英语B级语法总结

首先词性部分1.名词的词性转换：-ionsuggestion，action，reaction,solution,permission-ationinvitation,imagination,operation,application,explanation-mentargument,equipment,employment,agreement,arrangement,amusement-ence\anceevidence,confidence,existence,difference,importance,appearance-yhonesty,difficulty,poverty,reality,variety,-erreaderrulermanager,follower,-oroperatoractor-eeemployeetrainee-thgrowthtruthdepth-nesshappiness,illness,sickness,goodness,coldness,fitness,-ilitypossibilityresponsibility-alarrival,withdrawal,disposal,denial-ageshortage,usage,courage,leakage,marriage-iefbelief,relief典型考题：1.Wehavebeeninformedthatthe(equip)______willbearrivinghereintendays.2.Isincerelythankyouforyour(invite)______totheIndustrialExhibition3.Iamsorrytolearnthatyouhavemadeno(improve)______onthedesignatall.4.Therightsideofthebraincontrolsour(imagine)__________,ourunderstandingofspaceandcolor.5.Thereisarapidincreaseinpopulationinthatcountrythathascausedafood（short）___________.6.IwastoldthatDisneyWorldisoneofFlorida’smajor(tour)_________attractions.7.Therehasbeenalarge(grow)________oflightindustriesduringtheseyears.8.Therewereonlyafew(survive)______fromtheair-crash.9.Thecommitteeexpectstocometoa(decide)_____withinthisweek.10.Thebosshaspromisedawageincreaseforallthe(employ)_______.KEY1.equipment2.invitation3.improvement4.imagination5.shortage6.tourist7.growth8.survivors9.decision10.employees2.形容词的词性转换：1.作定语，2.作表语，放在系动词的后面。3.形容词的比较级和最高级-fulbeautifulwonderfulcareful,thoughtful,useful,-ableacceptablereasonable,reliable,valuable,-lessuselesscareless-ingwillingannoying,entertaining-iveactivecreativeattractive,effective,-edpleaseddelighted-altraditionalpersonaladditional-lyfriendly，lively,lovely，lonely,fatherly,costly,woodly3.副词的词性转换adv.+v,v+adv.adv.+adjadv,+句子典型考题：1.Hewas(serious)___________injuredintheaccident.2.“Butwhyonearthdidyouagreetotheproposal?”Iasked(curious)___________.3.Whensheheardthatherfatherwas(danger)________ill,sheburstintotears.4Thatwas(apparent)__________acarelessmistakecausedbytheoperator.5.(Luck)_________,theflooddidnotdomuchdamagetothecrops.6.Thepoorpeasantswere(heavy)_________taxed.7.(person)________,Idon’tagreewithyouthoughwearegoodfriends.KEY:seriously2.curiously3.dangerously4.apparently5.luckily6.heavily7personaly语法部分I.动词的时态时态是谓语动词的形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语的时态共有十六种。一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在do/does，am/is/aredoing，have/hasdone，have/hasbeendoing过去did，was/weredoing，haddone，hadbeendoing将来shall/willdo，shall/willbedoing，shall/willhavedone，shall/willhavebeendoing过去将来should/woulddo，should/wouldbedoing，should/wouldhavedone，should/wouldhavebeendoing但其中《大纲》要求的主要有以下十种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时。（一）一般现在时表示经常性的动作和状态，常与always,everyday,never,often,usually,sometimes等频度副词连用；说话时人和事物的特性或状态；客观真理等。Iusuallygotoworkatseveninthemorning.Isthereanythingwrongwithyou?Youlookpale.Theearthmovesroundthesun.I-------ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven`thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play答案选D。