新教材高考英语全程一轮复习第五讲构词法课件

第五讲构词法答案与解析：marriage考查词性转换。根据句意可知，此处要用名词marriage作ceremony的定语，表示“结婚仪式，结婚典礼”。故填marriage。3．[2020·北京卷]Becauseoftheconfidencesheinspiredinme,I'vecarvedouta________(success)professionasajournalist.4．[2020·北京卷]Oliversaysifyou're________(luck)enoughtohavesomeoneclosetoyouwhoenjoyscooking,askthemif/whetheryoucanjoininwhenit'spossible.答案与解析：successful考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。profession为名词，

意为“职业”，故应用形容词来修饰。故填successful。答案与解析：lucky考查形容词。句意：奥利弗说，如果你足够幸运，身边有一个喜欢烹饪的人。空前有be动词，所以空处填形容词做表语。故填lucky。●考点研析多维讲练

●考点一

名词的构词规律★★★★★1.动词变名词的后缀(1)-al表示人、物、行为、状态(特殊：去e＋-al)approve赞成→approval赞成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到达→arrival到达；到达者；到来物refuse拒绝→refusal拒绝propose提议→proposal提议；建议(2)-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为appear出现→appearance出现；外貌perform表演→performance表演exist存在→existence存在prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱refer参考；查阅→reference参考；查阅depend依靠→dependence依赖；依靠guide指引→guidance引导；指导(4)-s(s)ion表示行为或状态discuss讨论→discussion讨论admit承认→admission承认；准许加入decide决定→decision决定(5)-ing具有……(特征)的hear听→hearing听力；听觉listen听→listening听；听力begin开始→beginning开始部分(6)-ment表示行为、结果等achieve达到；完成→achievement成就develop发展→development发展(去e)argue争论→argument争论；论据(7)-ure/-ture表示行为或状态fail失败→failure失败press压；挤→pressure压力mix混合→mixture混合物expose暴露→exposure面临；暴露(8)-y表示……的动作(或过程)recover恢复→recovery恢复；痊愈discover发现→discovery发现(9)其他常见变化：choose选择→choice选择vary相异→variety多样化；品种tend倾向→tendency趋向；趋势grow生长→growth生长marry结婚→marriage婚姻carry搬→carriage客车厢；运输pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒post邮寄→postage邮资；邮费store贮存→storage贮存2．形容词变名词的后缀(1)-cy表示性质、状态fluent流利→fluency流利；流畅accurate准确的→accuracy准确(性)private私有的→privacy隐私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率(2)-dom表示地位、状况等free自由的→freedom自由wise明智的→wisdom智慧(3)-ness表示性质、状态dark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虚弱的→weakness虚弱kind友好的→kindness善良cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠aware知道的；意识到的→awareness知道；意识(4)-th表示结果、过程、性质、状态warm温暖的→warmth温暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strong强壮的→strength力量long长的→length长度wide宽的→width宽度(5)-y/-ity表示性质或状态difficult困难的→difficulty困难honest诚实的→honesty诚实safe安全的→safety安全cruel残忍的→cruelty残忍responsible负责的→responsibility责任(6)-ent变为-ence，-ant变为-ance,-nd变为-nsedifferent不同的→difference不同(之处)silent沉默的；不说话的→silence寂静respond回应→response响应patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席confident自信的→confidence信心convenient方便的→convenience便利important重要的→importance重要(性)defend防御；保卫→defense/defence防御；保护◎即学即练(单句语法填空)1．[2022·山东省泰安市模拟]IntheeyesoftheYipeople,fireisthesymboloflight,whichisbelievedtohavetheabilitytodriveawayinsectsandpestsandprotectthe________(grow)ofcrops.答案与解析：growth句意：火在彝族人眼中是光的象征，火被认为有驱除害虫和保护农作物生长的能力。空处作宾语，表示“生长”应用名词growth，表抽象概念，不可数。3．[2022·银川市考前适应性训练]“Thenewroboticarmscostnomorethan1，000yuan，”saidChenXiaoping,________(direct)oftheRoboticsLaboratoryatUSTC,addingthatthisgivesthemanadvantageformuchwiderapplication.答案与解析：director此处用direct的名词形式director作ChenXiaoping的同位语，意为“主管，负责人”。答案与解析：impression句意：中国人对他们的菜感到自豪。然而，当像英国人这样的外国人想到中国菜时，他们对中国菜的印象与你想的可能不同。在形容词性物主代词their后应用名词作主语，名词impression意为“印象”，符合语境，根据is可知用其单数形式。

考点二

形容词和副词的词形转换★★★★★1.形容词的构词规律类别例词词尾加-ycloud→cloudy,luck→lucky,health→healthy,sleep→sleepy词尾加-(e)dgift→gifted,talent→talented,advance→advanced,excite→excited词尾加­ingsurprise→surprising,convince→convincing,frighten→frightening类别例词词尾加-ful/-lessmeaning→meaningful/meaningless,care→careful/careless,help→helpful/helpless,harm→harmful/harmless,home→homeless,colour→colourful/colourless,use→useful/useless,thank→thankful/thankless,peace→peaceful/peaceless词尾加-ablecomfort→comfortable,knowledge→knowledgeable,accept→acceptable,respect→respectable类别例词词尾加-ousdanger→dangerous,courage→courageous,humour→humorous词尾的-ce变为-tconfidence→confident,difference→different词尾加-almusic→musical,person→personal,nation→national,education→educational,

