联立高级中学grammar

人教课标高一必修3Unit4Rewrite

the

following

sentences

withnoun

clauses

as

the

subject.His

discovery

has

not

yet

been

proved.What

has

not

yet

been

proved

is

hisdiscovery.Do

the

other

astronomers

accept

hisideas?

It

remains

a

question.Whether

the

other

astronomersaccepts

his

ideas

remains

a

question.The

first

appearance

oflife

on

earthis still

amysterytoscientists.How

life

first

appeared

on

earth

is

stillamysterytoscientists.Whyisthe

earthing

warmer?

Itis

an

important

topicfor

research.Why

theearthising

warmer

is

animportant

topicfor

research.Stephen

Hawkingat65experiencedzerogravity

during

a

flight.

It

amazed

everybody.It

amazed

everybody

that

StephenHawking

at

65

experienced

zerogravityduring

a

flight.Pluto

is

no

longer

considered

a

planet

in our

solar

system.

Whatasurprise!It

is

a

surprisethat

Pluto

is

nolongerconsidered

a

planet

in

our

solar

system.主语从句在复合句中作句子的主语。引导主语从句的词有从属连词that,whether,if；连接代词who,

whoever,whom,

what,

whatever,whose,

which；连接副词when,

where,

how,why等。【例句呈现】观察下列例句，指出其中所包含的主语从句及引导词:1.

What

is

needed

for

a

long

trip

is

carefulpreparation.该句中主语从句是What

is

needed

for

a

long

trip

，引导词为what

。ThatJayZhou

willcometomycity excites

everybody.该句中主语从句是That

Jay

Zhou

will

cometo

my

city

，引导词为

that

。Whether

we

will

travel

abroad

or

not hasnotbeendecided.该句中主语从句是

Whether

we

will

travel

abroad

or

not

，引导词为

whether

。Whoever

knows

the

secretmustn’t

tell others.该句中主语从句是

Whoever

knows

the

secret

，引导词为

whoever。 It

remains

a

puzzle

why

dinosaurs

diedout

suddenly

long

time

ago.该句中主语从句是

why

dinosaurs

died

out

suddenlylong

timeago，引导词为

why

。【观察总结】通过分析上面例句，同学们可能会发现上面第5句中的主语从句似乎比较隐蔽。其实，这也是主语从句的一种呈现方式，即：当一个句子主语过长时，可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语或主语从句后移至句子末尾，以保持句子的平衡。注意观察下列例句中的划线部分：It

is

notclear

how

the

accident

happened.It

is

not

hard

to

understand

why

he

did

soatthattime.It

is

a

pity

that

you

should

have

made

such

a

careless

mistake.It

is

reported

that

more

than

thirty

deaths

were

caused

in

the

accident.不难看出，虽然上面例句中都用it作形式主语，但句子结构却不尽相同。现将常结如下：见的由it作形式主语的句型总It

is+n.

+that从句 Itis+adj.+that从句，常见此类形容词有：important,

necessary,clear,certain,

natural,

strange,

obvious,likely,impossible,

possible等。It+特殊动词+that

从句It

seems

/

appears

...

that

...似乎……It

happened

(to

sb.)

that

...（某人）碰巧……It+be+过去分词+主语从句It

is

said

/

reported

/

believed

/suggested

/

known

/

proved

that

...【要点精讲】1.

what与that引导主语从句观察下列例句，试着翻译例句并总结其规律。(1)

What

you

lack

is

self-confidence.译为：你所缺乏的是自信。 That

more

and

more

students

areadmitted

into

universities

is

true.译为：越来越多的学生将被大学录取的消息是真实的。 What

is

needed

for

the

program

ismore

wisdom.译为：这个项目所需要的是更多的智慧。从上面例句可以看出，that引导主语从句时，在句中具有“两不”原则：一、不作句子成分；二、没有实际意义。当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，that可以省略。而what引导的从句则恰恰相反，what在从句中的作用为：一、作句子成分；二、除了起到引导从句的作用外还要承担具体的意义。【巩固练习】用what或that填空。

What

he

told

us

this

morning

wasjustalie.What

is

importanttous

is

enoughtime. Itworriesmymom

that

she

isbeginningtogetalittlefat.What

wecan’t

getseems

better

than

what

wehave.2.whether与if引导主语从句如果主语从句置于句首，不能用if引导，此时，需用whether。但如果用

it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导。【巩固练习】用whether或if填空。 Itdoesn’tmatter

whether

/

if

he

willcome

or

not.

Whether

we’ll

go

camping

tomorrowdepends

on

the

weather. Itwasdoubtful

whether

/

if

Tomreally

saw

Sharon.

Whether

Tom

really

saw

Sharon

wasdoubtful.3.

其它引导词连接代词who,which,whom,whose有各自的具体意义，起连接作用，同时在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等；whoever,whatever,whichever在意义上更为强调，常译为“无论……”；连接副词when,

where,

why,how等也有各自的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作状语。【常见错误展示】下列各句均有一处错误，请改正并分析错误的原因。1.Lighttravels

faster

than

sound

iscommon

knowledge.Thatthat虽无词义但引导主语从句位于句首时不能省略。2.Ifshe’s

coming

or

notdoesn’t

matter

much.if,whether都可表示“是否”,但if不能引导位于主句之前的主语从句，它可以引导位于主句之后带有形式主语it的主语从句。Whether3.Thatthe

professor

said

is

of

greatWhatimportance.that引导主语从句时无词义。What

theprofessor

said表示“教授所说的”。4.

Where

will

the

trees

be

planted

hasnot

been

decided.将will置于trees之后。主语从句要用陈述句语序。5.Nomatter

whobreaks

the

rule

willheldstillremainaquestion.bepunished.引导让步状语从句时二者可互换，但引导名词性从句时只能用whoever。6.

When

and

where

the

meeting

will

beWhoever主语从句表示单一概念时，谓语要用单数形式。remains7.

What

were

your

problems

a

yearagohasnow emine.madehavehas要改为have。主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语要用复数形式。8.

It

was

requested

that

everyone(should)

make

a

speech

at

the

meeting.在“It

is

requested/ordered/suggested+

that从句”中，从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1.Itisstillunderdiscussion

theold

bus

station

should

be

replacedwithamodernhotelor

not.(重庆2011)A.

whetherC.

whichB.

whenD.

where2.

The

villagers

have

alread