英语修辞简介课件

IntroductiontoEnglish

FiguresofSpeech

IntroductiontoEnglish1

Contents1.喻类修辞2.代类修辞3.对照并列类修辞4.声音类修辞Content21.喻类修辞1.Simile2.Metaphor3.Personification4.Transferredepithet1.喻类修辞1.Simile31.Simile(明喻)Definition:Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedtoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.(Indealingwithsimile,anadditionalpointshouldbenoted:thetwothingscomparedareindifferentkindsandaresaidtobesimilarinonerespectonly,andnotinallways.)1.Simile(明喻)41)like和as型eg:

1.Thechequeflutteredtothefloorlikeabirdwithabrokenwing.2.Useabookasabeedoesflowers.1)like和as型eg:52)虚拟句型Eg:1.HewasabeautifulhorsethatlookedasthoughhehadcomeoutofapaintingbyVelasquez.(EarnestHemingway:ForWhomtheBellTolls)2.---andthefattestwomanIhaveeverseeninmylifedozinginastraight-backedchair.Itwasasifasackofgrainwassupportedbyamatchbox.2)虚拟句型Eg:63)than型Eg:1.Afoolcannomoreseehisownfoolishnessthanhecanseehisears.2.Mancannothelpcravingforexpressionanymorethanbirdscanhelpsinging.3)than型Eg74)and型Eg:1.Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.2.Truthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.4)and型Eg85)动词型Eg:1.Hecompareshisgeniustoalighteningflash.2.Hetreatshisdaughterastheappleintheeye.3.SamuelJohnsonregardedadictionaryasawatch.5)动词型Eg:9

2.Metaphor（暗喻）Definition:Afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedonethingisappliedtoanther.2.Metaphor（暗喻）101)Nominalmetaphor

Eg:1.Timeismoney.2.Thenewsisadaggertohisheart.1)Nominalmetap112)VerbalmetaphorEg:1.Theelectricityfailureparalyzedthetrainservice.2.Herhostilitymelted.2)Verbalmetaphor123)AdjectivalmetaphorEg:1.Thereisnorosyprospectforhim.2.Hehasthemicrowavesmilethatwarmsanotherpersonwithoutheat.3)Adjectivalmetaph134)IdiomaticorproverbialmetaphorEg:Itisonlyacastleintheair.4)Idiomaticorproverbialmeta145)CondensedmetaphorEg:1.arainofkisses/aseaofflowers2.Ifalluponthethornsoflife!Ibleed!5)CondensedmetaphorEg156)DeadmetaphorEg:1.a“bottleneck”2.Whentheyreachedthefootofthemountain,theyfoundarunningbrook.6)DeadmetaphorEg:163.Personification(拟人)Definition:afigureofspeechthatattributeshumanqualitiestoanimals,orgiveslifeorpersonalitytoinanimateobjectsorabstractideas.3.Personificatio17Personification1.InanimateobjectsorabstractionsaredescribedashumanEg:Australiaissokind,justtickleherwithahoe,andshelaughswithaharvest.Personificati18Personification2.Inanimateobjectsorabstractionsareaddresseddirectlyashumanbeings.Eg:Oh,Mr.Moon,wheredoyougo?Tolookatthelandsoficeandsnow.Oh,Mr.Moon,whendoyousleep?Allday,tillstarsbegintopeep.Personificat19

