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LetterfromaBirminghamJailMartinLutherKing,Jr.Onbeing“unwiseanduntimely”Criticshavebeeninfluencedbytheargumentof“outsiderscomingin.”However...Allcommunitiesandstatesareinterrelated.Injusticeanywhereisathreattojusticeeverywhere.Whateveraffectsonedirectlyaffectsallindirectly.AnyonewholivesintheUnitedStatescanneverbeconsideredanoutsideranywhereinthiscountry.Considertheconditionsthatbroughtthedemonstrationsintobeing
FourbasicstepsinanynonviolentcampaignCollectionofthefactstodeterminewhetherinjusticesarealiveNegotiationSelf-purificationDirectactionWehavegonethroughallofthesestepsinBirmingham.Therecanbenogainsayingofthefactthatracialinjusticeengulfsthiscommunity.NoalternativebutcivildisobedienceWehadnoalternativeexceptthatofpreparingfordirectaction,wherebywewouldpresentourverybodiesasameansoflayingourcasebeforetheconscienceofthelocalandnationalcommunity.Whydirectaction?Nonviolentdirectactionseekstocreatesuchacrisisandestablishsuchcreativetensionthatacommunitythathasconstantlyrefusedtonegotiateisforcedtoconfronttheissue.
JustasSocratesfeltthatitwasnecessarytocreateatensioninthemindsothatindividualscouldrisefromthebondageofmythsandhalf-truthstotheunfetteredrealmofcreativeanalysisandobjectiveappraisal,wemustseetheneedofhavingnonviolentgadfliestocreatethekindoftensioninsocietythatwillhelpmentorisefromthedarkdepthsofprejudiceandracismtothemajesticheightsofunderstandingandbrotherhood.Thenecessityforlegal,nonviolentpressureHistoryisthelongandtragicstoryofthefactthatprivilegedgroupsseldomgiveuptheirprivilegesvoluntarily.Freedomisnevervoluntarilygivenbytheoppressor;itmustbedemandedbytheoppressed.AlegitimateconcernOnemaywellask,“Howcanyouadvocatebreakingsomelawsandobeyingothers?”Theanswerisfoundinthefactthattherearetwotypesoflaws:justandunjust.IwouldagreewithSaintAugustinethat“Anunjustlawisnolawatall.”
Howdoesonedeterminewhenalawisjustorunjust?Ajustlawisaman-madecodethatsquareswiththemorallaworthelawofGod.Anunjustlawisacodethatisoutofharmonywiththemorallaw.AmoreconcreteexampleAnunjustlawisacodethatamajorityinflictsonaminoritythatisnotbindingonitself.Ontheotherhand,ajustlawisacodethatamajoritycompelsaminoritytofollowthatitiswillingtofollowitself.AnimportantdistinctionOnewhobreaksanunjustlawmustdoitopenly,lovingly,andwithawillingnesstoacceptthepenalty.Isubmitthatanindividualwhobreaksalawthatconsciencetellshimisunjust,andwillinglyacceptsthepenaltybystayinginjailtoarousetheconscienceofthecommunityoveritsinjustice,isinrealityexpressingtheveryhighestrespectforlaw.
ImustconfessthatoverthelastfewyearsIhavebeengravelydisappointedwiththewhitemoderate.Shallowunderstandingfrompeopleofgoodwillismorefrustratingthanabsolutemisunderstandingfrompeopleofillwill.Lukewarmacceptanceismuchmorebewilderingthanoutrightrejection.OncondemningdisobediencebecauseitprecipitatesviolenceIsn’tthislikecondemningSocratesbecausehisunswervingcommitmenttotruthandhisphilosophicaldelvingsprecipitatedthemisguidedpopularmindtomakehimdrinkthehemlock?AtragicmisconceptionoftimeItisthestrangelyirrationalnotionthatthereissomethingintheveryflowoftimethatwillinevitablycureallills.Wemustcometoseethathumanprogressneverrollsinonwheelsofinevitability.Itcomesthroughthetirelesseffortsandpersistentworkofmenwillingtobeco-workerswithGod,andwithoutthishardworktimeitselfbecomesanallyoftheforcesofsocialstagnation.OnbeingseenasanextremistThequestionisnotwhetherwewillbeextremistbutwhatkindofextremistwewillbe.Willwebeextremistsforhateorwillwebeextremistsforlove?Willwebeextremistsforthepreservationofinjustice—orwillwebeextremistsforthecauseofjustice?AbouttheoutcomeofourstruggleAbusedandscornedthoughwemaybe,ourdestinyistiedupwiththedestinyofAmerica.WewillwinourfreedombecausethesacredheritageofournationandtheeternalwillofGodareembodiedinourechoingdemands.InclosingOverthelastfewyearsIhaveconsistentlypreachedthatnonviolencedemandsthatthemeansweusemustbeaspureastheendsweseek.SoIhavetriedtomakeitclearthatitiswrongtouseimmoralmeanstoattainmoralends.
OnedaytheSouthwillknowthatwhenthesedisinheritedchildrenofGodsatdownatlunchcounterstheywereinrealitystandingupforthebestintheAmericandreama
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