2023年北京海淀区高三二模英语查漏补缺试题及答案

2023北京海淀高三查漏补缺英语2023.05完形填空MywifeandIusuallykeephouseplants.Anythinginpotsgetseitheroverwateredorunderwatered.ButafterdiagnosiswithabrainIlovedtheideaofhavingsomethinggreenandLastfriendMitchgavealuckybambooplant.totheplantgavemeasenseofatatimewhenIsometimesfeltuselessbecausemyabilitymovewaslimited.Asaphysician,Iwasusedbeingtheonewhocare.theplantmetoa1aroundus.234corepartofoldidentityandtaughtIcouldstillaafterseveralweeksgrowingperfectcondition,theplant5begantoshowsignsofstress.NomatterwhatIdid,theleaveskept6anddroppingtothe“Ievencareforasimpleplant!”Iyelled.“Ifmyluckybamboodies,Imightdietoo!”Identifyingwiththegreenandgrowingplanthadmecomfort.Butwhenthetreewasstruggling,Ifeltincreasinglyuneasyand7.ItwasseveralmonthslaterwhenIrecoveredfromthatIrealizedIhadwronglylinkedmycarefulnurturingoftheplant—somethingoverwhichIhadleastsomecontrol—withmywhichIhadcontrol.8—somethingoverAsmyapot,andwhenitwasbackinthesunnywebothbeganthrive(旺盛)again.NowwheneverIlookatthetreeinitsnewpot,ImakeapointtorelaxandthinkofthethingsIcan.9lessened,Ibeganstudyonlinetutorialstofigureouthowtocarethetree.Itransplanteditto1.A.aliveB.primitiveB.reliefC.delicateC.achievementC.providedC.adaptedC.genuinelyC.wavingC.faithfulC.capabilityC.doubtD.mature2.A.warmth3.A.valued4.A.added5.A.casually6.A.spreading7.A.fearful8.A.dream9.A.discontent10.A.give语法填空D.securityD.lackedB.neededB.connectedB.interestinglyB.browningB.innocentB.successB.anxietyB.shareD.comparedD.mysteriouslyD.dancingD.dishonestD.survivalD.sympathyD.preserveC.decide第一组AWhenSukiheardshewastobelaidherfirstreactionwasfearforwhatitcouldmeanforher“IwasinitiallyscaredbecauseIfindanotherjob.”1(see)happeningallacrossthetechIworriedIwouldn’tbeabletoAfewdaysputhervideoskillstouse,sharingavideoonlinethathighlightedthenew2(hobby)she’dfoundtimetakeupafterbeinglaidThevideostruckachord,afloodofrecruiterstogetintouch.3(score)thousandsoflikes,andprompting1.hadseen(时态，过去完成时)2.hobbies（名词，复数）3.scoring（非谓语，现在分词作状语）1BWhileengagementhasneverbeenmorechallengingschoolstoachieve,also4(critical)thanEngagementmorethanjustensuringthatlessonsarefun.Upondeeperexamination,engagementandmotivation5(drive)byseveralfactors.Dostudentsgetopportunityhelpshapetheirgoalsandtheprocessbywhichtheyarelearningtoachievethem?Doeseverystudentfeel(support)atschool?Dostudentsunderstandthevalueofthey’relearningandbelievethatthisvalueoutweighsthecostofWhenthesethingsaretrue,learninghappens.67CWhileChinacelebratestheyearoftherabbit,manyarebuyingnewcat-themeddecorations.Howthecatsubstitutedfortherabbit(remain)debatable.Somesupposethecustomhastodowithlanguage.oldChinese,thewordtiedtherabbityearispronounced“mao(卯)”pronunciationissimilartomèo,the89cat.Somethinkitrelatestolandscape.OriginallytheChinesepreferredalifestyleclosewilderness,choosingrabbitasananimallivinginthewildfields.Incontrast,thechosethecatbecausetheytreatedcats10friendslivingintheirhouses.