语言学111教学讲解课件

Discourseanalysis语言学第二小组

Discourseanalysis语言学第二小组1PragmaticsBasicconceptsTheoriescontextreferencedeixisanaphorapresuppositionspeechactspolitenessPragmaticsBasicconceptsTheori2AskforhelpAskforhelp3Canyoudomeafavor,handmethatcup.Canyoudomeafavor,handme4“XX，你能帮我递一下杯子吗？”“XX，你能帮我递一下杯子吗？”5Couldyoudomeafavor…Yeah?What?Couldyoudomeafavor…Yeah?6“XX，你现在有空吗？”“有啊。怎么了？”“你能帮我写个论文吗？”“。。。。”“XX，你现在有空吗？”7Smallfavor,smallpause.Bigfavor,bigpause.Smallfavor,smallpause.8Whatisdiscourseanalysis?Whatisdiscourseanalysis?9Whatisdiscourseanalysis?approachestostudylanguageLanguageassystemlanguageas

activitymeaningsoundingwordingreal-life

communication

and

social

interactionWhatisdiscourseanalysis?app10Languageasactivityinsocialinteraction:discourseLanguageasactivityinsocial11Thelinguisticform(orrecord)ofdiscourseiscalledtext.Thesametextmayfunctionasdifferentdiscoursesindifferentsituations.E.g.“whataniceday”onasunnyspringdayandsayingsoonabitterlycoldwinterdayaredifferentdiscourses,yettheyhavethesametextThelinguisticform(orrecord12Whatisdiscourse？

Languageabovethesentenceacontinuousstretchofspokenlanguagelargerthanasentence,oftenconstitutingacoherentunit.astretchoflanguageperceivedtobemeaningfulunifiedandpurposivethelargerunitsoflanguagesuchasparagraphs,conversations,andinterviews.Whatisdiscourse？Languageab13Discourseanalysis

andpragmaticsDiscourseanalysisandpragmaticssharetheinterestinlanguageuse,yettheyhavedifferentconcerns.Pragmaticsstudies“intendedspeakermeaning”.Discourseanalysisandpragmat14whatis

pragmatics?A:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.B:Well,that’sallright.A:Ialsohaveadog.B:Oh,I’msorry.whatispragmatics?A:Ihavea15whatis

pragmatics?tenant:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.landlord:Well,that’sallright.tenant:Ialsohaveadog.landlord:Oh,I’msorry.whatispragmatics?tenant:Ih16whatis

pragmatics?A<tenant>makesarequest,whichB<landlord>accepts;thenAmakesanotherrequest,whichBdeclines.whatispragmatics?A<tenant>17whatisdiscourseanalysis？Ifwechangetheconversationintothis:A:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.B:Niceday,isn’tit?A:Ialsohaveadog.B:I’mfine.whatisdiscourseanalysis？If18InterpretingdiscourseSpeecheventsBackgroundknowledgeSummaryInterpretingdiscourseSpeeche19whatisdiscourseanalysisInterpretingDiscoursewhatisdiscourseanalysisInte20InterpretingDiscourseTRAINSCOLLIDE,TWODIEInterpretingDiscourseTRAINSC21NOPARKINGItmeansyoucan'tparkhere!NOPARKINGItmeansyoucan't22Soourquestionmaybeformulatedlikethis:whenyoulistentoorparticipateinaconversation,orwhenyoureadsthwritten(beitaroadsign,astory,aletter,orapieceofnews,)howdoyou“makesenseof”whatyouhearorread，howdoyoutellicoherentdiscoursefromdisjointedgibberish(乱语)?toanswerquestionslikethis---athrivingbranchoflinguistics:discourseanalysis.语言学111教学讲解课件23whatisdiscourseanalysisHow

it

is

that

we,as

language-users,make

sense

of

what

we

read

in

texts,

understand

what

speakers

mean

despite

what

they

say

.recognize

concerned

as

opposed

to

jumbled

or

incoherent

discourse,and

successfully

take

part

in

that

complex

activity

called

conversation,what

is

known

as

discourse

analysis

definitionP139whatisdiscourseanalysisHow

24InterpretingDiscourse“没吃饭中午我家”InterpretingDiscourse“没吃饭中午我家25whatisdiscourseanalysiscohesionandcoherencewhatisdiscourseanalysiscohe26Cohesion

