南京大学考博英语历年真题及详解



2015年南京大学考博英语真题及详解

PartIVocabulary

andStructure(20%)

Directions:Thereare

20incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandDrespectively.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletethe

sentences.ThenblackenyouranswerinthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswer

Sheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

1Theambassadorwasaccusedofhaving_____ondomesticaffairs.

A.trespassed

B.encroached

C.entrenched

D.invaded

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：大使被指控干涉国内事务。该题为近义词辨析，选项中的四个词均有侵犯的意思。trespass为不及物动词，一般与介词on搭配使用，意思为“擅自进入；侵犯，侵害；打扰”，强调非法侵入，符合题意。encroach意思为“蚕食；侵占”，强调侵入并占领。entrench意思为“用壕沟围绕或保护…；牢固地确立…”，强调在某处站稳脚跟。invade一般用作及物动词，指“侵入，攻占；侵袭”。

2Thegoalistousecrops,weeds,andevenanimalwaste_____the

petroleumthatfuelsmuchofAmericanmanufacturing.

A.intermsof

B.infavorof 

C.inspiteof 

D.inplaceof

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：目标是使用农作物、杂草甚至动物粪便来代替石油为美国制造业提供能源。inplaceof“代替，取代”，符合题意。

3Ascomputersecuritysystemsbecomeevenmoreadvanced,_____the

methodsofthosewhotrytobreakintothemillegally.

A.somuch

do

B.sotoo

do

C.asmuch

as 

D.aswellas

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：电脑安全系统更加先进，而非法入侵电脑安全系统的方法也变得更加先进了。本题考察“so+助动词+主语”的结构，表示“……也是如此”。too为副词，表示“也”。

4Parentswithonlyonechildtendtohavehigheracademic_____

fortheirchild.

A.

ambitions 

B.

intentions 

C.

propositions

D.aspirations

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：独生子女的父母对孩子的学术期望更高。ambition野心，抱负；追求的目标。aspiration强烈的愿望，渴望。两者相比，aspiration能够表达父母对孩子的期望，因此D项更加符合题意。

5Aseriesofattempts_____made,hecametorealizethathehad

underestimatedtheenormityofthetask.

A.

were

B.to

be 

C.had

been 

D.havingbeen

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：在做了一系列的尝试以后，他开始意识到他低估了任务的艰巨性。本句中逗号后面的句子结构完整，可知逗号前面的句子成分应该为句子的状语，因此排除A项和C项。做出尝试发生在意识到任务的艰巨性之前，因此选D项。

6ManufacturingisChina'smostimportanteconomicactivity,_____

over30percentoftheworkforce.

A.

including 

B.engaging 

C.

approximating

D.accounting

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：制造业是中国最重要的经济活动，雇佣了超过30%的劳动力。engage“聘用，雇佣”，符合题意。account作及物动词，意思为“认为，把……视作”。accountfor说明（原因、理由等）；（在数量、比例上）占；对……负责。

7Thewriterseemsto_____betweenapprovingofCollin'sactions

andfindingthemdisgusting.

A.

alter 

B.

transform 

C.

vacillate 

D.vibrate

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：作家似乎在支持科林的行动和反感其行动之间游移不定。vacillatebetween…and…在……之间犹豫不决。

8Alieisasmuchalie,whenitiswhispered,aswhenitis_____

atthemarketcross.

A.proclaimed 

B.

reclaimed

C.

acclaimed 

D.claimed

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：不管是小声低语还是在市场门口大声叫喊,谎言终归是谎言。本题考察近形词辨析。proclaim“表明；宣告，公布”，与句中的whisper相对应，因此选A项。reclaim取回；开拓，开垦。acclaim称赞；向…欢呼。claim声称；索取；断言。

9The_____ofcomputertechnologyhasledtomajorchangesinour

socialandfamilylife.

A.

fraudulence 

B.

arrival

C.

dawn

D.advent

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：计算机技术的来临导致了社会和家庭生活的巨大改变。theadventof…“……的到来，伴随着……的出现”，符合题意。

10Teenagechildrenbegantoasserttheirindependenceandthiscan

leadtoagooddealof_____inthefamily.