第二组ASixyoungmenallrespondedthecallshelpfrominsideawreckedcaronerecentmorningwhenthey1(walk)school.Awoman,bothherpassengeranddriver’ssidedoorsshut.Together,theyoungworkedopenthepassengerdoorinaneffort(save)thewomantrappedthecar.groupofguyssucceededinfreeingthewomantrappedhercar.Andtheyhavereceivedsignificantattention2(believe)beher50s,collidedwithanothervehicle.impactjammed34theirheroicact.BTheoriginofvolunteeringcanbetracedbacktothe12thcenturyBritain,5thereweremorethan500(use)hospitalsoperatedbyvolunteers.Theword“volunteering”,takentheFrenchvolontaire,started6inthe18thcenturywhenpeoplewerewillinglyjoiningthemilitaryservice.thewordismoreconnectedwithcommunityservice.Itmaysurprisesomethatthebiggestrevolutioninvolunteering7(bring)bytheinventionoftheInternet.Helpfulplatformswereraised,andvolunteersbecameinterestedwhentheyfoundoutaboutvariousopportunities.CFacedwithhealthornutritionquestions,itisthemselves.ButtheInternetisfullofconflictinghealthwarningsnoregulationremovethewrongadvice,someofisextremelydangerous!Also,searchenginesrankresultsbypopularityratherthansolid8(increase)commonpeopletogoonlineanddiagnose9factscanbetrickytofind.Itisworthexamining10thewriterofanonlinepieceisproperlyqualifiedasexpert.onlyofficiallyrecognizedpracticingdoctorsaswelldietitianshavedegreesgivingmedicalsuggestions.阅读理解：AStudentsapplyingtocollegesthatusetheCommonApplicationshouldhandinessayof650words.Thatincludestheessaytitle,notes,andanyothertextthatyouincludeintheWhatCanAccomplishin650Evenifyouadvantageofthefulllengthavailableyou,keepmindthat650wordsisnotalong2It'sroughlytheequivalentofatwo,double-spacedMostessaystendtobebetweenthreeandeightparagraphsdependingonapplicant'swritingstyleandessayAsyouplanyouryoudefinitelywanttokeepthelengthrequirementinmind.Manyapplicantsattemptdotoomuchwiththeiressaysthenstruggleeditthemdown650words.Realizethepurposeofthepersonalstatementisnottotellyourlifestoryorgiveexhaustiveoverviewofallofyouraccomplishments.Letyourlistofextracurricularactivities,academicrecord,lettersofrecommendation,andsupplementalessaysandmaterialsshowyourrangeofaccomplishments.Thepersonalstatementnottheplaceforlonglistsorcatalogsofachievement.writeengagingand650wordorshorteryouneedtohaveasharpfocus.Narrateasingleevent,orilluminateasinglepassionortalent.Allowenoughspaceforself-reflectionthatwhateveryourtopicisyouspendatleastsometimetalkingaboutitssignificancetoyou.Again,usetheessaynarrateanengagingMakesureithighlightssomethingyoucareaboutandbesuretoprovideawindowintoyourinterestsorpersonalitythatisn'talreadyobviousfromtherestofyourapplication.AFinalAboutEssayLengththeprimaryCommonApplicationyouwillneedtocomein650wordsoryouwillfindthatmostsupplementalessaysontheCommonApplicationhavelengthguidelines,andcollegesthatdon'tusetheCommonApplicationwillhavelengthrequirements.Nomatterwhatthecircumstances,makesureyoufollowtheguidelines.Ifessayshouldbe350words,don'twrite370.keepmindthatwhatyouandhowyouitisfarmoreimportantthanwhetheryouhave550wordsor650words.Ifyou'vesaidallhavetosayin500words,don'ttrytopadyouressaytomakeRegardlessoflength,thebestwritingwilltellacompellingprovideinsighttoyourcharacterandinterests,andarewrittenwithcrispandengagingprose.1.Accordingthepassage,whatmightbearightthingtodowhilewritinganessay?A.tellsomeinterestinglifestories.B.listallthepossibleachievements.C.showtherangeofaccomplishments.D.highlightthefocusofonesingleevent.2.Asfortheessaylength,theapplicant________.A.shouldfollowtheguidelines.B.cansethisorherownlimitaccordinglyC.shouldmakesureitnolessthan650wordsD.canwritemorethan650wordswhennecessary3.