【新教材】高中英语译林版选择性必修第二册课件Unit3SectionAWeletotheunitReading

Unit3SectionA

Welcometotheunit&

Reading2021英语内容索引课前篇自主预习课堂篇互动探究[素养导航]

[晨读晚诵]Haveyoueverwonderedwhyyourbrotherorsisterdoesn’tlookexactlylikeyoudespitehavingthesamefamilytree?Youhavethesameparents,andthereforetheexactsameancestors,butsomehowyourDNAtestscomebackwithverydifferentresults.Howisthisevenpossible?Childreninherit①halfoftheirDNAfromeachparent,viathespermfromthefatherandtheeggfromthemother.Ourbodiescontain46

chromosomes②,or23pairs.However,eachreproductivecellhasonly23individualchromosomes.Whenthebodiesofourforbearscreatedtheirsexcells,thecellsengagedingenetic

reshuffling③,meaningeachofthe23chromosomesisauniquecombinationofanoriginalpair.Thisprocessisalsocalledgeneticrecombination.

ThisiswhyDr.ProsantaChakrabarty,ascientistwhostudiesfishtohelpexplaintheevolutionofhumanbeingsandourplanet,saysthatyoursistercouldbe10%more“French”thanyou,despitehavingthesameancestors.Andthefurtheryougobackinyourlineage④,themoreconfusingitcanbe.Youinherit25%ofeachgrandparent’sDNA.However,thisprocessofrecombinationmeansthatinevitably⑤someoftheirgeneticmake-upwillbelostalongtheway.Thiscouldmeanthatthegenesyouinheritedfromyourgrandparentscouldbecompletelydifferenttothoseyourcousinreceived.Thosestudyinggenealogy⑥shouldalsobeawarethatmodernDNAtestingmightnotgiveyouanaccurateideaofyourancestryasitistestedagainstacurrent,butincompletedatabase.Dr.ProsantaChakrabartysaysthatonly1%ofourgeneticmake-upisuniquetous,andthatitisanincompletemash-up(混搭)ofourancestors’.So,thenexttimesomeonesaysyoulookabitlikeyou’refromacertaincountry,youmaywellbe.Butitmightnotshowupinyourtests.词海拾贝①inheritvt.继承②chromosomen.染色体③geneticreshuffling基因重组④lineagen.谱系,血统⑤inevitablyadv.不可避免地⑥genealogyn.家谱典句欣赏Whenthebodiesofourforbearscreatedtheirsexcells,thecellsengagedingeneticreshuffling,meaningeachofthe23chromosomesisauniquecombinationofanoriginalpair.译文:当我们先辈的身体产生生殖细胞时,这些细胞会进行基因重组,这意味着23条染色体中的每一条都是一对原始染色体的独特组合。分析:这是一个复合句。when引导时间状语从句,meaningeachof...是现在分词短语作伴随状语,其中包含省略了that的宾语从句。探究思辨What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?答案

InordertoexplainwhyDNAtestresultsmaybedifferenteventhoughpeoplehavethesamegenealogy.课前篇自主预习Ⅰ.知识体系图解

重点词汇

写作词汇1.

n.牙科医生

2.

vi.专门研究(或从事);专攻

3.

vt.影响;侵袭,使感染;深深打动

4.

vt.找到,发现;确认,认出;显示,说明身份

5.

n.方式,方法;财富,钱财

6.

vt.恢复;修复;使复原,使复位

dentist

specialize

affectidentify

means

restore

7.

n.发生的速度,步伐,节奏;快节奏

vi.&vt.来回踱步,走来走去;确定速度,调整节奏8.

vi.发生,出现;(由……)引起,产生

9.

vt.限制,限定;束缚,妨碍;约束,管束

10.

vt.禁止;使不可能

11.

n.抵抗力;抵制,反对;抵抗,反抗

12.

vt.&vi.讨论,辩论;仔细考虑,思考

n.讨论,争论;辩论13.

adj.成熟的;时机成熟的

pace

ariserestrict

prohibit

resistance

debateripe

阅读词汇14.surgeonn.

15.physiciann.

16.game-changingadj.

17.celln.

18.contractvt.

n.

19.cancern.

20.deletevt.