Definition:afigureofspeechinwhichtheepithetistransferredfromtheappropriatenountomodifyanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyblong.4.Transferredepithet（移就）4.Transferredepithet（20transferredepithet的两种格式：1)修饰语+名词eg:tragicwall;

sleeplessnightShehasexpensivetastesinclothes.2)名词+of+名词eg:TheGrapeofWrath;

transferredepithet的两种212.代类修辞1.Metonomy2.Synecdoche3.Antonomasia4.Hyperbole5.Allusion6.Understatement2.代类修辞221.Metonomy（转喻）Definition:afigureofspeechinwhichthenameofonethingisusedinplaceofthatofanotherassociatedwithorsuggestedbyit1.Metonomy（转喻）23MetonymyEg:theWhiteHousethecrown1.Hesucceededbythesweatofbrow.2.Heistoofondofthebottle.3.Thepenismightierthansword.4.HaveyoureadShakespeare?5.Thekettleisboiling.Metonymy242.Synecdoche（提喻）Definition:afigureofspeechbywhichapartisforthewhole,thewholeforthepart,speciesforgenus,thegenusforthespeciesorthenameofthematerialforthethingmade,andtheindividualforaclass.2.Synecdoche（提25Synecdoche:1.apartforthewholeeg:1)Theywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.2)Iwillcountthreehundred---that’sfiveminutes---andnotoneofyouistomoveamuscle.Synecdoche:26Synecdoche:2.thewholefortheparteg:1)Englandwonthefootballgame.2)Thenthesurgeoncutmeopenandtakeouttheappendixandstitched

meupagain.Synecdoch27Synecdoche:3.speciesforgenuseg:1)Hemanagestoearnhisbread.2)Oh,thespringshouldvanishwiththe

rose!ThatYouth’ssweet-scentedmanuscriptshouldclose!(EdwardFitzgerald)Synecdoche28Synecdoche:4.genusforspecieseg:1)Thesmilingseasoniscoming.2)Oh,seeinghim,themiserablecreaturefelluponhisshoulder,sobbingandcrying,andpointingtothefountain,wheresomewomenwerestoopingoverthemotionlessbundleandmovinggentlyaboutit.(CharlesDickens:ATalesofTwoCities)Synecdoche:429Synecdoche:5.thenameofmaterialforthethingmadeeg:1)Doyouhaveanycoppers?2)Theprisonerwasboundinironsfortenyears.Synecdoche:530Synecdoche:6.theindividualforaclasseg:1)Thisyoungmanisveryclever;hemaybeanotherEdison.2)AWhaleshipwasmyYaleCollegeandmyHarvard.(H.Melvill:MobyDick)Synecdoche313.Antonomasia（换喻）Definition:antonomasiaisasubstitutionofanyepithetorphraseforapropername.3.Antonomasia（换32AntonomasiaEg:thePhilosopher:Aristotlethelittlecorporal:NapoleontheauthorofParadiseLost:MiltontheScottishplay:MacbethAntonomasiaE334.Hyperbole（夸张）Definition:Hyperboleisthedeliberateuseofoverstatement.Itisthenamegiventoagrossexaggerationofthefacts.4.Hyperbole（夸张）34HyperboleEg:Herfacefellamile.Yourjokereallykillsme.Histeetharesoyellow,everytimehesmilesintrafficallthecarsslowdowntoseewhethertheyshouldstopornot.Hyperbol355.Allusion典故1.寓言、神话、传说、宗教故事（尤其《圣经》故事）Eg:1)UnawareoftheswordofDemocleshangingoverher,shepursuedherownway.2)Whatwillitbewhentheincreaseofyearlyproductionisbroughttoacompletestop?Hereisthevulnerableplace,theheelofArchiles,forcapitalisticproduction.5.Allusion典36Allusion2.文学作品Eg:1)Youwantyourpoundofflesh,don’tyou?2)Evenbeforetheywereacquainted,hehadadmiredhiminsecret.Nowhewashisvalet,hisdog,hismanFriday.

37Allusion3.历史事件和历史人物Eg:1)Ineverbelieveuntilthenthatanymealcoulddefeatme,butonthatdayImetmyWaterloo.2)PrimeMinisterIniraGandhidecidedtogoheavy-handedfromtheoutset---ThiscrisiswouldnevergrowintoanIndianWatergate.