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.stresstheimportanceofessaywriting.B.introducemethodsofwritingagoodC.advertiseawritingcourseforcollegestudents.D.remindtheapplicantsofthelengthoftheirBShespentovertwodecadesworkingherwayupinthescienceeitherasachemistalaborinamanagementrole.NowBerkeleyMiddleSchoolteacherMrs.AmyAdamsisemployingherscienceskillsinadifferentenvironment.Shedecidedtomixthingsupabitandcameupwithawinningformulatohelpmakeadifferenceintheclassroom.Mrs.AmyAdamsisourCoolSchoolteacheroftheweek.3Shetookacoupleofyearsafterhavingchildren.Whilevolunteeringatherkids’school,wasfascinatedbyeducation.Adamssays,“ThisiswhereIamsupposedtobe.IlovedmyjobandthepeopleIworkedwith,butIjustkeptfeelingunsettled,Ichanneledmyintosomethingmeaningful.”Adamssayssteppedoutonfaith,andtherestiswellactuallyscience.nowyearofteachingseventh-gradescienceatBMS.“ThisismyIwalkedthehallsofBerkeleyMiddle.Sowithallfourofmychildren.MyyoungestiswalkingthehallsItjustfeelslikehome,”Adamssaid.Adamsdescribesherteachingstyleasinteractive.Shesays,“Iwantthemtohaveavoiceandlearncriticalthinking,sowefeaturecolorfulactivities.Whethernote-taking,worksheets,doingDNAextractionsonastrawberryordissectingfrogs,theprocessisalwaysinteractive.Bydoingso,Iintendtocultivateacultureoflearningandarousetheirinterestinscience.”principalBMSsays,“Shewasthesciencesoshecanrelatetheconceptsteachestoreallife,whichisoneofthegreatattributestohaveinaButlersaysMrs.Adamsalsopushedtoaddanadditionaldaytoherworkweek.“I’vehadtoopenthebuildingatherrequestsoshecanworkonSaturdays.justtheattitudeadopts,gooverandbeyondforourstudentshere.IjustappreciateMrs.Adamsforhearingthecallswitchtoeducation.IfIcouldcloneMrs.Adamsfiftymoretimes,notonlyBerkeleyMiddlebutschoolsingeneralwouldbenefitfromthatspiritofdedication.”WhenaskedifshemissesworkingintheMrs.Adamssays,“I’lltellyouIworkhardernowthanIeverdid,thatI’mmoretiredthanIeverwas,butIabsolutelylovewhatIdo,andIfeellikewhatI’mdoingmakesadifference.Iimaginenotbeinghere.”1.WhatwasthemaincauseforAdams’changingherjob?A．Herloveofeducation.B．Herlackinspiration.C．Herspiritofvolunteering.D．Herdesireofbeingperfect.2.Adamsusedaninteractiveteachingstyleto______.A.learncriticalthinkingC.havecolorfulactivitiesB.enjoyscienceclassesD.improveteaching3.Whatcanlearnfromwords?A.Adamscanassociatetheorywithpractice.B.Adams’dedicationwillinspiremoreteachers.C.Adamsworksovertimeteachstudentsmore.D.Adamsoweshersuccesstoherexperience.4.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeAdams?A.Creativeandcompetent.C.Devotedandpassionate.B.Patientandimaginative.D.andmodest.5.Whatisthepassagetryingtotellus?A.Keeplooking,settle.C.knowoneselfistrueprogress.B.Actionspeakslouderthanwords．