本题干后一分句用了转折语气，并用了现在完成时，表示自从新年以来一直没用打过乒乓球，由此排除选项A和C。空格处是指含现在时间在内的广泛意义上的现在时间。表示计划或安排中的动作。ThetrainleavesforGuangzhouat2:30p.m.3.在(when)时间和(if)条件状语从句中，表示一般将来时。考题1：---Whenwillyoucometoseeme,Dad?---Iwillgotoseeyouwhenyou_______thetrainingcourse.AwillhavefinishedB.willfinishC.arefinishingD.finish考题2：2.省略If的条件句中的虚拟语气当条件句中出现were,should,had等时，可以将If省略，把were,should,had放在主语前面。3．固定句式中的虚拟语气（1）demand,suggest,advise,propose等词引导的宾语从句中；（2）It+be+suggested/demanded+that引导的主语从句中；（3）Itis+important/necessary+that从句中；（4）suggestion,proposal引导的同位语从句中；（5）lest（以防），forfearthat(惟恐)，incase（以防）引导的从句中；这些从句中谓语动词是由should+动词原形构成，should也可以省略。（6）asifasthoughwish+从句时，如果表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；如果表示wouldrather与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。ifonly（7）It’shigh/abouttime+从句时，从句谓语动词只能用过去时。（8）介词短语可相当于一个条件从句时要用虚拟语气，比如without,but,butfor,otherwise,等。主句+woulddo(表对现在或者将来的虚拟)主句+wouldhavedone（表对过去的虚拟）典型考题：1.It‘shightimewe________somethingtostoproadaccidents.A.didB.aredoingC.willdoD.do2.Ididn’tseeyourbossatthemeeting.Ifhe(come)__________,Iwouldhavetoldhimthenews.3.Itisadvisedthatwe(sign)__________anagreementrightafterthediscussion.4.Isuggestedthathe(refuse)__________theofferproposedbythatcompany.5.Hetalkedasifhe(do)___________alltheworkhimself,hutinfactTomandIdidmostofit.KEY:1.A2.hadcome3.(should)sign4.(should)refuse5.haddoneIV.非谓语动词非谓语动词指动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词这几种形式，它们在句中不能独立作谓语，可作定语、状语、补语、主语、表语等。动词不定分为带to的不定式和不带to的不定式句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。动词不定式一般表示动作尚未发生或将要发生。典型考题：1.___________thereport,IhandedittoJohn,butshesaidthatGeorgewasthepersontosenditto.A.HavingfinishedB.BeingfinishingC.FinishingD.Tohavefinished2._____________fromlifepressure,manypeoplehavetogoallouttoworkuntiltheyaretiredout.A.SufferingB.TosufferC.BeingsufferedD.Havingsuffered3.“Susan.Whatwouldyousayifwegotoseethefilmtonight?”“Thankyou,Tony.ButIdon’tthinkitisworth_______twice.”A.seeingB.toseeC.seeD.seen4.Themostimportantthinginlifeisagreatgoalplusthedetermination(reach)_______thegoal.5.I’mafraidyouhavebeenspeakingtoofasttomakeyourself(understand)_________.KEY:1.A2.A3.A4toreach5understood考试中常见句型不定式作主语时通常用这种结构It+be+adj.+(forsb.)+todo不定式作定语时，放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，常带不定式作定语的名词有：way,visit,solution,opportunity,effort,determination,etc.不定式与only连用表示未料到的结果。如：Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.一些特殊结构中用不带to不定式。如：hadbetter,ratherthan,cannotbut等。有些词只能接不定式作宾语。如：want,hope,pretend等。连接副词/代词加不定式结构。如：whattodo,wheretogo等。动名词主要起名词的作用在，在句中主要作主语，宾语，表语等。考试中常见句型有些动词后能接动名词，如：mind,avoid,enjoy等。介词接动名词作宾语某些句型中的动名词运用。如：It’snousedoing…./…havedifficultydoingsth.过去分词和现在分词主要起形容词的作用，在句中作表语、定语、状语等。两者的区别：现在分词与逻辑主语是主动关系，表示动作正在进行，而过去分词与逻辑主语是被动关系，表示动作已完成。在作表语或定语时，现在分词修饰物，过去分词修饰人。熟记以上规律，在遇到分词时，问题基本上可以迎刃而解。\V.动词短语、情态动词及主谓一致动词常和其他词类一起构成固定词组，称为短语动词。短语动词一般出现在选择题中，主要考察考生所掌握的词汇的深度和广度，以及是否掌握了某些常用短语动词的含义及用法。因此考生平时应熟知所学过的短语动词，熟练掌握《基本要求》中“词汇表”所列短语动词的含义及用法。