Fromthechapteronsyntaxwelearnthatcomponentsthatmakeupasentencemustbeconnectedaccordingtosyntacticalrules.Similarly,therearecertainrulesthatgovernthewaysentencesareconnectedinatext.Theserulesarestudiedintermsofcohesion.CohesionFromthechapterons27CohesionCohesionconcernsthesurfacestructureofatext.Itcanbedefinedasthenetworkoflexical,grammaticalandotherrelationsthatlinkvariouspartsofatext.CohesionCohesionconcernsthe28CohesionMyfatheronceboughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,hesoldittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.CohesionMyfatheroncebought29CohesionMyfather

once

boughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortune

nowadays.However,hesoldittohelppay

formy

collegeeducation.Sometimes

I

thinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.CohesionMyfatheroncebought30coherenceHer:Thatisthetelephone.Him:I’minthebath.Her:Ok.Shemakesarequestofhimtoperformaction.Hestatesreasonwhyhecannotcomplywithrequest.Sheundertakestoperformaction.coherenceHer:Thatisthetel31

SpeechEvents

Definition:Aspeecheventisaparticularinstancewhenpeopleexchangespeechsuchasanexchangeofgreeting,aenquiry(询问),aconversation.SpeechEventsDefinition:32

SpeechEvents

Mom,whereismybook?Bottomdrawerinyourbedroom.Right,I’llhavealook.SpeechEventsMom,whereis33

SpeechEvents

Honey,Iloveyou.SpeechEventsHoney,Ilove34

SpeechEvents

Itistypicalforpeoplewhoengageinconversationtotaketurnsatspeaking.Usuallyonlyonepersonspeaksatatime;whenmorethanonepersonwantstotalkatthesame,oneofthemusuallystopsuntiltheotherperson(s)has/havefinished.ConversationalInteractionSpeechEventsItis35

SpeechEvents

Youarestupid.Goout！SpeechEventsYouarestupi36

SpeechEvents

Turn:inconversation,theunitoftalkbyonespeaker,endedbythebeginningofthenextspeaker’sunitoftalk.A:Didn’tyouknowwh-

B:Buthemust’vebeentherebytwoA:YesbutyouknewwherehewasgoingSpeechEventsTurn:inconve37

SpeechEvents

Completionpoint:inconversation,theendofaturn,usuallymarkedbya

pauseattheendofaphraseorsentence.2SpeechEventsCompletionpoi38

SpeechEvents

.Turn-taking:thewayinwhicheachspeakertakesaturninconversationRudenessShyness3SpeechEvents.Turn-taking:39SpeechEvents$123Filledpause(有声停顿/填补停顿）:

abreakintheflowofspeech,usingsoundssuchasemander4SpeechEvents$123Filledpaus40

SpeechEvents

Filledpause(有声停顿/填补停顿）

:

abreakintheflowofspeech,usingsoundssuchasemanderSpeechEventsFilledpause(有41

SpeechEvents

A:that’stheirfavoriterestaurantbecause

they…

enjoyFrenchfoodandwhenthey

were…

inFrenchtheycouldn'tbelieveit

that…

youknowthattheyhad…that

theyhadhadbettermealsbackhomeForexample:SpeechEventsForexample:42

SpeechEvents

.ForexampleX:wellthatfilmreallywas…wasn'twhathewasgoodat

Y:whendi-X：Imeanhisother…emhislaterfilmsweremuchmore…erreally

moreintheromanticstyleandthatwasmorewhatwhathewas…

youknow…embestatdoingY:sowhendidhemakethatoneSpeechEvents.ForexampleX43Theco-operativeprinciplewasfirstsetoutbyGrice(1975),itisstatedinthefollowingway“Makeyourconversationalcontribution,suchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged”Theco-operativeprinciplewas44QuantityQualityRelationMannerThefourmaxims01020304QuantityQualityRelationManne45

AsfarasIknow...,Now,correctmeifI'mwrong,but...

46QuantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired,butnotmore,orless,thanisrequired.QuantityMakeyourcontribution47Well,

to

make

a

long

story

short

and

I

won't

bore

you

with

all

the

details.Well,

to

make

a

long

story48QualityDonotsaythatwhichyoubelievetobefalseorforwhichyoulackadequateevidenceQualityDonotsaythatwhic49RelationBeRelevantMannerBeclear,briefandorderlyRelationBeRelevantMannerBecl50Backgroundknowledge

Johnwasonthewaytoschool.Hewasreallywarriedabout