选矿学基本概念(双语版)

OutlineIntroduction：Concepts,

Methods,

Terms

and

DevelopmentProperties

of

mineral：Physical,

Surface

chemical

and

MineralogyM钒in及er钒al化Proc合es物singComminution：Crushing,

Grinding,

Screening

and

ClassificationPhysical

Methods：Gravity

concentration,

Magnetic

andelectrical

separationFroth

flotation：Principle

and

processProduction

Handling：Dewatering

and

DryingIntroduction

on

Mineral

ProcessingMinerals

and

OresMineral

Processing

MethodBasic

FlowsheetTerms

and

IndexDevelopmentChapter

11.1

Minerals

and

OresMineralsBy

definition,

minerals

are

natural

inorganic

substancepossessing

definite

chemical

compositions

and

atomic

struc矿物是指由地质作用所形成的结晶态的天然化合物或单质，他们具有均匀且相对固定的化学成分和确定的晶体结构；它

们在一定的物理化学条件范围内稳定，是组成岩石和矿石的基本单元。1.1

Minerals

and

OresSpeciesAccording

to

crystal

chemistry

scheme,

minerals

are

classito

the

following

five

broad

headings.Native:

Au,

Ag,

Cu,

C,

etc.Sulphide:

Pbs,

ZnS,

CuFeS2,

FeS2,

etc.Oxide

and

hydroxide:

Fe3O4,

MnO2,Minerals2TiO

...4

3

4

4

4((4)

Oxysalt:

SiO

,

CO

,

SO

,

PO

,

WO

,

etc.(5)

Halide:

NaCl,

KCl,

HgCl,

etc.crystal

chemistry晶体化学，结晶化学broad

heading大类hydroxide氢氧化物1.1

Minerals

and

OresMineral

NameFormula磁铁矿magnetiteFe3O4赤铁矿hematiteFe2O3黄铜矿chalcopyriteCuFeS2辉铜矿chalcociteCu2S孔雀石malachiteCuCO3

Cu(OH)2针硫镍矿milleriteNiS方铅矿galenaPbS闪锌矿sphaleriteZnS菱锌矿smithsoniteZnCO3铝土矿bauxiteAl2O3

H2O黄铁矿pyriteFeS2Table

1.

Some

main

metallic

ore

minerals1.1

Minerals

and

OresOre

NameFormula方解石萤石calcitefluoriteCaCO3CaF2重晶石baryteBaSO4毒重石witheriteBaCO3磷灰石apatiteCa5F(PO4)3白云石dolomite(Ca,Mg)CO3石膏gypsumCaSO4

2H2O蛇纹石serpentineMg3Si2O5(OH)4滑石talcMg3Si4O10(OH)2高岭土白云母kaolinmuscoviteH4

Al2O3

2SiO3H2KAl3(SiO4)3正长石orthoclaseKAlSi3O8Table

2.

Some

common

non-metallic

ores1.1

Minerals

and

Oreschalcopyritechalcopyrite(left)

and

galena(right)pyritemalachitemagnetitehematite1.1

Minerals

and

Oresquartzcalcitefluorite1.1

Minerals

and

OresRocksRocks

refer

to

natural

solid

mixtures

of

one

or

multipleminerals

and

mineraloids.岩石是天然产出的由一种或多种矿物或类似矿物（包括火山玻璃、生物遗骸、胶体）组成的固体集合体。根据其主要矿物种类的多少，一般分为单矿岩(monomineralogic

rock

)，如石英岩、辉石岩、斜长岩等；以及多矿岩(polymineralogic

rock

)，如花岗岩、辉长岩等。1.1

Minerals

and

OresRocksRocksIgneous/Magmatic

rocks：火成/岩浆岩Sedimentary

rocks：沉积岩Metamorphic

rocks：变质岩1.1

Minerals

and

OresOresRocks

that

valuable

metals

or

compounds

can

be

extractedMost

ores

are

mixtures

of

valuable

minerals

and

extraneous

rocmaterials

described

as

gangue.在现有的技术经济条件下，人们能将含有有用矿物的岩石中的某些组分加以富集并利用，这类岩石就称为矿石。矿石一般由有用矿物(Valuable

minerals)和脉石矿物(Gangue)两部分组成。1.1

Minerals

and

OresValuable

minerals:

chalcopyrite,

borniteCopper

sulphideoresGangues:

quartz,

sericite,

chlorite(galena,

sphalerite)Notice:

Classification

of

valuable

minerals

and

gangues

is

re1.1

Minerals

and

OresOre

speciesElements:

Metallic

ores

and

Non-metallic

ores➢Metal

species:

Monometallic

ores

and

Polymetallic

ores➢Occurrence:

Native,

Sulphide,

Oxide

and

Bulk

ores➢Content:

Poor

ores

and

Rich

ores➢Dissemination

characteristics:

Coarse-disseminated,disseminated,

Even-disseminated

and

uneven-disseminatedores1.1

Minerals

and

OresOther

materialsNon-traditional

mineral

resources

非传统矿物资源1)

Waste

industrial

solids:

smelting

slag,

tailing,

spent

catalyst2)

Sea-bed

deposits:

manganese

nodule,

cobalt

crust,

heavymetal

sludge➢海洋矿产：锰结核、钴结壳、重金属污泥Secondary

resources

二次资源1)Waste

electrical

apparatus

废旧电器:computer,cell

phone,TV,battery2)Waste

metal

products

废旧金属制品:cable,wire,can

易拉罐3)Municipal

solid

waste:paper,plastic,oil

wastewater

油污水spent

catalyst废催化剂（用过的）electrical

apparatus电气设备，电器municipal

solid

waste城市垃圾，生活垃圾1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsMineral

processingIt

is

a

process

of

physically

separating

the

grains

of

valuab

minerals

from

the

gangue

minerals,

to

produce

an

enriched

port

or

concentrate,

containing

most

of

the

valuable

minerals,

and

discard

,

or

tailing,

containing

predominantly

the

gangue

mine矿物加工是利用矿物的物理或化学性质的差异，借助各种设备将矿石中的有用矿物与脉石矿物分离，并达到使有用矿物相对富集的过程，其目的是为冶金、化工等行业提供合格原料。矿物加工的早期叫法即为选矿(ore

dressing,mineraldressing,beneficiation,milling)1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsPhysical

methodsThe

most

important

physical

methods

which

are

used

toconcentrate

ores

are

as

follows:Sorting

(分拣)Gravity

concentration(重选)Magnetic

separation(磁选)Electrical/High-tension

separation(电选)Froth

flotation(泡沫浮选)1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsSeparation

based

on

optical

and

other

properties,

which

usedbe

done

by

hand

but

is

now

mostly

accomplished

by

machine.Sorting1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsGravity

concentrationSeparation

based

on

differences

in

density

between

the

minerAs

a

technology

with

its

roots

in

antiquity,

it

is

based

on

thedifferential

movement

of

mineral

particles

in

water

due

to

theidifferent

hydraulic

properties.

Gravity

concentration

is

widein

coal

beneficiation,

iron

ore

and

diamond

processing,

and

inpre-concentration

of

metalliferous

ores.metalliferous

ores金属矿1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsMagnetic

separationSeparation

dependent

on

magnetic

properties.

Low

intensitymagnetic

separators

can

be

used

to

concentrate

ferromagnetic

misuch

as

magnetite

(Fe3O4),

while

high-intensity

separators

are

useparate

paramagnetic

minerals

from

their

gangue.

Magneticseparation

is

an

important

process

in

the

beneficiation

of

ironfinds

application

in

the

treatment

of

paramagnetic

non-ferrousminerals

and

in

the

processing

of

non-metallic

minerals.ferromagnetic

minerals铁磁性矿物1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsElectrical

separationSeparation

dependent

on

electrical

conductivity

propertiesbe

used

to

separate

conducting

minerals

from

non-conductingminerals.The

greatest

use

of

this

method

is

in

separating

somemineralsfound

in

heavy

sands

from

beach

or

stream

placers.

The

biggestdisadvantage

of

the

method

is

that

the

capacity

of

economicallyunits

is

low.1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsFroth

flotationSeparation

utilizing

the

different

surface

properties

of

thIt

is

one

of

the

most

important

methods

of

concentration,

whicheffected

by

the

attachment

of

the

mineral

particles

to

air

bubbwithin

the

agitated

pulp.

