英汉语言对比Chapter-6-被动与主动

PassiveVS.ActivePassiveEnglish:一、施事的原因不需要或不可能指明时：Themurdererwascaughtyesterday,anditissaidthathewillbehanged.Shetoldmethathermasterhaddismissedher.Noreasonhadbeenassigned;noobjectionhadbeenmadetoherconduct.Shehadbeenforbiddentoappealtohermistress.Attheteapartyonlyteaandcakewereserved.二、句法要求：Somekindsofplasticscanbeforcedthroughmachineswhichseparatethemintolong,thinstrings,called“fibers”,andthesefiberscanbemadeintocloth.Iwasastonishedthathewaspreparedtogivemeajob.三、修辞的需要：TherearemanywaystovarythebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject-verb-object.ThebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject-verb-objectcanbevariedinmanyways.四、文体的需要：Therefore,whenwearereceivedwithsomuchhonorandsomuchkindnessinthisgreatcountryIbelievethatthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisdoingaverysignificantthing.英语结构被动句（syntacticpassive）比意义被动句（notionalpassive）多.Sentence/vocabulary:examinee,referee,desirable,eatable….Theseproductsselllikehotcakes.Theclockwindsupattheback.Shedressesbeautifully.Theroomfilledrapidly.Thiskindofclothwashesverywell.Thebookisprinting.ActiveChinese英语常用结构被动式，汉语常用意义被动式：一、汉语被动式的使用受到限制：Itwaswelldone.这件事做得好（这件事被做得好）Itwaspoorlydone.这件事做得不好/这件事给弄糟了。1、inflictivevoice不幸语态：庄稼让大水冲跑了。Thecropswerewashedawaybytheflood.这股敌人全给游击队消灭了。Thewholehordeofenemysoldierswaswipedoutbytheguerrillas.2、汉语被动句多用于动句中，表动作：Theglassisbroken.玻璃杯破了。（不用被动）Theglasswasbrokenbymybrother.玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。（被动）Thehouseissurroundedbytrees.房子周围都是树。Theenemywassoonsurroundedbyourtroops.敌人很快就被我军包围了。Moreexamples:Heisrespectedbyeverybody.人人都尊敬他。JohnactuallylovedMaryandwaslovedinreturn.Myholidayafternoonswerespentinramblesaboutthesurroundingcountry.Languageisshapedby,andshapes,humanthought.TheChineseTableTennisTeamalsovisitedaManhattanpublicschool,delightingthepupilsandbeingdelightedbythem.MoreonPage125二、使用受事“主语”（receptorsubject）/“主题”（topic）/“话题”（theme）导致大量的“当然被动句”:一匹马骑两个人。Twopersonsrodeonehorse.这锅饭能吃十人。Apotofricelikethiscanfeed10people.困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,theworkhasbeenfinishedandtheproblemsolved.三、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动式：要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。Airresistancemustbegivencarefulconsiderationwhentheaircraftistobemanufactured.为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？Whyshouldalltheunpleasantjobsbepushedontome.四、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采用通称（genericperson）或泛称（如“人”、“有人”

“人们”

“大家”

“人家”

“别人”等）作主语，以保持句子的主动形式：Hehasoften,notalwaysjustly,beenaccusedofindecisiveness.人们常常指责他优柔寡断，虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。Voiceswereheardcallingforhelp.有人听见呼救的声音。众所周知，中国人很久以前就发明了指南针。ItiswellknownthatthecompasswasinventedinChinalongago.人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究人口控制问题。Theproblemofpopulationcontrolhastoberecognizedandapproachedinaworldenvironmentcontext.五、当不便使用被动式时，汉语还可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义：1、处置式（“把字式”或“将字式”）Thesequestionsshouldnotbeconfused.不要把这些问题混在一起。Themechanicalenergycanbechangedbackintoelectricalenergybyagenerator.利用发电机，可以将机械能再变回电能。2、“为…所”式：茅屋为秋风所破。Thethatchedhousewasdestroyedbytheautumnstorm.3、“是…的”式：这些产品是我国制造的。Theseproduc