tradition→traditional词尾加-lyfriend→friendly,week→weekly,love→lovely词尾加-enwood→wooden,wool→woolen类别例词其他常见变化energy→energetic,fool→foolish,pleasure→pleasant/pleased,science→scientific以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny,fun→funny等)，以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy,ice→icy,taste→tasty等)动词词尾加­ive/­ativeattract→attractive,talk→talkative,prevent→preventive,protect→protective提示如何区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词解决此类问题有两个切入点：第一，看语境表示的是“令人……”(-ing)，还是“感到……”(-ed)；第二，看语境说明的是性质特征(-ing)，还是感受(-ed)。具体如下：(1)-ing型形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质特征，常译为“令人……的”。(2)-ed型形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑),feeling(感觉),appearance(外貌),cry(哭),face(面部表情),voice(声音),mood(情绪),look(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。2．副词的构词规律类别例词形容词＋后缀-lyclear→clearly,great→greatly,loud→loudly,sudden→suddenly,sincere→sincerely以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词，把y变成i再加-lyhappy→happily,heavy→heavily,angry→angrily,lucky→luckily,noisy→noisily*shy→shyly(y的发音为/aɪ/，直接加­ly)类别例词词尾为­ble/­le的形容词，去掉e，再加-yterrible→terribly,possible→possibly,gentle→gently,probable→probably,comfortable→comfortably,responsible→responsibly,suitable→suitably(例外：whole→wholly)词尾为-ue的形容词，去掉e再加-lytrue→truly(高中阶段仅此一例)词尾为-ll的形容词，直接加-yfull→fully,dull→dully词尾为-ic的形容词，加-allybasic→basically,scientific→scientifically,specific→specifically,automatic→automatically◎即学即练(单句语法填空)1．[2021·浙江卷1月]But30yearslater,theBMIdifferencesbetweenurbanandruralpeopleinmanycountrieshadnarrowed________(sharp).2．[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ]Inthe18thand19thcenturies，________(wealth)peopletravelledandcollectedplants,historicalobjectsandworksofart.答案与解析：sharply考查副词。空格处修饰动词narrowed。故用副词sharply“急剧地，大幅度地”。答案与解析：wealthy考查词性转换。根据空格后的名词people可知，这里应用形容词wealthy作定语。3．[江苏高考]Stevemovedtothepianoandsatatthebench,handstremblingashe________(gentle)placedhisfingersonthekeys.4．[2022·昆明三诊一模]DavidKatzwasupsetbyalltheplasticgoingintotheocean.Tohelpsolvetheproblem，hehada________(create)idea—totreatplasticlikemoney.答案与解析：gently考查词性转换。根据空格后的动词placed可知，这里应用副词gently作状语。答案与解析：creative考查词性转换(动词变形容词)。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰名词idea，应用形容词形式。故填creative。考点三

动词的构词规律★★★★★前/后缀例词前缀en­able→enable使能够

large→enlarge扩大rich→enrich使充实；使丰富

danger→endanger危及courage→encourage鼓励

sure→ensure保证后缀­en

broad→broaden使变宽ripe→ripen使成熟sharp→sharpen使尖锐wide→widen加宽short→shorten变短deep→deepen加深dark→darken使变暗hard→harden使变硬­ifyclass→classify把……分类

justjustify证明……正确pure→purify净化simple→simplify简化beauty→beautify美化­izeapology→apologize道歉

emphasis→emphasize强调memory→memorize记住real→realize认识到；实现◎即学即练(单句语法填空)1．Youcan________(large)yourvocabularyinmanywayssuchasreadingbooksandlisteningtotheradio.2．Inorderto________(rich)ourcampuslife,ourschoolorganizeda5kmcross-countryrunningracelastSunday.3．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]WhileQueenslandRailmakeseveryeffortto________(sure)trainsrunasscheduled,therecanbenoguaranteeofconnectionsbetweentrainsorbetweentrainservicesandbusservices.4．[2022·T8八校高三联考]Thiscan________(deep)theirknowledgeaboutthehistoryofthemoonandthesolarsystem.enlargeenrichensuredeepen名师指津转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。转化规则例词名词→动词face

(n.脸→v.面对)shoulder(n.肩→v.肩负)water(n.水→v.浇水)back(n.背→v.支持)name(n.名字→v.命名)动词→名词look

(v.→n.)看try(v.→n.)尝试dream(v.→n.)梦想chat(v.→n.)聊天名师指津

high、deep、wide用作副词时表示具体概念，而highly、deeply、widely表示抽象概念。转化规则例词形容词→动词empty

(adj.空的→v.倒空)slow(adj.慢的→v.减慢)dirty(adj.脏的→v.弄脏)warm(adj.暖的→v.使变暖)形容词→副词hard

(adj.难的→adv.努力)high(adj.高的→adv.高)deep(adj.深的→adv.深)wide(adj.宽的→adv.宽)1．答案与解析：isfilled考查时态和语态。文章的主体时态是一般现在时。mind和fill是被动关系，这里用一般现在时的被动语态。故填isfilled。2．答案与解析：that考查定语从句。空外引导定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，指的是物，先行词被thefirst修饰。故关系词用that。“Kungfu，inmyeyes，isamirrorofChineseculture，”Brahmsaid.“Thetradi