外科医生医师,内科医生改变游戏规则的细胞感染疾病;与……订立合同(契约)

合同,合约癌症;邪恶,毒瘤删去,删除21.ultimatelyadv.

22.weaponn.

23.fundamentaladj.

n.

24.characteristicn.

adj.

25.findingn.

最终;根本上武器,手段;兵器十分重大的,根本的;基础的,基本的基本规律,根本法则,基础特征,特点典型的,独特的调查发现拓展词汇26.

n.药剂师,药商;化学家→

adj.化学的

27.

n.病毒→

adj.病毒的,病毒性的

28.

adj.反常的,畸形的→

adj.正常的

29.

vi.&vt.奋力对付,努力处理;摔跤→

n.摔跤

30.

n.怀疑,疑惑→

adj.可疑的

chemistchemical

virusviral

abnormalnormal

wrestlewrestling

doubtdoubtful重点短语

1.

与……分享……

2.

在……中发挥关键作用

3.

取决于;依靠

4.

与……有关

5.

范围广泛的

6.

用作;充当

share...with...

playacriticalrolein

dependon

relateto

awiderangeofserveas

7.leadto

8.atafastpace

9.prohibitsbfromdoingsth

10.figureout

11.putsthinplace

12.gainabetterunderstandingof

13.wrestlewith

14.aripeoldage

导致,造成快节奏地禁止某人做某事查明,弄清准备就绪更好地理解努力处理高龄Ⅱ.阅读导学A.根据P30—P31课文内容,选择正确答案。1.Whatdeterminesaperson’smathematicaltalent?A.Hisparents.B.Hislifespan.C.Education.D.Genes.答案

D

2.What’soneoftheproperfunctionsofgenomeediting?A.Restoringhearingtothedeaf.B.Killingabnormalgenes.C.Creating“designerbabies”.D.Keepingpeoplewarm.答案

A

3.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A.Education.B.Economy.C.Science.D.Entertainment.答案

C

B.阅读P30—P31课文,完成下面的表格。

exciting2.game-changingshapingneededdeveloplifespan7.contractingeffectiveprevention

range

restoringhearingariseappropriatelyresistance16.characteristics

wildtotobeexploredinnovations课堂篇互动探究重点词汇1Adentistspecializesinthecareofpeople’steeth.(P29)牙医专门护理人们的牙齿。◆specializevi.专门研究(或从事),专攻Hecouldspecializeintropicalmedicine.他能专门研究热带医药。Thefirmspecializedincommercialbrochures.这家公司专门生产商业手册。【词汇拓展】specializein

专攻;精通;以……为专业specialadj.

特别的;专门的n.

特色菜speciallyadv.

特别地;专门地specialistn.

专家Manystudentsspecialize

inplayingcomputergames.很多学生擅长玩电脑游戏。Wewanttopreserveourtown’sspecialcharacter.我们想要保持我们镇的特色。Eachspecialisthasateamofdoctorsunderhimorher.每位专家手下都有一组医生。-ize是一个常见的后缀,一般表示“使成为……;……化”,常见的此类结构的动词有apologize,computerize,criticize,emphasize,familiarize,globalize,industrialize,realize,summarize,symbolize。【迁移应用】单句语法填空(1)Manystudentswanttospecialize

engineering.

(2)Mostofthesetoolshavebeen

(special)adaptedfordisabledpeople.

(3)Theybroughtinanoutside

(special)toinstallthecomputersystem.

inspeciallyspecialist2Italsocontainsinformationthathelpsdetermineourlifespanandaffectsourchancesofcontractingcertaindiseases.(P30)

它(基因组)还包含了其他信息,这些信息有助于决定我们寿命的长短并影响我们患某些疾病的概率。◆affectvt.影响;侵袭,使感染;深深打动Manyexternalinfluencescanaffectyourstateofmind.许多外在因素都可能影响你的心情。Thediseasehasaffectedfully30percentofthepopulation.这种病感染了足足30%的人口。【易错辨析】effect/affect这两个词都可以表示“影响”。其区别是:(1)effect是名词,常用在havea(n)...effecton这个短语中;effect也可以作动词,但不表示“影响”,而表示“产生,招致,引起;实现”等。Doesthemedicinehaveanyeffectonpatients?这种药对病人有效吗?Theprimeministereffectedagreatmanypolicychanges.这位首相在政策上实现了许多变革。(2)affect是动词,通常指不良影响。此外,还有“感动;感染”的意思。Theriseinpriceswillaffectallclasses.物价的上涨使各阶层的人都受到影响。Weweredeeplyaffectedbythenewsofherdeath.她死亡的消息使我们唏嘘不已。【词汇拓展】effectiveadj.