By

adjusting

the

“climate”

of

the

pvarious

re-agents,

it

is

possible

to

make

the

valuable

minerals(aerophilic)

and

the

gangue

mineralswater-avid

(aerophobic).results

in

separation

by

transfer

of

the

valuable

minerals

to

tbubbles

which

form

the

froth

floating

on

the

surface

of

the

pulp1.3

Basic

flowsheet

of

mineral

processingBlock

flowsheet方框流程Three

operations:ComminutionSeparationProduct

handlingFig.1

Simple

block

flowsheet1.3

Basic

flowsheet

of

mineral

processingLine

flowsheetOperations:ComminutionCrushing,

screening,

grinding,classificationSeparationFive

methods

as

single

or

in

combinationFig.2

Line

flowsheetProducts:ConcentrateTailing1.4

Terms

and

IndexTermsOre/Run

of

mine

ore(原矿)：The

feed

of

raw

material.Concentrate(精矿)：The

enriched

portion

containingvaluable

minerals.Middling

(中矿)：The

portion

must

be

returned

to

processor

further

treated.Tailing(尾矿)：The

discarded

portion

containing

gangue1.4

Terms

and

IndexIndexGrade/Assay

(品位)：The

content

of

the

marketable

endproduct

in

the

material.Yield(产率)：The

weight

ratio

of

product

to

ore.Recovery(回收率)：The

percentage

of

the

total

valuablecontained

in

the

ore

that

is

recovered

from

the

concentrateEnrichment

ratio(富集比)：The

ratio

of

the

grade

of

theconcentrate

to

the

grade

of

the

feed.Ratio

of

concentration(选别比)：The

ratio

of

the

weightthe

feed

to

the

weight

of

the

concentrate.1.4

Terms

and

IndexCalculationα—

grade

of

ore;

β

—

grade

of

concentrate;

ϑ

—

grade

of

tailingγ—

yield

of

concentrate;

ε

—

recovery

of

concentrate1.5

DevelopmentResource

ProcessingMineral

ProcessingOre/Mineral

Dressing1920s1960s2000s1.5

DevelopmentOre

dressing19世纪中叶前，人类利用的矿物资源主要是通过手工作业从天然矿石中得到的。这些手工作业虽然有近代“表层浮选”“重选”的影子，但还算不上是一门工业技术。19世纪末至20世纪20年代，世界工业生产快速发展，对矿物原料的需求增大，使“选矿”技术从古代的手工作业向工业技术发生转变。近代大部分的选矿工

艺与设备属于这一时期选矿领域的技术发明，特别是20年代初，黄药、黑药在浮选硫化矿中得到工业应用。选矿技术已成为一门人类从天然矿石中选别、富集有用矿物原料的成熟的工业技术，并得到广泛应用。随着选矿技术的大规模工业应用，对各种选矿工艺过程机制及基础理论的研究也随之展开。在浮选方面，美国的Taggart及苏联的Plaksins等先后提出了捕收剂的“化学反应假说”或“溶度积假说”。矿物的润湿性与可浮性的关系，浮选剂的吸附作用机理，浮选的活化以及矿物表面电性与可浮性的关系得到系统研究。到60年代前后，浮选的三大基本理论（润湿理论、吸附理论及双电层理论）已初步形成。1.5

DevelopmentOre

dressing从20世纪20年代至60年代前后，经过几十年的发展，选矿已从一门纯工程技术向工程科学转化，有其明确的学科方向：重选：以流体力学为学科基础，根据不同矿物的密度差异在一定的介质中进行不同矿物的分选。电磁选：以电磁学为学科基础，根据不同矿物磁性的差异分选不同矿物。浮选：以表面化学为学科基础，根据不同矿物表面物理化学性质的差异，实现不同矿物的分选。1.5

DevelopmentMineral

processing20世纪60年代以来，随着世界经济的快速发展，一方面人类对矿物资源的需求不断增加，另一方面，矿物资源中，富矿减少、贫细矿物资源增加，而且矿山、冶炼厂排出的废水、固体废弃物等对环境的污染与治理问题也开始受到重视，传统的选矿技术与理论已不能完全适应解决这些问题。为了从贫细矿物资源中有效地分离、富集有用矿物，充分合理地利用资源，并能解决环境问题，选矿科技工作