A.

controversy 

B.

friction 

C.

restriction

D.contradiction

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：青少年开始宣称独立，这导致了许多家庭矛盾的产生。friction“摩擦；摩擦力；冲突，不和”，符合题意，选B项。

11Theirreflexivemindsettellsscientiststhatallclaims,____

political,moral,orreligious,areopentoexaminationandcritique.

A.be

they 

B.howeverthey

are

C.nomatter

theyare

D.whetherthey

be

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：他们的反思性思维告诉科学家，所有断言，无论是政治、道德还是宗教，都应该接受检查和批评。A项为省略whether，且be动词提前的结构，相当于whethertheyare…，符合题干意思和语法结构。C项应该为nomatterwhethertheyare…

12ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagefallsintothree

reasonably__periods:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglish.

A.

cutting 

B.

rational 

C.

distinct 

D.disputable

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：英语的发展明显可分为三个不同的时期：古英语、中古英语和现代英语。distinct“明显的，清楚的”符合句意。cutting锋利的，锐利的；讽刺的，挖苦的。rational合理的，理性的。disputable有争议的。

13Thedeathofhisfathergavehimawholenew__onlife;nowhe

spendsmoretimewithhisfamily.

A.

perspective

B.euphemism 

C.

conformation 

D.providence

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：他父亲的死完全改变了他对生活的看法，现在他会花更多时间陪伴家人。perspective“观点，看法；洞察力”，符合题意，因此选A项。euphemism委婉的说话；委婉语。conformation构造，构像。providence远见；天意。

14Astheleavesturnyellowandfall,youcanfeelthe__of

winter.

A.approach

B.

effect 

C.

surrounding 

D.specimen

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：树叶变黄，开始掉落，你能感觉到冬天的来临。approach“接近，走进，靠近”，符合题意，选A项。surrounding环境，周围的事物。specimen样品，标本。

15Theteacher'sroleisnotsimplyto__knowledgetostudents;he

shouldalsosetagoodexampleforthem.

A.

provide

B.

impart

C.

share

D.stretch

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：教师的责任不仅仅是传授知识，还应该给学生们树立好的榜样。impart传授；给予；告知，透露。

16ThomasLeech_____averysuccessfulcareerasaphotographer.

A.built

up  

B.carved

out 

C.fought

for 

D.stumbledon

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：Thomas

Leech成功开辟出了自己的摄影事业。carve

out雕刻出……；用辛勤的劳动创造出……。carveoutacareer谋求发迹，干出一番事业。buildup建立；建造。stumbleon无意中发现。

17Hardy'sweakness_____hisapparentinabilitytocontrolthe

comingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnessto

cultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.

A.lay

in

B.gaverise

to 

C.shedlight

on 

D.derivedfrom

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他明显无法控制好那不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性的创作冲动。分析句子结构，本题中fromhisunwillingness与空格部分并列，所以空格部分的动词应该能够与from搭配使用，因此D项正确。

18Althoughthistheorywasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrine

wasgenerallyabandoned_____theopposingview.

A.infavor

of 

B.inplaceof

C.instead

of 

D.intermsof

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：虽然该理论历来都没有在严格意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被丢弃掉，而转向相反的观念。infavorof“赞成，支持”，与本句前面的abandon相对应，符合题意，因此选A项。

19HistorianssuchasLeRoyLaduriehaveusedthedocumentsto

extractcasehistories,whichhave_____theattitudesofdifferentsocial

groupsandhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.

A.

laminated

B.

ruminated

C.

illuminated

D.eliminated

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：像LeRoyLadurie一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出一些个案史来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度，并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。illuminate“照亮，照明；阐明，说明”，符合题意。laminate将（金属）锻压成薄片。ruminate反刍；沉思；反复考虑。eliminate淘汰;排除，消除。

20Asourworkisnotdoneyet,I'minno_____togooutfora

movietonight.