有效的;有作用的;实际上的effectivelyadv. 有效地beofnoeffect

无效bring/putsthintoeffect

实行,实施;使生效,使起作用takeeffect

见效;生效;实行;起作用ineffect

实际上;生效come/gointoeffect

生效,实施havea(n)...effecton

对……产生……影响Ithasbeendemonstratedthatthisdrugiseffective.这药已证实是有效的。Thetwoexpressionsare,in

effect,identical.这两种说法实际上一模一样。【迁移应用】单句语法填空(1)Allthepatients

(affect)bymalariaareseparatedfromtheoutside.

(2)Theadvertisingcampaigndidn’thavemucheffect

sales.

affected

on3Geneticistshavebeentryingtoidentifywhichgenesrelatetowhichdiseases,astheybelievegenomeeditingisaneffectivemeansofdiseasetreatmentandprevention.(P30)遗传学家一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关,因为他们认为基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段。◆identifyvt.找到,发现;确认,认出;显示,说明身份Scientistshaveidentifiedalinkbetweendietandcancer.科学家发现了饮食与癌症之间的关联。【词汇拓展1】identificationn. 识别;鉴定;确认identityn.

身份;个性,特征identifysb/sthwithsb/sth

认为某人/某物等同于某人/某物identifywithsb/sth

认同某人/某物;与……产生共鸣Hehadtoconcealhisidentitytoescapethepolice.为了躲避警方,他只好隐瞒身份。He’sacharacterthatreadersfeeltheycanidentify

with.他是一位读者能与之产生共鸣的人物。【迁移应用1】单句语法填空(1)Eachchildwastaggedwithanumberfor

(identify).

(2)Shewouldonlyplayaroleifshecouldidentify

thecharacter.

identificationwith◆meansn.方法,方式;财富,钱财Doestheendalwaysjustifythemeans?只要目的正确,是否就可以不择手段?【词汇拓展2】meaningn.

意义;含义meaningfuladj. 有意义的meaninglessadj. 无意义的byallmeans

尽一切办法;务必bymeansof

借助;依靠bynomeans

决不,一点儿也不Thecoupleexchangedmeaningfulglancesbutsaidnothing.夫妻俩意味深长地交换了一下眼色,但什么都没说。Iamby

no

meansanunsociableperson.我绝不是一个不合群的人。【迁移应用2】单句语法填空(1)Canyoudevise

meansofovercomingtheproblem?

(2)

nomeanswillthismethodproducesatisfactoryresults.

aBy4Asthetechnologycontinuestodevelopatafastpace,however,questionsariseabouthowtouseitappropriately.(P31)然而,随着这一技术不断迅猛发展,如何使用好这一技术也成了问题。◆pacen.发生的速度,步伐,节奏;快节奏vi.&vt.来回踱步,走来走去;确定速度,调整节奏Heisanaggressiveplayerwithplentyofpace.他是一个速度快的进攻型球员。Theringroadallowstraffictoflowataremarkablyfastpace.环行路使车辆能以相当快的速度行驶。Heturnedonthelightandbegantopacebackwardsandforwards.他打开电灯并开始走来走去。【词汇拓展1】atapaceof以……速度keeppacewith

与……并驾齐驱;与……步调一致setthepace

定速度;起带头作用gather/increase/quickenpace

加快步伐;加快速度atasnail’space 以蜗牛般的步子atone’sownpace 以自己的节奏stand/staythepace 跟上别人;跟上节奏Inthisbusinesswehavetokeep

pace

withourforeigncompetitors.在这个行业中,我们必须跟外国竞争者保持同步发展。Thegreatthingaboutacycletripisthatyoucangoat

your

own

pace.骑自行车旅行的优点是你可以按自己的步调走。【迁移应用1】完成句子(1)如果你受不了这种紧张的节奏,就不应该做这样的工作。Youshouldn’thavesuchajobifyoucan’t

.

