生关系，已成为过去/不复存在，比较：

IstudiedinCanadafor7years.(现已不在加拿大)IhavestudiedinCanadafor7years.

（可能在加拿大也可能在别地）2021/6/1672.表现在时间和将来时间1）Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.(want,wonder,think,hope)

表现在时间，相当于Iwonder…,

区别在前者表婉转语气。2021/6/1682）表与现在事实相反的主观设想或对将来的主观设想，不能换为一般现在时Wearereallytired.It’stimewehadarest.IfIhadmoney,I’dbuyabighouse.I’dratheryouwentnow.(wish)2021/6/169Exercise11BPuttheverbsinbracketsintothesimplepresentorthesimplepast:I’llmakesurethateverything_____(be)inorder.2.Ihope(that)I______________(see)youthere.3.Seethatyou______(be)readyat8o’clock.4.I’mgettingtired---it’stimewe_______(go)home.5.I’dratheryou_______(buy)acar.issee/willseearewentbought2021/6/16106.Ifeelasifmyhead______(be)onfire.7.Isn’titabouttimeyou_________(setto)and_____(do)somework？8.It’shightimewe_____(have)arest.9.Heactsasifhe_______(know)Englishperfectly.10.IwishI______(know)hisname.11.I’dratheryou______(live)closertous.12.I__________(wonder)ifyouwerefreethisevening.wassettodidhadknewknewlivedwonderedExercise11B2021/6/161113.Ihopeyou_______________(sleep)well.14.I_____(say)youarewrong.15.John______(tell)methattherewasacaraccidentlastnight.16.I_____(hear)oldMrsSmithhaslosthercat.17.I________(want)toaskifIcouldborrowyourladder.18.Theteno’clocknews______(say)it’sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.Exercise11Bsleep/willsleepsaytellshearwantedsays2021/6/1612Exercise11B19.I_________(suggest)youphonemetomorrow.20.Twoandthree____________(make)five.Ihopeshe______________(notdislike)theflowers.22.IfonlyI_____(have)moremoney,Icouldbuysomenewclothes.23.IbetI_____(get)therebeforeyou.24.Don’tcometomorrow.I’dratheryou_______(come)nextweekend.suggestmake/makesdoesn’tdislikehadgetcame2021/6/1613Exercise11B25.A:Ihaven’tgotatablecloth.B:Supposewe_______(use)asheet?26.A:Daddy,canIwatchTV?B:Supposeyou__________(do)yourhomeworkfirst?27.Ifit_________(rain),thematchwouldbecancelled.28.I_______(gather)Peter’slookingforajob.29.MrSmith_______(step)intohisoffice,_____(sit)downand________(begin)tofillintheforms.use(d)do/didrainedgathersteppedsatbegan2021/6/1614Exercise11B30.Atrise,thestage____(be)dark.It____(be)two-thirtyinthemorningandahot,midsummer’sdayhasjustbegun.It_____(be)silent…MELEDISON,inpajamas,robeandslippers_____(sit)aloneonthetinysofa,smokingacigarette.He______(rub)hisfaceanxiously,then________(cough)…isisissitsrubscoughs2021/6/1615IIIUsesofPresentProgressive1.表正在进行的动作

WearelearningEnglishgrammar.2.表现阶段一直在进行的动作

(一种暂时性，不是长期性)

与频度副词always等连用时表示感情色彩,比较:Youarealwayscomplainingaboutyourwork.(感情色彩)Youalwayscomplainaboutyourwork.(说明事实)2021/6/16163.表按计划近期内即将发生的动作

IamleavingChinainafewweeks.注：用现在进行体表将来，句中要有表将来的时间状语（上下文），否则歧义，例如：

Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?(表示将来)Areyoudoinganythingspecialnow?(表示说话时正在进行的动作)2021/6/16174.其他用法1)表刚刚过去的动作，只适用于口语