38litotes(简介肯定)Definition:afigureofspeechinwhichsomethingisexpressedbyanegationofthecontrary.Eg:“nosmall”for“many”“notafewregrets”for“manyregrets”“notbad”for“good”“nosmalldimension”for“greattask”litotes(简介肯定)39understatement(低调陈述)1.反说代替正说（同litotes）2.使用分量不足或低调的词语Eg:1)“Money,”shesays,“iskindoftight.ButIcanmanage.”2)LastweekIsawawomanflayed,andyouwillhardlybelievehowmuchitalteredherpersonfortheworse.(JohnathanSwift)3.弦外之音Eg:---Doyouthinkalltheprogramsaregood?---Someoftheprogramsareinteresting.

Butotherscouldbebetter.understatement(低调陈述)1.反40汉语中的夸张（缩小）说其清朝的学术来，有及位学者总是眉飞色舞的，说那发达是前代所未有的。---我每遇到学者谈起清代的学术来，总不免同时想：“扬州十日”，“嘉定三屠”这些小事情，不提也罢，但失去全国的土地，大家十足做了二百五十年奴隶，却换来得这几页光荣的学术史，这买卖，究竟是赚了咧，还是折了本呢？鲁迅：《算账》汉语中的夸张（缩小）413.并列对照类修辞

1.Parallelism2.Antithesis3.Paradox4.Oxymoron3.并列对照类修辞

421.Parallelism（排比）1)词的平行结构Eg:1.Bobisahardhitter,asurefielderandswiftrunner.2.Womenwererunningouttothelineofmarch,cryingandlaughingandkissingthemengood-bye.1.Parallelism43Parallelism2)短语的平行结构Eg:1.Itwasnotanger,norsurprise,nordisapproval,noranyoftheemotionsthatshehadbeenpreparedfor.2.Itisnotwealthoneasksfor,butjustenoughtopreserveone’sdignity,toworkunhampered,tobegenerous,frank,andindependent.Parallelism44Parallelism3.从句平行结构Eg:Thenoticewhichyouhavebeenpleasedtotakeofmylabor,haditbeenearly,hadbeenkind;butithasbeendelayedtillIamindifferent,andcannotenjoyit;tillIamsolitary,andcannotimpartit;tillIamknown,anddonotwantit.Parallelism45Parallelism3.句子平行结构Eg:Kindheartsarethegardens;kindthoughtsaretheroots;kindwordsaretheflowers;kinddeedsarethefruits.Parallelism3462.Antithesis（对照）features:contrastingideasandparallelarrangementsofwords,clausesandsentences2.Antithesis47AntithesisEg:1.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.2.Knowledgemakeshumble,andignorancemakesproud.Antithesi48Antithesis3.Andso,myfellowAmerican,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou,askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.4.Amisergrowsrichbyseemingpoor.Anextravagantmangrowspoorbyseemingrich.Antithesis493.Paradox（矛盾）Definition:afigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudy,mayprovetobetrue,well-found,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.3.Paradox（矛盾50ParadoxEg:1)makeawayoutofnoway2)Warispeace.Freedomisslavery.Ignoranceisstrength.(GeorgeOrwell:1984)3)Thechildisfatheroftheman.Para514.Oxymoron(矛盾修饰)Definition:Afigureofspeechwhichcombinesincongruousandapparentlycontradictorywordsandmeaningforaspecialeffect.4.Oxymoron(矛盾修饰52Oxymoron1.adj.+n.Eg:painfulpleasuretearfuljoycarefulcarelessnessathunderoussilenceOxymoron1.adj.+n.53Oxymoron2.adj.+adj.Eg:cruelsweetlovebitter-sweetmemorybadgoodnewsOxymoron2.adj.+a54Oxymoron3.adv.+adj.Eg:falselytrueamercifullyfatalblowpolitelywrongOxymoron3.55Oxymoron4.n.+n.Eg:love-haterelationshiplife-deathbattleOxymoron4.56Oxymoron5.otherformsEg:changlesslychanginghastenslowlymiser’sgenerosityOxymoron5.o574.声音类修辞

1.Alliteration2.Onomatopoeia4.声音类修辞

581.Alliteration（头韵）Definition:theuseofwordsbeginningwiththesameletterorsound.

