英美文学重要名词解释-英汉解释-综合整理版

名词解释ENGLISH&AMERICANLITERATURE--DEFINITIONOFTERMSEpic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.BeowulfisthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.JohnMiltonwrotethreegreatepics:ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.Alliteration:reptitionoftheinitialletterorfirstsoundofseveralwords,markingstressedsyllablesinalineofpoetryorprose.Usedtoemphasizemeaningandthuscanbeeffectivelyemployedinoratory.Legend:Asongornarrativehandeddownfromthepast,legenddiffersfrommythsonthebasisoftheelementsofhistoricaltruththeycontain.Romance罗曼史/骑士文学:1)RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.2)Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.3)Chivalry(suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor)isthespiritofromance.Ballad（民谣）:1)Balladisastoryinpoeticformtobesungorrecited.2)Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3)RobinHoodisafamousballadsingingthegoodsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.TheHeroicCouplet(英雄双韵体)HeroiccoupletreferstotherhymedcoupletiniambicpentameterHeroiccoupletsarelinesofiambicpentameterthatrhymeinpairs(aa,bb,cc).TheHeroicCouplet:1)ItmeansapairoflinesofatypeoncecommoninEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.2)Therhymeismasculine.3)UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucer.Iambicpentameter:Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.抑扬格五音步诗：一行诗包含五个音步，每个音步都是抑扬格。Sonnet(十四行诗)Definition:Asonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlines,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.Spenserianstanza:Anine-linestanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:ababbabcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterandiscalledanalexandrine.斯宾塞诗节：斯宾塞诗节是有九行组成的诗节，其押韵形式通常为ababbabcc。前八行通常是抑扬格五音步，第九行是抑扬格六音步，有称作亚历山大诗行。Soliloquy:Indrama,anextendedspeechdeliveredbyacharacteraloneonstage.Thecharacterrevealshisorherinnermostthoughtsandfeelingsdirectlytotheaudience,asifthinkingaloud.独白：独白是戏剧中一个人物单独做的台词，这个人物通过他或她直接跟观众说话来表白自己的心声，就好像是自己在大声的思考。Renaissance

means

“rebirth”.

It

meant

the

reintroduction

into

Western

Europe

of

the

full

cultural

heritage

of

Greece

and

Rome.

The

essence

of

the

Renaissance

is

Humanism.

The

real

mainstream

of

the

English

Renaissance

is

the

Elizabethan

drama.Metaphysicalpoetry玄学派诗歌:ThepoetryofJohnDonneandother17thcenturypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.Metaphysicalpoetryischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.玄学诗：约翰•多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。玄学诗多使用巧智，结构精巧，韵律多变，语言口语化，意象奇特，把不同的事物进行并置。Blankverse:Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.Enlightenment:Withtheadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisagainstfeudalism.Thesocialinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具新古典主义ItisanEnglishtendencyintheEnlightenmentperiodwhentheclassicalworksofancientGreekandRomanwritersandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchoneswereworshipped.Theneoclassicistsbelievethattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracyandtheliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Classicism:Amovementortendencyinart,literature,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andplacesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.Sentimentalism感伤主义:itisaliteraytrendwhichgotitsnamefromSentimentalJourneybySterne.,coingintobeinginthemiddleof18thastheresultofabitterdiscontentwithsocialrealityamongtheenlightenedpeople.itturnedtocountysidetofindmaterialsandshowedsinceresympathyforthepovertystrickenpeasantsandsoisinthestrikingcontrasttoclassicism.Pre-Romanticism:ItoriginatedamongtheconservativegroupsofmenandlettersasareactionagainstEnlightenmentandfounditsmostmanifestexpressioninthe“Gothicnovel”.前浪漫主义：前浪漫主义来源于保守的文人中间以反对启蒙主义的沉闷，在“哥特小说”中体现的最多。.

lake

poets

湖畔诗人

the

three

romantic

poets

who

lived

in

the

Lake

District

of

England

and

wrote

poems

about

nature.

William

Wordsworth

was

the

most

famous

of

the

lake

poets;

he

wrote

many

great

nature

poems,

including

“I

Wandered

Lonely

as

a

Cloud”.Narrator(叙述者)1)Itreferstoonewhonarrates,ortells,astory.2)Astorymaybetoldbyafirst-personnarrator,someonewhoiseitheramajororminorcharacterinthestory.Orastorymaybetoldbyathird-personnarrator,someonewhoisnotintheAmericanRealism:inAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.LocalColorism:LocalColorismorRegionalismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.Itmaybedefinedasthecarefulattegogomsinspeech,dressorbehaviorpeculiartoageographicallocality.Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.ThesocialandintellectualclimateofthecountryprovidedastimulatingmilieuforthegrowthoflocalcolorfictioninAmerica.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Theyformedanimportantpartoftherealisticmovement.Althoughitlostitsmomentumtowardtheendofthe19thcentury,thelocalspiritcontinuedtoinspireandfertilizetheimaginationofauthor.AmericanNaturalism:Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.Imagism:It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.impressionism(The

practice

of

expressing

or

developing

one's

subjective

response

to

a

work

of

art

or

to

actual

experience)A

literary

style

characterized

by

the

use

of

details

and

mental

associations

to

evoke

subjective

and

sensory

impressions

rather

than

the

re-creation

of

objective

reality.

Jazz

age

1920's

America

-

known

as

the

Jazz

Age,

the

Golden

Twenties

or

the

Roaring

Twentith–

It

refers

to

the

ten

years

from

the

end

of

World

War

I

to

the

great

Depression.

At

that

time，many

young

people

became

the

upper

class

generation

since

they

got

a

lot

of

money

from

Stock

Marketeverybody

seemed

to

have

money.

But

the

old

moral

codes

were

breaking

down.

And

they

suffered

from

spiritual

disillusionment

and

indulged

themselves

in

pleasure-seeking.

The

1920’s

saw

a

break

with

the

traditional

set-up

in

America.

The

Great

War

had

destroyed

old

perceived

social

conventions

and

new

ones

developed.

LostGeneration:Thistermhasbeenusedagainandagaintodescribethepeopleofthepostwaryears.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof“expatriates”orexiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.TheyoungEnglishandAmericanexpatriates,menandwomen,werecaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvaluesandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Theywanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightandbeautiesofnature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.Theirwholelifeisundercutanddefeated.AmericanDream:Americandreammeansthebeliefthateveryonecansucceedaslongashe/sheworkshardenough.Itusuallyimpliesasuccessfulandsatisfyinglife.ItusuallyframedintermsofAmericancapitalism（资本主义）,itsassociatedpurportedmeritocracy,（知识界精华）andthefreedomsguaranteedbytheU.S.BillofRights..Pointofview:Thevantagepointfromwhichanarrativeistold.Therearetwobasicpointsofview:first-personandthird-person.HemingwayheroCode

Hero

They

show

something

in

common:

desperate

courage

and

grace

under

pressure.

His

heroes

maintain

dignity,

honor,

courage

and

grace

in

face

of

danger,

violence

and

death.

They

are

wounded

but

strong,

more

sensitive,

enjoys

the

pleasure

of

life

in

face

of

ruin

and

death.

They

hold

such

a

concept

of

life:

it

is

dangerous

and

always

ready

to

defeat

and

destroy

you,

but

that,

if

you

keep

calm

and

stand

on

your

set

of

principles,

you

may

win

on

your

own

terms.Santiago

in

The

old

man

and

the

sea

/

henry

in

A

farewell

to

arms

Icebergtheory---1/8isabov