D.Liveyourpassion,followyourdreams.C-1Golfhasalengthproblem.Thefartherplayersdrivetheball,thelongerholesneedtobe,thatskillslikeironplayandputting(打球入洞)remainimportant.Butthelongercoursesare,themoretheycosttomaintainandtheworsetheirenvironmentalimpact.Theyalsobecomemoredauntingforrecreationalgolfers,whokeeptheminbusiness.In2004,golf’sregulatorsintroducedlimitsonthesizeofclubs(球杆),hopingtoslowthetrendofever-longer4drives.Nonetheless,thepin-flationhascontinuedOnNovember15thafamousrecordtumbled(下跌):someonecompletedtheMastersinfewerthan270strokes,themarksetwhenhehisfirstmajortitlein1997.newlowof268belongsDustinJohnson,hasaveragedmorethan300yardsapopthroughouthisachievedfeateventhoughtheAugustaNationalcourseis8%longerthanin1997.Howhavegolferscontinuedtoblasttheballfartherthanever?publishesball-trackingstatistics,whichsuggestthat,althoughbetterequipmentmayhavehelped,players’recentgainsstemfromtheirtechnique—andevenbiggerimprovementsnowappearinevitable.ThedatacomefromShotLink,asystemthattrackshowfastagolferswings(“clubheadspeed”),histrajectory(“launchangle”)anditsrotationspeed(“spinrate”).Astatisticalmodelusingthesemetricswasbuiltpredictdrivingdistances.thethreefactorsexplained70%ofthedifferencesbetweenplayers’distances,andalmostalloftheincreaseinlengthovertime.Thelessonsareintuitive.thumptheballasaspossible,oneshouldmaximiseclubheadspeedandlaunchanglewhileminimisingspin.mostplayersfaceatrade-offbetweenthesegoals.Harderimpactsusuallymeanflattertrajectories.Onehasescapedthisconstraint.BrysonDeChambeau,aphysicsgraduatewithoddlydesignedclub,isnicknamedthe“MadScientist”.Hegained18kgofweightwhilethePGAwassuspended.Thishasallowedhimswingfasterthananyoneelse.Buthehasalsomanagedtosmashballwithahighlaunchangle—anunprecedentedcombinationthatmightowesomethingtohisunusuallywristsandrobotictechnique.Usingbothhisbrainsandhisbrawn,MrDeChambeauisnowhitting15yardsfartherthanhisclosestcompetitorsdo.MarkBroadie,agolfstatistician,reckonsthatotherprofessionalswilltrybeefup.Butgolfhistoryisfullofplayerswholosttheiredgeaftermakingsmallchangestheirswings.AndtimemayyetshowthattherisksofMrbombs-awayapproachsomeoftherewards.Hestrayedintotherough(球场长草区)oftenattheMasters.Nonetheless,theMadbreakthroughisbadnewsforcoursedesigners.Theywillprobablyhavekeepfiddlingwiththeirfairwaysonthegolfcoursesyearstocome.1.authormentionsinParagraph2show______.A.golfdrivesareincreasinglyfartherC.gametimeislengtheninggraduallyB.thenumberofrecordsisfallingD.golfcoursesaregrowinglonger2.Recentgolfers’improvingperformancemainlytheresultof_______.A.finerequipment.B.longercourses.C.build.D.bettertechniques.3.WhatcanknowaboutBrysonDeChambeau?A.Hehasinventedthenever-failingbombs-awayapproach.B.Heisagolfstatisticianspendsaoftimeinthegym.C.Heactivelycoursedesignerstoupdatethegolfcourses.D.Hehasmanagedtoswingtheballfastwithoutflattertrajectories.4.WhichwouldMarkBroadiemostlikelyagreeA.Changestotheswingshallbemadegreatcaution.B.Longercourseswillcausemoreproblemsthanbenefits.C.ProfessionalsshouldfollowMrlead.D.Othergolfersshouldbebraveenoughtakerisks.C-2FungiCanHelpHealItsOwnCracks5Cracksareverycommonconcretestructuresduetovariouschemicalandphysicalphenomenathatoccurduringeverydayuse.Andcrackscanbequiteharmfulbecausetheyprovideaneasyrouteinforliquidsandgasses—andtheharmfulsubstancestheymightcontain.Forinstance,micro-crackscanallowwaterandoxygeninfiltrateandthencorrodethesteel,leadingstructuralfailure.Butcontinuousmaintenanceandrepairworkisdifficultbecauseitusuallyrequiresanenormousamountoflaborandinvestment.Scientistshavebeentryingtofigureouthowtheseharmfulcrackscouldhealthemselveswithouthumanintervention.Theideawasoriginallyinspiredbytheamazingabilityofthehumanbodytohealitselfofcuts,bruisesandbrokenbones.Apersontakesinnutrientswhichthebodyusestoproducenewsubstitutestohealdamagedtissues.Inthesameway,canweprovidenecessaryproductstoconcretefillincrackswhendamagehappens?Throughlongtimeresearch,scientistshavefoundanunusualcandidatetohelpconcretehealitself:afunguscalledT.reesei.Itisfoundthatascalciumhydroxidefromconcretedissolvedinwater,thepHofthefungalgrowthmediumincreasedfromaclose-to-neutraloriginalvalueof6.5allthewayaveryalkaline13.0.Ofallthefungitested,onlyT.reeseicouldsurvivethisenvironment.DespitethedrasticpHincrease,itssporesgerminatedintothreadlikehyphalmyceliumandgrewequallywellwithorwithoutconcrete.Scientistsproposeincludingfungalspores,togetherwithnutrients,duringtheinitialmixingprocesswhenbuildinganewconcretestructure.Whentheinevitablecrackingoccursandwaterfindsitsin,thedormantfungalsporeswillgerminate.Astheygrow,they’llworkasacatalystwithinthecalcium-richconditionsoftheconcretetopromoteprecipitationofcalciumcarbonatecrystals.Thesemineraldepositscanfillthecracks.Whenthecracksarecompletelycaulkedandnomorecanenter,thefungiwillagainformspores.Ifcracksformagainandenvironmentalconditionsbecomefavorable,thesporescouldwakeupandrepeattheprocess.isposingnoknownriskhumanhealth.Infact,hasalonghistoryofsafeuseinindustrial-scaleproductionofcarbohydraseenzymes,suchascellulase,whichplaysanimportantrolefermentationprocessesduringwinemaking.Ofcourse,researcherswillneedconductathoroughassessmenttoinvestigateanypossibleimmediateandlong-termontheenvironmentandhumanhealthpriortoitsuseasahealingagentinconcreteinfrastructure.1.Accordingthepassage,tinycracksinconcretestructuresmayleadto________.A.DisfunctionevencollapseoftheentirestructureB.ContinuousmaintenanceandrebuildingC.LeakageofliquidsandgassesD.ofwaterandoxygen2.Whatcanknowabout?A.Itiswidelyusedinbuildingconcretestructures.B.Itcansurviveinextremeenvironment.C.Itcanhelptheconcretecracksheal.D.Itisanewlydiscoveredfungi.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.mightbeusedonhuman.B.Theisstillatitsinitiallystage.C.isunreplaceableinwinemaking.D.haslong-termonhumanhealthD6Thequestionofhowtruckingcapacityisgrowingordecliningiscommoninindustry,buttherealityisthatdemandfluctuationsarefarmoreimportanttomonitorastheyswingmuchmoreviolently.SinceDecemberof2018,thetotaltractorcountfromfor-hirefleets(non-private)hasgrown18%,accordingtotheFMCSA,buthasnevershownamonthlychangeofover2%.contrast,theOutboundTenderVolumeIndex(OTVI),ameasureoftotaltruckloaddemand,hasgrown12%overthesameperiod,butmonthlyfluctuationstopped20%attimes.Evenbeforethepandemic,theOTVIhad5-7%monthlyswingsindemand.GiventheOTVImeasurestotaltendersandisnotapureproxy(指标)forshipments,isreflectiveofhowfastdemand-sideconditionschangeintrucking.Thepointisthatcapacityshiftsareslowandstable,whiledemandchangesmuchmorerapidlyandisveryunpredictableovertime.Thisistheconsummatestruggleofsupplychainsandtransportationcompaniesacrosstheglobe—howmuchinfrastructure(capacity)isneededbeableflexupbutnothavetoooverheadwhendemandsoftens?Theprocessoforderingandseatingatrucktakescloseayear.Thattruckcanhaulroughlyseven500-mileloadsperweek,or360loadsperyear.Thisonlyoccursifshippingpatternsareconsistentanddriversarereadilyavailable,andneitheraretrue.Soisn’tapurequestionofhowmuchcapacityisavailableaggregate,butarethosetrucksavailableintherightplacestherighttimesingeneral?Thismetricisextremelydifficulttoattain.Sincedemandisunevenandspreadunevenlythroughoutthecountry,trucksanddriversneedtoexceedthenumberofshipmentsavailable.Soevencapacitygrowsby1%,itjustincreasesthechancesthatloadswillbecoveredmarginally.Probablymoreimportantthananyofthepreviouspointsisthattherearealreadymeasuresoftherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemandintrucking.Tenderrejectionrates(OTRI)andspotrates(NTI)measurewhencapacityismeetingdemandinthecontractandspotmarkets,respectively.Thereislittleuseforknowinghowmuchcapacityisavailablethefor-hirefreightmarketotherthanbeinginteresting.Butthereisexceptionalvalueinknowinghowwellcapacityanddemandareliningupandwhatdirectiontheyaretrending.SinceDecember2021tenderrejectionrateshavefallenfromover20%tounder4%,whilespotratesaredown27%.Demand-sideindicatorsareprobablythemostcrucialtogettingtheearliestsignsofmarketshifts,whilerejectionratesandspotratesanswerthetwomostimportantquestionsthatcompanieswantanswered:CanIgetatruckandhowmuchitcostme?1.OutboundTenderVolumeIndex________.A.isaproxyforshipmentsonlyB.isameasuretotracktruckloaddemandC.cantellthecurrenttruckingcapacityintheUSD.cantelltherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemandtrucking2.Whatproblemdosupplychainsandtransportationcompaniesfacecommonly?A.Howcapacitycanmeetthechangingdemand.B.Howcapacityanddemandcanbepredicted.C.Whatfacilitiesareneededshipthegoods.D.Whattruckscanfunctionthebest.3.WhatcantellaboutOTRIandNTI?A.Theyarebothmeasuresinthecontractandspotmarkets.7B.Theyareoflittleuseknowthecapacityanddemand.C.TheycanchangetheunevendemandsituationintheUS.D.Theycanhelptotellthecompanieshowmarketmightchange.4.Wherecanweprobablythispassage?A.InaschoolnewspaperB.InabookC.InabiographyD.Inamagazine信息还原EverythousandsofrangerspatrolnationalparksandotherprotectedareasinAfrica.Theirjobisfraughtwithbothfromhostilehumansarmedwithautomaticweaponsandfromtheunappreciativeandpotentiallyaggressivewildlife,armedwithtusks,teethandclaws,whichtheyarehelpingtopreserve._____1______Thatisparticularlytrueofdataonpoaching(偷猎),whichremains,bothsensesoftheword,elephantineproblem.Since2006Africanelephantpopulationshavedeclinedbyaround30%.In2021,accordingtoMonitoringtheIllegalKillingofElephants(MIKE),aconservationprogramme,around40%ofelephantdeathswerearesultofpoaching.