A.

mind

B.

temper 

C.

mood 

D.disposition

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】因为我们的工作还没有完成，所以今晚我没有心情去看电影。bein

nomoodfor/todosth.没有心情做某事。

PartIICloze

(15%)

Directions:Thereare

15blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandDrespectivelybeneaththepassage.YoushouldchoosetheONE

thatismostappropriate.Thenblackenyouranswerinthecorrespondingletter

onyourAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

Smoking,which

maybeapleasureforsomepeople,isaserioussourceofdiscomfortfortheir

fellows.(21) ,medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir(22) 

 abouttheeffectofsmoking (23)thehealthnotonlyof

thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodon't.Infact,non-smokerswhomust(24) 

 inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay(25) 

 morethanthesmokersthemselves.

A(26) 

 numberofourstudentshave(27)  inan

effortto(28)  theuniversitytobansmokingin

theclassrooms.Ibelievetheyare(29)  rightin

theiraim.(30)  ,Iwouldhopethatitis(31) 

 toachievethisby(32)  thesmokersto

usegoodjudgmentandshowconcern(33)  others

ratherthanbyregulation.

Iamtherefore

askingyouto(34) "NoSmoking"inthe

auditoriums,classroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethe

non-smoker'shealthandwell-being(35) ,whichis

veryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents.

21A.StillB.

More C.

Again D.

Further

22A.concernB.

troubleC.

interestD.

displeasure

23A.onB.

inC.

with D.

to

24A.involuntarilyB.

instinctivelyC.spontaneously D.

reluctantly

25A.endure B.

suffer C.

undergoD.

putupwith

26A.few B.

considerable C.many D.

quantitative

27A.linkedB.

connectedC.associatedD.

joined

28A.make B.

persuadeC.cause D.

commit

29A.entirelyB.

totallyC.

justD.

wholly

30A.Butthen B.

However C.Although D.

Moreover

31A.likelyB.

probably C.capable D.

possible

32A.pleading B.

begging C.

insistingD.

callingon

33A.withB.

for C.

toD.

in

34A.inscribeB.

decorateC.

maintainD.

claim

35A.onheadB.

inheart C.

inmind D.

inyourbrain

【答案与解析】

21D 文章开头指出吸烟会让同伴感到不舒服，接着在第二句引用医学家的观点继续表明吸烟的害处，二者之间是递进关系，因此选D项。

22A expressone’sconcernaboutsth.对……表示关切/担忧。

23A 本句表示吸烟对健康有影响，effect与介词on连用，表示“对……产生影响”。

24A 句意：那些本身不吸烟，但是被动吸入受烟草污染的空气的人可能比吸烟者本身受到的伤害更大。根据句意可知，空格处指的是被动吸烟，involuntarily意思为“非自愿地；非出于本意地；无意地”，符合题意，选A项。

25B 根据上下文句意可知，空格部分指“遭受到伤害”，因此使用suffer。

26B a numberof大量的，许多的。considerable意思为“相当大（或多）的”，用来修饰number，符合题意，因此选B项。many后面应该接复数名词。quantitative定量的，数量上的。

27D joinin为固定搭配，意思为“参加，加入”。

28B persuadesb.todosth.说服某人做某事。这里指说服大学在教室禁烟。

29A wholly突出一种完整性，整个的一个东西；而entirely突出一种完全性，一定范围里所有的东西；totally突出数量上的完全性。这里指完全正确，因此A项更加合适。

30B 空格前面的句子讲到学生们让教室禁烟的目标完全正确，接着开始讲希望实现目标的方式不要通过强制的规定（ratherthanbyregulation）。上下文句意之间存在转折关系，因此选B项。

31D itispossibletodosth.有可能做某事。possible填在此处符合上下文句意，因此选D项。likely的主语不能为it。probably为副词，不符合题意。

32D 根据句意可知，这里指我希望有可能通过呼吁吸烟者进行良好的判断并对别人表示关心，而不是通过强制规定来实现目标。callonsb.todosth.呼吁某人做某事。因此选D项。

33B showconcernforsb.对……表示关心，关心某人。

34C 句意：因此我要求你们在礼堂、教室和研讨室不要吸烟。maintain“保持；坚持”，符合题意，因此选C项。inscribe题写，铭记。claim要求，声称。

35C have/bearsth.inmind记住某事，把某事记在心里。

PartIIIReadingComprehension

(40%)

Directions:Thereare

fivepassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C

andD.youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandblackenyouranswerinthe

correspondingletteronyourAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthe

center.