情态动词看似简单，但做起来较难。在英语应用能力考试中，主要考查情态动词与完成体的搭配。如：should+have+Ved表示应该发生却没有发生的事；must+have+Ved表示对过去事情的肯定推测；could/might/may/can+have+Ved表示对事情的推测，程度视情态动词而定。主谓一致出现的频率较低，平时稍加注意就可。典型考题：1.Oneofmyforeignfriendsislookingforwardto_______mycountry.A.visitB.visitingC.havingvisitedD.bevisiting2.Itisthoughttobeawisewaytohavesomemoney_______foroldage.A.putasideB.takenoffC.giveninD.setout3.Howmanycomputerswillthecompany____________thisyear?A.turnupB.turnoutC.turnonD.turnover4.Hisgrandmotherbroughthimup,becausehisparents__________whenhewasonlyoneyearold.A.passedawayB.passedoutC.passedoffD.passedover5.HetoldmethatI________bepresentattheceremony.A.couldB.wouldC.shouldD.might6.Maryhasgotafullmarkinthetest.She__Cveryhardallthesedays.A.willworkB.mayworkC.musthaveworkedD.couldhaveworkedKEY：BABACCVI.倒装句与强调句.倒装句与强调句也是考试中的两个常见项目。考试中常见倒装句句型（1）Neither,nor,so+助动词/情态动词+主语（2）Hardly,never,rarely开头引起的倒装（3）Notonly…butalso;nosooner…than;hardly/scarcely…when等特殊句式引起的倒装（4）虚拟语气中的倒装（前面虚拟语气已讲过）强调句句型It+be+被强调部分+that/who典型考题：1.ItwasinthelabtakenchargeofbyProf.Harvis________theydidtheexperiment.(2000-06-A)A.thatB.whenC.whomD.so2.NotuntilIbegantowork_____________howmuchtimeIhadwasted.(2000-06-B)A.haveIrealizedB.IhaverealizedC.didIrealizeD.Irealized3.____________gotinthewheatthanitbegantorainheavily.A.NosoonerhavetheyB.NosoonertheyhaveC.NosoonerhadtheyD.Nosoonertheyhad4.Itwasinthatsmallvillage____________ourpresidentwasborn.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.asKEY:ACCCVII.主从复合句主从复合句主要出现在选择题和翻译题中，是词汇和语法结构中的难点，尽管所考项目均在初、高中涉及过，但因其面广，故学生还是感到吃力。考试中常见句型（1）主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、和同位语从句等名词性从句（2）定语从句中的非限定性定语从句及介词+which从句（3）时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句等状语从句1.______________isknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.A.WhichB.WhatC.AsD.That2.InevermakeapromiseIdon’tintendtokeep,sowhenIsayforever,foreveris_____________Imean.A.whereB.whatC.howD.why3.HesuddenlyleftforParisyesterday,_______wasmorethanwehadexpected.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.this5._______wokemeupwasaloudcryfromsomeoneinthenextroom.A.HowB.ThatC.WhatD.ThisKEY:CBCC重点谈谈定语从句[基本知识精讲]在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，也叫形容词性从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导词有关系代词who,whom,that,which,whose,as和关系副词when,whereandwhy。定语从句的引导词既起引导从句的作用，同时又担任从句的主语、宾语、定语和状语。在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中关系代词不能省略。本节重点讲解使用定语从句应注意的问题。（1）关系代词只能用that的情况先行词是下列情况之一时，关系代词只能用that,不能用which:先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,anything,nothing,everything等。先行词被all,any,every,few,little,no,some等修饰。先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级及theonly,thevery,thelast修饰。先行词是既含有人又含有物的名词词组。（2）介词提前的定语从句介词提前时，紧跟在介词后面的引导词只能用which,whom,whose,不能用that,who,where或when要注意此类定语从句中的介词的确定。1.根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系确定。Thefilmaboutwhichtheyaretalkingisveryinteresting.2.根据先行词的搭配关系确定。IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstmethim.（3）which和as引导的非限制性定语从句