(2)较年幼的孩子努力跟上较年长的孩子。Theyoungerchildrenstruggledto

theolderones.

stand/staythepacekeeppacewith◆arisevi.发生,出现;由……引起,产生Disagreementaroseabouthowtoplantheshow.在如何计划演出的问题上出现了分歧。Somelearningdifficultiesarisefromthewaychildrenaretaughtatschool.一些学习困难源于孩子在学校接受教育的方式。【词汇拓展2】arisefrom/outof 因……产生;由……引起resultfrom

产生于……,由……引起Thecurrentdebatearose

out

oftheconcernsofparents.目前的争执是由父母的担心引起的。Hisfailureresulted

fromnotworkinghardenough.他的失败是工作不够努力造成的。【易错辨析】arise/rise/raise/arouse(1)arise(arose,arisen)意为“出现;产生”,是不及物动词。Emotionalormentalproblemscanarisefromaphysicalcause.身体上的原因可以引起情绪或精神上的问题。(2)rise(rose,risen)意为“上升;提高;增长”,是不及物动词。Housepriceshave

risensharplyinrecentmonths.房价在最近几个月里急剧上涨。(3)raise(raised,raised)意为“举起;提高;增加;提出”,是及物动词。Wemustdoeverythingwecantoraisepeople’slivingstandards.我们要尽一切努力来提高人民的生活水平。(4)arouse(aroused,aroused)意为“唤醒;引起;激起”,是及物动词。Thisissuehasarousedmuchresentmentamongthemasses.这个问题在民众中间引起了强烈的不满。【迁移应用2】用动词的正确形式填空(arise,rise,raise,arouse)(1)Atabouttwoo’clock,wewere

byaknockonthedoor.

(2)Whenhesawtheprincipal,he

hishandinsalutation.

(3)Youhavetoknowhowthetrouble

beforeyoucandealwithit.

(4)Deathratesfromheartdisease

considerablyinrecentyears.

arousedraised

arosehaverisen5Shouldwerestrictouruseofthistechnologytothetreatmentandpreventionofdiseases?(P31)

我们应该把这项技术的使用限制在治疗和预防疾病上吗?◆restrictvt.限制,限定;束缚,妨碍;约束,管束I’mrestrictingmyselftooneglassofwineaday.我限制自己每天只喝一杯酒。Havingsmallchildrentendstorestrictyourfreedom.有年幼的孩子往往会限制你的自由。【词汇拓展】restrictionn.限制;约束restrictiveadj.

限制性的;约束的restrict...to...

把……限制于……Theregulationswereseenasarestrictiononpersonalfreedom.这些规定被视作对个人自由的限制。Thetournamentis

restricted

toplayersundertheageof23.这次比赛只允许23岁以下的选手参加。【迁移应用】单句语法填空(1)Theparkisopentothepublicwithout

(restrict).

(2)Thehospitalmayrestrictbookings

peoplelivinglocally.

restrictionto6Shouldweprohibitgeneticistsfromusingittoenhancehealthybodies?(P31)

我们是否应该禁止遗传学家使用它(基因组编辑技术)来增强身体健康?◆prohibitvt.禁止;使不可能Smokinginthecinemaisstrictlyprohibited.电影院里严禁吸烟。Thehighcostprohibitsthewidespreaduseofthedrug.该药昂贵,影响其广泛应用。【词汇拓展】prohibitionn.

禁止;禁令prohibitiveadj.

禁止性的;起阻止作用的prohibitsbfromdoingsth

禁止某人做某事Prohibitionofthepracticeistheonlysolution.禁止这种行为是唯一的解决办法。Thehighcostofequipmentprohibitsmanypeoplefrom

takingupthissport.昂贵的装备令许多人对这项运动望而却步。跟prohibit有相同用法和意义的动词还有ban,forbid,discourage,prevent,keep,stop等。Hewas

bannedfromdrivingforsixmonths.他被禁止驾驶六个月。Heforbadethemfrommentioningthesubjectagain.他不准他们再提到这个话题。Shynesspreventedmefromsayingwhathadhappened.羞怯妨碍我说出所发生的事情。【迁移应用】用所给词的适当形式填空(1)Thelawprohibitstobacconistsfrom

(sell)cigarettestochildren.