Passage1

Accordingto

sociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecome

recognizedastheleaderofasocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,

traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.

Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroup,oneormorepersonsmaygradually

emergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlarger

groups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleaders

areoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesof

researchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategory

of"naturalleaders."Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonal

qualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmaybe

recognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthat

particulargroup.

Furthermore,

althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,

researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthat

areheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthat

emphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslookto

instrumentalleadersto"getthingsdone."Expressiveleadership,on

theotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofa

socialgroup'smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverall

goalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersand

attemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpect

expressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupand

providesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumental

leadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroup

members.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit

attainmentofthegroup'sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonal

orprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeone

experiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightena

seriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodivide

thegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleaders

generallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumental

leaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamore

distantrespect.

36Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Theproblems

facedbyleaders.

B.How

leadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocial

groupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleof

leadersinsocialgroups.

37Thepassagementionsallofthe

followingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT

A.recruitment.

B.formal

electionprocess.

C.specific

leadershiptraining.

D.traditional

culturalpatterns.

38Inmentioning"natural

leaders"inparagraphtwo,theauthorismakingthepointthat

A.fewpeople

qualifyas“naturalleaders”.

B.thereisno

proofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“naturalleaders”

areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“natural

leaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

39Whichofthefollowingstatementsabout

leadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraphtwo?

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynot

beaneffectiveleaderofanothergroup.

B.Fewpeople

succeedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncan

bestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeople

desiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

40Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumental

leadersgenerallyfocuson

A.ensuring

harmoniousrelationship.

B.sharing

responsibilitywithgroupmembers.

C.identifying

newleaders.

D.achievinga

goal.

【答案与解析】

36D 本文第一、二段首先介绍了社会群体中领导者出现的方式和特点，然后在第三、四段重点介绍了两种不同的领导者（instrumentalleaders和expressiveleaders）各自在社会群体中扮演的角色和作用。D项“领导者在社会团体中的作用”符合文章主旨，因此选D项。其他选项均不是本文重点内容，因此排除。

37C 文章第一段一开始就提到有不同的方法可以使某人成为一个社会团体的领导，其中在家庭中可以根据传统文化模式（traditionalculturalpatterns）确定领导者，而在更大的群体中，领导者一般是通过正式的选举或者招募（throughelectionorrecruitment）。只有C项没有提及，因此选C项。

38B 第二段第一句中提到“decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethat

thereisanycategoryof‘naturalleaders’.”也就是说没有充分证据证明存在着天生的领导者（naturalleaders）。B项与本句符合，因此选B。

39A 第二段第二句提到“virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhas

qualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup”，由此推测即使某个人符合某个群体中对领导特质的要求，他到另一个群体中可能就不一定适合，因此选A项。

40D 第三段和第四段均提到了指导型领导（instrumentalleaders），第四段第二句提到“Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletion

oftasks”，并且在文章最后一句继续强调完成目标对指导型领导的重要性（instrumentalleaders,…inpromotinggroupgoals），由此可知，本题选D项。

Passage2

Thewordhospice

ishundredsofyearsold.ItcomestousfromthetimecalledtheMiddleAges

inEurope.Religiousgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaplacewheretraveler

couldstay.Sometimesthegroupsalsoofferedaplaceforthesickandthe

dying.Todaythewordhospicemeansmorethanaplace.Itmeansawayofcaring

forthedying.Inthemodernsenseoftheword,itmeansthat,ifpossible,

dyingpeoplecanreceivecareathomeduringtheirlastdays;andthe

health-careworkersdonottrytolengthenthelivesofthedyingwithmodern

medicalequipment.Instead,care-giversmakeveryefforttocontrolorstopthe

patient'spain.Italsomeansthatpatientsgethelpfortheiremotionalneeds

inadditiontotheirphysicalneeds.

ABritishwoman

CicelySaunderswasthefirstmajoractivistforhospicecareinmoderntimes.