1.Alliteratio59AlliterationEg:1.Sparetherod,andspoilthechild.2.Moneymakesthemarego.3.PrideandPrejudice;

SenseandSensibilityAlliterati602.Onomatopoeia（拟声）Definition:arhetoricaldevicethatreliesonsoundforeffect.Thewordemployedimitatesthesoundmadebyaperson,ananimal,anobjectoranactionormovement.2.Onomatopoeia（61Onomatopoeia“bleat”“yap”“meow”areimitativeofthecriesofgoats,dogsandcats.“bang”“boom”“clatter”madebydoors,gunsandhoofs.Howtheprettyladiestalk—Tittletattle,tittletattle!Liketheirpatterswhentheywalk—PittlePattle,pittlepattle.(byErasmusDarwin)Onomatopoeia“62

5.双关类修辞1.Irony2.Sarcasm5.双关类修辞63Irony(反语)Definition:Ironyis“thedrymock”,adeviceofspeakingorwritinginwhichthemeaningliterallyexpressedistheoppositeofthemeaningintendedandwhichaimsatridicule,humororsarcasm.Irony(反语)De64Irony(反语)1.Slowlytheoldladystoopedtopickitup.Herpresent,herlovelypresent.Withtremblingfingersshetoreitintolittlebits.2.Hewassuchamarvelousteacherthatwheneverherecognizedasparkofgeniusyoucouldbesurehe’dwaterit.Irony(反语)1.65Sarcasm(讽刺)Sarcasmistheuseofascornful,taunting,contemptuousexpressiontoridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Itistheuseofremarkswhichclearlymeantheoppositeofwhattheysay,andwhicharemadeinordertohurtsomeone’sfeelingsortocriticizesomethinginanamusingway.SarcasmisfromtheGreekmeaning“totearflesh”,“tospeakbitterly”.Itmayormaynotbecoupledwithirony.Ironicsarcasmisoftenapparentpraisethatreallycondemns.Sarcasm(讽刺)Sa66Sarcasm(讽刺)1.Inagrouptheyarebrave.2.Theweathermansaiditwouldbewarm.Hemusttakehisreadinginabathroom.3.—Ihearhemakesratherlongspeeches.—Yes,helikestohearhisownvoice.Sarcasm(讽刺)1.67

6.仿拟类修辞Parody6.仿拟类修辞68Parody(仿拟)Definition:Literaryormusicalcompositionimitatingthecharacteristicstyleofsomeotherworkofawriterorcomposer,buttreatingaserioussubjectinanonsensicalmanner,asinridicule.Parody(仿拟)69Parody(仿拟)1.更换词语Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.Awordintimesavesnine.Astitchintimesavesnine.Homeiswherethecomputeris.Homeiswheretheheartis.Awoman’splaceisintheHouse.Awoman’splaceisinthehouse.Parody(仿拟)1.70Parody(仿拟)2.改变句子的结构Hethoughtofhispast,itscoldsplendorandinsouciance.Butheknewthatforhimtherewasnoturning.Hisboatswereburnt.“Bennie’stheirson,”saidHenry.“Likeson,likefather,Iimagine,”saidBonnefois.Parody(仿拟)71Parody(仿拟)3.模仿全篇Twinkle,twinkle,littlebat!HowIwonderwhatyou’reat!Uponabovetheworldyoufly!Likeateatrayinthesky!Parody(仿拟)3.72

7.颠倒类修辞Chiasmus7.颠倒类修辞73Chiasmus字母回文：1)Madam,I’mAdam.Sir,I’mIris.2)AblewasIereIsawElba.3)WasitacatIsaw?No,Miss,itisSimon.单词回文：1)Sopatientadoctor,todoctorapatie