(2)Atreatyforthe

(prohibit)ofnucleartestshasbeendrawnup.

sellingprohibition7Onedaysoonwewillbeabletousegenomeeditingtoincreasethehumanresistancetocoldsandflus...(P31)不久的将来,我们将能够利用基因组编辑来提高人类对感冒和流感的抵抗力……◆resistancen.抵抗力;抵制,反对;抵抗,反抗Someofushavealowerresistancetocoldsthanothers.我们有些人对感冒的抵抗力不如别人。Everyonewhoinsistsonexercisinghasstrongresistance.坚持锻炼的人,抵抗力都很强。Therewasfierceresistancetothenewlaws.新法律遭到了强烈抵制。【词汇拓展】resistvt.

忍住,抵制,抵挡resistantadj.

有抵抗力的,抵抗的,反抗的resistdoingsth

抵制做某事can’tresistdoingsth

忍不住做某事beresistantto

对……有抵抗力;耐……Icouldn’t

resist

tellinghimthesecret.我忍不住把那个秘密告诉了他。Thisnewtypeofinfectionis

resistant

toantibiotics.这种新传染病对抗生素有抗药力。【迁移应用】单句语法填空(1)

(resist)tochangehasnearlydestroyedtheindustry.

(2)Thewoodhasbeenspeciallytreatedtoberesistant

decay.

(3)Hefoundithardtoresist

(buy)newbooksoncehehadsomemoney.

Resistance

tobuying8Thismeansputtingappropriatecontrolsin

placetomakesurethatgenomeeditingwillworktoouradvantage.(P31)这意味着我们要加以适当的控制,确保基因组编辑会朝着对我们有利的方向发展。◆putsthinplace准备就绪Beforeyouleavetheoffice,everythingshouldbeput

in

place.在离开办公室之前,应把所有物品摆放好。Theysayurgentmeasuresmustbeput

in

placetoprotecttheenvironment.他们说必须尽快采取措施来保护环境。【词汇拓展】inplace

在适当的位置;适当的inplaceof

代替;取代outofplace

不在合适的位置上;不合适的takeplace

发生;举行taketheplaceof 代替Iliketohaveeverythingin

place.我喜欢一切都在其适当的位置。Hissenseoftouchgraduallytook

the

place

ofsight.他的触觉逐渐代替了视觉。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)我们可能永远不会知道那一夜发生了什么事。Wemayneverdiscoverwhat

thatnight.

(2)这张大桌子放在这么小的房间里有点格格不入。Thelargetableis

insuchasmallroom.

tookplaceoutofplace9Without

doubt,genomeeditingisoneofthegreatestinnovationsinthehistoryofscience.(P31)

毫无疑问,基因组编辑是科学史上最伟大的创新之一。◆withoutdoubt毫无疑问,的确Without

doubt,sheisoneofthebestteachersintheschool.不可否认,她是该校最优秀的教师之一。Without

doubt,thiswasthemostimportantrelationshipIdevelopedatcollege.这无疑是我在大学时期建立的最重要的关系了。【词汇拓展】doubtn.

怀疑,疑问vt.

怀疑,不确信doubtfuladj.

怀疑的;不确定的beyonddoubt

毫无疑问withoutdoubt

无疑地;确实throwdoubton

对……产生怀疑indoubt

感到怀疑,拿不准nodoubt

无疑;很可能doubt+(that) 从句(否定句)doubt+whether/if 从句(肯定句)Thereisnodoubtthat...毋庸置疑……,毫无疑问……Let’strytoclearupourdifficultanddoubtfulpoints.让我们设法解决难点和疑点。There

is

no

doubt

thathermarriageisbeyondrepair.毫无疑问她的婚姻无法挽救。【迁移应用】单句语法填空(1)Theydoubted

allthisworkwouldpayoff.

(2)Thisis

doubtthefinestwineIhaveeverdrunk.