______2_____.MIKEdatashowawelcomefallratesthroughoutthe2010s,butaccordingresearchpublished2020byScottSchlossbergofElephantsBorders,athiscanbeattributedentirelyadeclineeasternAfrica.Elsewhere,thereisgreatvariationthepressureonanimalslikeelephants.parks,likeGarambaintheDemocraticRepublicofCongo(DRC),arebadlyhit—withmorethan90%ofthebodiesfoundbyrangersbeingvictimsofpoachers.untanglethefactorsinfluencingpoaching,KuiperoftheUniversityofCapeEleanorMilner-GullandOxford,andateamofcollaboratorshaveanalyseddatacollectedforMIKEbyrangersfrom64sites30Africancountriesoverthecourseof19years.Theycorrelatedthesewithpotentiallyrelevantfactors,bothnaturalandhuman,andhavepublishedtheirfindingsintheProceedingsoftheRoyalNaturalvariablessuchashabitattype,theydiscovered,makelittledifference._____4_______.lowhouseholdwealth,poorhealth,poorlawenforcementandpoornationalgovernanceallcontributedtohigherratesofpoaching.Sodidthepriceof_____5______.Fortheredidnotseembemuch.impactwasaconsequenceofafewspecialcasesDRC,theCentralAfricanRepublicandEthiopia,ratherthanageneralruleaboutyoungmenwithgunsbehavingOnefactorthatwasunquantifiable,andthereforeuntestable,accordingtoDrwaslocalpoliticalwilltopreservewildlife.Butthisstudydoesneverthelessconfirmobservationsmadeelsewhere,thatthebestformofconservationaprosperouspopulation.A.D.Humanonespredominate.B.severityofelephantpoachingvariesfromplacetoplace.C.HumansthebiggestfactordefiningelephantrangesacrossAfrica.D.Therewasoneunexpectedresult,though—theimpactofarmedconflict.E.Buttheirworkisimportant,notleastbecausethedatatheycollectarecrucialtoconservationplanning.Inothers,likeChobe,Botswana,lessthan10%ofdeadelephantsdiscoveredhavebeenkilledG.Currentdiscussionofhowtoreducepoachingfocusesontwoareas:reducingdemandandreducing阅读表达TheWhiteLiesAmantakinghismotherasurprisepartytellsherthey’regoingtothemall.Awomanfibsthatthestorewasoutofheroverweightfavoritejunkfood.Atutorassureshisstudentthatherspottyresumélooks8fine.Evenbenevolentformsofdeceptioncomeinshadesofandpeoplelearnthattheyhavebeenmisledalwaysseethewaydeceiversdo.Aliemeantinflateconfidenceordiscourageabadhabit,forexample,ofteninvolvesmakingajudgmentaboutbestforthatperson.Thatpresumptioncanbackfire.Inrecentexperiments,participantsplayinganeconomicgameonacomputerreceivedatipthatledthemoneoftwopossibleSomelearnedthatthesenderofthetiphadliedtothemsecurethemaparticularoption.Ifthebestoptionhadbeendebatableratherthanobvious—suchasreceiving$10rightawayratherthan$30afterthreemonths—participantsjudgedthatpersonaslessmoralforlyingandweresatisfiedwiththeoutcome,onaverage,evenifitwastheonetheyhadpreviouslysaidtheypreferred.“Peopleseemtofeeltheyhavearighttothetruth,andthatbytakingthatyoudiminishtheirabilitytoactsaysstudyco-authorMatthewLupoli,aPh.D.candidatetheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.Makingupfalsehoodstheonlykindlydeceive,though:mightalsosimplyleaveoutunpleasantfacts.RecentstudiesbyUniversityofChicagoresearcherEmmaLevineandcolleaguesexaminedbothtypesoflieinhypotheticalpatient-doctortalksandothercontexts.Peopletheroleofdeceivertendedviewtheomissionofpotentiallyharmfuldetails(suchasapoorprognosis)ascomparabletoormo