CicelySaundersworkedasanurseinahospitalrightafterWorldWarII,where

shemetamanwhowasdyingofcancer.Thenurseandthedyingmanrecognized

thatahospitalwasnotmeetinghisneeds.Togethertheyfoundideasaboutthe

bestpossibletreatmentforpeoplewhowouldnevergetwellagain.Theytalked

abouttreatmentsthatwouldpermitpatientstodiscusstheirfeelingsandto

takepartinactivitiesmeaningfultothem.Theyplannedasystemthatwould

allowdyingpeopletobesurroundedbythepeopleandthingstheylovedmost.

ThedyingmangaveCicelySaundersenoughmoneytostudytobecomeadoctor.By

1967Dr.SaundershadorganizedandopenedSt.Christopher'sHospiceinLondon.

In1974,after

theAmerica'sfirsthospicestartedinNewHaven,othersfollowedsuitin

citiesthroughoutthecountry.Organizershadadifficultjob.Theyhadto

teachthepublicabouttheideaofhospice.Theyhadtogetmoneyfrom

companies,religiousgroupsandcitizens.Andtheyhadtonegotiatewithlocal

governmentstousepublicmoneytocareforthedying.Thankstotheir

unyieldingdeterminationandpainstakingefforts,hospicehasgrowninAmerica.

Dr.JoMagno,thePresidentoftheNationalHospiceOrganization,saidthat

workingwiththedyingoccasionally,madehersad.Yetsheremembersthewords

ofDr.CicelySaunders---"Wecannotadddaystolifebutwecanaddlife

todays."

41Whatistheoriginalmeaningofthe

word"hospice"?

A.Itwasa

placewherethehomelessoldpeopleweretakencareof.

B.Itwasa

placewherereligiouspeoplelived.

C.Itwasa

placeofferedbychurchesforthetravelers.

D.Itwasa

placewheredoctorstreatedpatients.

42Inthemodernsenseoftheword,

hospiceincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.apriestis

invitedtoprayforthedying.

B.adying

patientistakencareofathishome.

C.effortsare

madetoreducethepainofthedyingpeople.

D.the

psychologicalneedsofthedyingareconsideredandcaredfor.

43WhatdidCicelyandthemantalkabout?

A.Howto

advisethehospitaltotreatthedyingpatients.

B.Howtomake

arrangementforthepatientswhohadnohopeofrecovery.

C.The

meaningfulactivitiesforallpatientstotakepartin.

D.Thekindof

peoplethatareallowedtovisitthepatients.

44HowdidCicelySaunderscompleteher

study?

A.Byworking

part-time.

B.Beobtaining

afellowship.

C.Withthe

helpofaman'smoney.

D.Throughher

managementofSt.Christopher'sHospice.

45Whichisacorrectstatementaboutthe

earlyAmericanhospice?

A.Itwasan

immediatesuccessastheresultoftheeffortbyDr.Cicely.

B.Itwas

probablynoteasytopersuadecompaniestoprovidefinancialsupport.

C.Manypeople

readilyacceptedthenewidea.

D.Local

governmentsforbadewhattheydid.

【答案与解析】

41C 文章第一段一开始就介绍了“hospice”这一单词的来源。根据第一段第二句“Religiousgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaplacewheretraveler

couldstay.”可知，C项正确。

42A 第一段最后三句开始介绍hospice在现代的作用，其中提到了“dyingpeoplecanreceivecareathome”、“care-giversmakeveryefforttocontrolorstop

thepatient'spain”及“patientsgethelpfortheiremotionalneeds”，只有A项文章没有提及，因此选A项。

43B 第二段第四句提到“Togethertheyfoundideasaboutthebestpossibletreatmentfor

peoplewhowouldnevergetwellagain.”他们讨论的是对于无法治愈的人应该如何处理，因此B项正确。第二段第三句提到医院不再适合这个得了癌症的男士，也就是说他们并不是想让医院来继续治疗无法治愈的人，因此A项排除。

44C 第二段倒数第二句提到“ThedyingmangaveCicelySaundersenoughmoneytostudytobecomea

doctor.”因此C项正确。

45B 文章最后一段第二句明确提到“Organizershadadifficultjob”，并且讲到他们要努力去说服大众，从公司、宗教组织和公民那儿获得资金支持，并且需要和当地政府进行协商。由此可推测，要说服公司提供资金支持并不是很容易，B项正确。

Passage3

Whatwetoday

callAmericafolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday

"folks"who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarket

forartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,

essentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-century

Dutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans—havealwaysshownamarked

tasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnited

Statescontainedincreasingnumbersofsuchpeople,andoftheartistshow

couldmeettheirdemands.

Theearliest

Americanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutand

Massachusetts--forthiswasawealthyand

populousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.Withinafew

decadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,the

populationwaspushingwestward,andportraitpainterscouldbefoundatwork

inwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughits

firstcenturyasanation,theUnitedStates'populationhadincreasedroughly

fivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtotheoriginalthirteen.

Duringtheseyearsthedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfied

bythecamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithina

generationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.

Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commissionedbythewealthy

andexecutedbytheprofessional.

Butinthe

heydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850's—anyonewithamodicumof

artisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitistwascalled.Local

craftspeople—sign,

coach,andhousepainters—begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesa

talentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocal

reputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworth

theirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvases,andbrushesandtotravelthe

countryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.

46Inlines3—5theauthormentionsseventeenth-centuryDutchburghersasan

exampleofagroupthat

A.consisted

mainlyofself-taughtartists.

B.appreciated

portraits.

C.influenced

Americanfolkart.

D.hadlittle

timeforthearts.

47Accordingtothepassage，whereweremanyofthefirst

Americanfolkartportraitspainted?

A.Inwestern

NewYork.

B.InIllinois

andMissouri.

C.In

ConnecticutandMassachusetts.

D.InOhio.

48Theword“this”intheline8refersto

A.astrong

crafttradition.

B.American

folkart.

C.NewEngland.

D.westernNew

York.

49Thephrase"usheringin"in

line14isclosestinmeaningto

A.beginning.

B.demanding.

C.publishing.

D.increasing.

50Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontributedto

adeclineinthedemandforpainedportraits?

A.Thelackof

astrongcrafttradition.

B.Thewestward

migrationofmanypainters.

C.Thegrowing

preferenceforlandscapepaintings.

D.The

inventionofthecamera.

【答案与解析】

46B 分析文章第二句的句子结构，主干部分为“Citizensofprosperous…havealwaysshownamarkedtastefor

portraiture”，而句子中间的破折号的内容是对主语Citizensofprosperous进行的举例，由此可知，破折号部分提到的“seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers”属于欣赏肖像画的一类人。

47C 根据第二段第一句“TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome…from…especially

ConnecticutandMassachusetts”，可知C项正确。

48C 破折号前面讲到早期美国的民间艺术肖像画来自新英格兰，破折号后面紧接着解释出现在新英格兰的原因，所以this指代的是New

England，因此C项正确。

49A 根据题干定位到文章第二段倒数第二句，其中提到daguerreotype（银版照相法）被引进美国，这项发明终结了肖像画的流行，因此这里指开创了摄像时代。usherin开创，迎接。因此选A项。

50D 根据文章第二段倒数第二、三句可知，照相机满足了人们对于肖像画的需求，摄像技术使得肖像画不再流行，因此D项正确。

Passage4

Whatpercentage

ofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyare,likemyself,inthe

fortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,

andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.

Technologyand

thedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldsthe

needforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaid

occupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andby

increasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboring

hours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthe

population,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureas

inearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshow

aristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.

Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuch

afuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,

ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendin

town,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualby

fashionwhichchangesasoftenaspossibleintheeconomicinterestofcertain

people.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forverysoontherewould

benoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,

dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerous

driving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommit

actsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beit

physicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoran

artist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase

"gettingone'steethintoaproblem."

51Accordingtothepassage,thewriter

believesthemajorityofthepopulation

A.areunhappy

withwhattheydo.

B.willget

biggerintheirnumberinthefuture.

C.agreewith

himonhisclassification.

D.areinthe

fortunatepositionofbeingworkers.

52Accordingtothepassage,technologyanddivisionoflabourhave

doneallofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.increasing

thejoyofthepaidoccupations.

B.makingskill

andspecialstrengthunnecessaryinwork.

C.causingjobs

tobedulllab