(3)Thearrangementsfortheeventstillseemedtobe

doubt.

if/whetherwithout

in重点句式1Ultimately,this

new

technology

might

even

make

it

possible

to

prevent

diseases

from

ever

developing

by

correcting

abnormal

genes

early

on.(P31)

最终,这项新技术甚至有可能通过早期纠正异常基因来预防疾病的发展。【句式剖析】句中的it是形式宾语,possible是宾语补足语,真正的宾语是topreventdiseasesfromeverdeveloping...。这是“make+形式宾语it+宾语补足语+真正的宾语”结构。make作使役动词时,后面通常接复合宾语。Hemadeitknownthathewaslookingforanotherjob.他告诉别人说他在找新工作。IhopeImadeitcleartohimthathewasnolongerwelcomehere.我希望我已经向他讲清楚,他在这里不再受欢迎。【句式拓展】(1)make+宾语+形容词/名词(2)make+宾语+省略to的不定式(3)make+宾语+过去分词TheInternetmakesourlifeandworkmoreconvenient.互联网使我们的生活和工作更方便了。Shemadeherchildrenwashtheirhandsbeforeeating.她要孩子们在吃东西前洗手。Thespeakerraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.发言人提高了嗓音以便别人听到他说的话。若此句型中作宾语补足语的名词为表示职位或头衔的名词,此名词前不加任何冠词;省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时,变为被动语态后,不定式须带to。Hewastheyoungest,buttheydecidedtomakehimcaptain.他最年轻,但他们仍决定选他当队长。Childrenshouldbemadetounderstandtheimportanceofsavingwater.应该让孩子们懂得节约用水的重要性。【迁移应用】单句语法填空(1)Takingsomemedicinemademe

(feel)muchbetter.

(2)Weshouldnotmakeourplan

(know)toeverybody.

(3)Theworkersweremade

(work)overtenhoursadaybytheboss.

(4)Hehasmade

aruletoreadEnglishaloudinthemorning.

feel

knowntowork

it2We

have

to

figure

out

how

to

keep

the

technology

from

running

wild.(P31)

我们必须弄清楚如何防止这一技术失控。【句式剖析】句中的howtokeepthetechnologyfromrunningwild是“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构,作figureout的宾语。Idon’tknowhowtoexplainittomyparents.我不知道该如何向父母解释这件事。“特殊疑问词/whether+不定式”结构(1)特殊疑问词:what,which,when,where,how,who,whom等。(2)语法功能:在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、补语等。(3)可接该结构作宾语的动词:ask,consider,decide,discuss,explain,forget,know,learn,remember,show,tell,wonder等。Wehaven’tdecidedwhentoholdthespeechcontest.我们还没有决定举行演讲比赛的时间。Manypeoplehaveaskedmehowtobalancewriting,workandlife.有很多人问我如何平衡写作、工作和生活。【迁移应用】单句语法填空(1)Ispentmanydaysthinkingover

toacceptthejob.

(2)Youhavetoknowwhere

(stand)foragoodviewpoint.

(3)Studentswanttoattendtheclassthataimstoteach

toreadfast.

whether

tostand

how3Scientists

say

that

locating

these

sixteen

genetic

markers

will

greatly

improve

their

understanding

of

how

genes

affect

lifespans.(P33)

科学家说,定位这16个遗传标记将大大增进他们对基因如何影响寿命的理解。【句式剖析】该句是一个复合句,其中that连接宾语从句;在宾语从句中,主语为动词-ing短语locatingthesesixteengeneticmarkers;howgenesaffectlifespans也是宾语从句,作介词of的宾语。动词-ing作主语时,往往表示一般性的、经常性的或抽象性的动作或行为,其逻辑主语通常是形容词性物主代词或名词所有格,谓语动词通常要用单数。Missingthebusmeanswaitingforhalfanhour.错过了这班公交车意味着再等半个小时。Collectingstampsisagoodhobby,whichcanenrichourlives.集邮是一个很好的爱好,可以丰富我们的生活。Hisbeinglateagainmadehismanagerveryangry.他又迟到了,这使得他的经理很生气。【句式拓展】动词-ing短语作主语时,可用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(动词-ing短语)置于句末。但值得注意的是,动词-ing作后置主语的情况远不及不定式那么普遍,通常只限于以下几个名词或形容词后面。(1)名词g