YouknowIamtellingthetruth.…whatIamtalkingabout.2）表婉转口气

Iamhoping/wonderingyouwillhelpme.2021/6/1618Exercise11DPuttheverbsinbracketsintothesimplepresentOrthepresentprogressive:Mysister____________(live)athomeforthemoment.2.You_______(live)inNorthLondon,don’tyou?3.Why___thatgirl________(stand)onthetable?4.ChetfordCastle________(stand)onahilljustoutsidethetown.islivingliveisstandingstands2021/6/1619Exercise11D5.She______(see)herdoctortwiceaweek.6.Theweather__________(get)betterandbetter.7.We____probably__________(spend)nextweekendathome.8.Water______(boil)at212°Fahrenheit.9.Thebottle___________(boil).ShallImaketea?10.George____________(get)upatfiveo’clockeverydaythisweektoprepareforhisexamination.seesisgettingarespendingboilsisboilingisgetting2021/6/1620Exercise11D11.He____always_________(write)withaspecialpen----justbecausehelikestobedifferent.12.What______you_____________(talkabout)?Ican’tmakeheadortailofit.iswritingaretalkingabout2021/6/1621IV.UsesofPastProgressive1.表过去某时（点/段）正在进行的动作

Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayafternoon?Iwasstudyinginthelibrary.2.表过去某种习惯性动作3.表过去将来时间里的动作

Theywereleavingafewdayslater2021/6/16224.表现在时间和将来时间里的动作1）婉转语气只限于hope,want,wonder等词

比较委婉程度：

Iwonderifyoucanhelpme.Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.Iamwonderingifyoucanhelpme.Iwaswonderingifyoucouldhelpme.2021/6/16232）主观臆想用在it’stime,Iwish,I’drather,if条件句中，和一般过去时用法无区别,如：

Itistimewewerehavingarest.Itistimewehadarest.2021/6/16245.过去进行体与一般过去时比较

过去时过去进行体已经完成的动作未完成的动作陈述事实侧重动作的持续性较短的动作较长的动作随意、无目的动作动作的时间顺序

2021/6/1625TenseandAspectIIKeyPoints:Usesofpresentperfective(progressive)2.Usesofpastperfective(progressive)2021/6/1626I.Usesofpresentperfective1.have/has+ed分词构成2.两个主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法

Ihaveeatenmydinner.(发生在过去某时的动作到现在已经完成。)Hehaslivedherefor10years/since1999.(发生在过去某时的动作一直持续到现在有可能继续。)2021/6/16273.区别：已完成用法通常不与段时间连用，未完成用法常与段时间连用。

Ihavefinishedmyhomework.已完成用法

Ihaveknownhimfor8years.未完成用法II.Usesofpresentperfectiveprogressive1.have/hasbeen+ing分词构成2.用法与现在完成体未完成用法相仿，可以互换

Hehaslivedherefor10years.Hehasbeenlivingherefor10years.(强调一种持续性)2021/6/16283.不能互换，比较：

Whohaseatenmydinner?（全吃光）

Whohasbeeneatingmydinner?

（有剩余）

Example:

我工作了整整一天。

Ihavebeenworkingallday.

我学英语学了好些年了。

IhavebeenlearningEnglishforquiteafewyears.2021/6/1629我真累了。我一直在打羽毛球，我已经很长时间没打。Iamreallytired.Ihavebeenplayingbadminton.Ihaven’tplayedforalongtime.我认识这位作家有些年了，我一直都在读他写的小说。Ihaveknownthiswriterforseveralyears.Ihavebeenreadinghisnovels.2021/6/1630III.Usesofpastperfective1.had+ed分词构成2.两个主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法相对的时间是过去：过去的过去，在过去某时之前发生的动作。

Ihadeatenmydinnerbeforetheycame.已完成

Hetoldmethathehadlivedherefor10years.未完成

Example:2021/6/1631当我们到达操场的时候，比赛已经开始了。Whenwegotto/reachedtheplayground,thematch/gamehadbegun.我还没来得及向他解释，他就走了。BeforeIexplainedtohim,hehadleft.IV.Usesofpastperfectiveprogressive1.hadbeen+ing分词构成2.

与现在完成进行体用法相仿，只是时间推移到了过去。

Example:2021/6/1632在他大学毕业之前，他一直在努力地学习电脑。Beforehegraduatedfromthecollege,hehadbeenmakingeffortstolearncomputer.在老师到来之前，我已经在教室呆了五分钟了。Bythetimetheteachercame,Ihadbeenstayingintheclassroomfor5minutes.2021/6/16333.when/before/after/until引导的分句中过去完成体的用法。

表示动作先后，可以互换：

Whentheycame,Ihadeatenmydinner.Ihadeatenmydinnerbeforetheycame.AfterIhadeatenmydinner,theycame.Theydidn’tcomeuntilIhadeatenmydinner.BythetimetheycameIhadeatenmydinner.2021/6/1634

注：1)通常一个动作用一般过去时，一个用过去完成体。2)After/before本身已经体现出动作的先后，所以也可都用一般过去时Iatemydinnerbeforetheycame.AfterIatemydinner,theycame.两个动作可都用过去完成体，少，如bythetimeBythetimetheyhadcome,Ihadeatenmydinner.2021/6/1635V.Imaginaryuseofpastperfective1.用于由if,ifonly,asif引导的分句中：

Ifonlyyouhadtoldmebefore.2.用于Iwish,I’drather等结构后面的that-

分句中：

Iwouldratheryouhadtoldherthetruth.3.用于expect,think,intend,mean(=intend)want,suppose等动词，表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图：

Ihadintendedtomakeacake,butIranoutoftime.2021/6/1636VI.Moreontheuseofperfectiveaspect1.完成体与havegot/havegotto

我得到了一本新字典。

Ihavegotanewdictionary.

我有一本新字典。（口语）

Ihaveanewdictionary.Ihavegotanewdictionary./Ihavegotnotime.Ihavegottodoit.=Ihavetodoit.2.Itis/willbethefirsttimethatIhavebeenhere.ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadbeenhere.2021/6/1637MultipleChoice____,theplayersbeganthegame.A)HavingtakenourseatsB)BeingtakentheseatsC)AfterwehadtakenourseatsD)Takingtheseats2.TheCuriesdiscoveredradiumafterthey____.A)weremarriedB)hadbeenmarriedC)marriedD)havemarriedCC2021/6/16383.“Let’shurry.ThePresidentiscoming.”“Oh,hasn’thecomeyet?Iwasafraidwe___.”A)alreadymisshimB)hasalreadymissedhimC)hadalreadymissedhimD)havealreadymissedhim4.Youwillhardlybelieveit,butthisisthethirdtimetonightsomeone____me.A)telephonedB)hastelephonedC)telephonesD)shouldtelephoneCB2021/6/16395.Youloveyouronlysonandindulgehimsomuchthatyou____himharm.A)aredoingB)havedoneC)willhavedoneD)aredoingtodo6.Thecompany____ariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappenedyet.A)ispromisedB)ispromisingC)hasbeenpromisingD)promisedAC2021/6/16407.Ithasbeenabout7yearssincethey____.A)gotmarriedB)gotmarryC)getmarriedD)havemarried8.Asayoungmanhedidnotknowthathe____becomefamouslateron.A)wastoB)shouldC)wasgoingtoD)wouldAA2021/6/16419.We____thecoldwinterforthepast2years.A)wouldhaveB)hadC)havehadD)havebeenhaving10.She_____whenthatyoungmandivedinandsavedher.A)drownedB)wasdrowningC)wasgoingtodrownD)haddrownedDB2021/6/164211.He____manyoftheexperiencesheever___inhischildhood.A)graduallyforget……hadB)isgraduallyforgetting……hadC)wasgraduallyforgetting……hadD)havegraduallyforgotten……had12.Youhavebeenwithinaninchoflifeand___it.A)haven’tknownB)didn’tknowC)donotknowD)hadn’tknownBB2021/6/164313.Ouruniversityisnolongerwhatshe____.A)hadbeenB)hadC)wasD)willbe14.Shegavemethatnotebookonmybirthday,andI____itinmydrawer.A)havesincekeptB)sincekeptC)amsincekeepingD)hadsincekeptCA2021/6/164415.You____yourbooksabout.A)constantlyleaveB)areconstantlyleavingC)constantlyleftD)haveconstantlyleft16.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenallpossible,butI____fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.A)wereB)hadbeenC)havebeenD)wasBD2021/6/164517.She____cleanoutthespaceroomlastweek,butwastoomuchoccupiedatthattime.A)intendedtoB)wasintendedtoC)hadintendedtoD)hasintendedto18.WhenIsawhersmilingface,Iknewshe___goodnewsofherhusband.A)hasB)hashadC)hadhadD)washavingCC2021/6/164619.Hedidnotarriveuntilthemeetingwasnearlyover,forthesimplereasonthathe____asleepwhilewatchingtelevision.A)hadfallenB)hasfallenC)fellD)wasfalling20.Henrywouldratherthathisgirlfriend____inthesamedepartmentashedoes.A)worksB)hadworkedC)workedD)hasbeenwokedCC2021/6/1647ErrorCorretingWhenthepoliceman