手册87 edition section物理量及关系缩写

SCIENTIFICABBREVIATIONSANDSYMBOLS

Thistablelistssomeabbreviations,acronyms,andsymbolsencounteredinthephysicalsciences.Mostentriesinitalictypearesymbolsforphysicalties;formoredetailsonthese,seethetable“SymbolsandTerminologyforPhysicalandChemicalties”inthissection.Additionalinformationonunitsmay

befoundinthetable“InternationalSystemofUnits”inSection1.Manyofthetermstowhichtheseabbreviationsreferareincludedinthetables“DefinitionsofScientificTerms”inSection2and“TechniquesforMaterialsCharacterization”inSection12.Usefulreferencesforfurtherinformationaregivenbelow.

Publicationpracticesvarywithregardtotheuseofcapitalorlowercaselettersformanyabbreviations.Anefforthasbeenmadetofollowthemostcommonpracticesinthistable,butmuchvaria-

tionisfoundintheliture.Likewise,policiesontheuseofpe-riodsinanabbreviationvaryconsiderably.Periodsaregenerally

omittedinthistableunlesstheyarenecessaryforclarity.PeriodsshouldneverappearinSIunits.TheSIprefixes(m,k,M,etc.)areincludedhere,buttheyshouldneverbeusedalone.SelectedcombinationsoftheseprefixeswithSIunits(e.g.,mg,kV,MW)arealsoincluded.

Abbreviationsarelistedinalphabeticalorderwithoutregardtocase.EntriesbeginningwithGreeklettersfallattheendofthe

table.

References

1.Mills,Ian,Ed.,ties,Units,andSymbolsinPhysicalChemistry,BlackwellScientificPublications,Oxford,1993.

2.Kotyk,A.,ties,Symbols,Units,andAbbreviationsintheLifeSciences,HumanaPress,Totawa,NJ,1999.

3.Rhodes,P.H.,TheOrganicChemist’sDeskReference,Chapman&Hall,London,1995.

4.Minkin,V.,GlossaryofTermsusedinTheoreticalOrganicChemistry,

PureAppl.Chem.71,1919-1981,1999.

5.Brown,R.D.,Ed.,AcronymsUsedinTheoreticalChemistry,PureAppl.Chem.68,387-456,1996.

6.tiesandUnits,ISOStandardsHandbook,ThirdEdition,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,Geneva,1993.

7.Cohen,E.R.,and o,P.,Symbols,Units,Nomenclature,andFundamentalConstantsinPhysics,Physica146A,1-68,1987.

8.ChemicalAcronymsDatabase,naUniversity,<

na.edu/cfdocs/libchem/acronyms/acronymsearch.html>.

9.AcronymsandSymbols,<www3.inte /stasa/>.

ampere;adenine(ingeneticcode)

Å ångström

absorbance;area;Helmholtzenergy;massnumber

AH Hallcoefficient

Ar atomicweight(relativeatomicmass)

a atto(SIprefixfor10-18)

absorptioncoefficient;acceleration;activity;vanderWaalsconstant

a0 BohrradiusA/D ogtodigital

AAA acetoacetanilide

AAO acetaldehydeoxime

AAS atomicabsorptionspectroscopy

ABA abscisicacid

Abe abequose

ABL -acetylbutyrolactone

abs absolute

Ac acetyl;acetate

ac,AC alternatingcurrent

Aces 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonicacidACT activatedcomplextheory

ACTH adrenocorticotropichormone

Amantyl

Ada [(carbamoylmethyl)imino]diaceticacid

Ade adenine

Ado adenosine

ADP adenosinediphosphate

ads adsorption

ae eon(109years)

AEP 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine

AES atomicemissionspectroscopy;Augerelectronspectroscopy

AF audiofrequency

AFM atomic microscopy

AI artificialinligence

AIBN 2,2’-azobis[isobutyronitrile]

AICA 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamideAIM atomsinmolecules(method)

AIP aluminumisopropoxide

Al Alfénnumber

Ala alanine

alc alcohol

ALE atomiclayerepitaxy

aliph. aliphatic

alk. alkaline

All allose

Alt altrose

AM amplitudemodulation

Am Amyl

am amorphoussolid

AMP adenosinemonophosphate

AMPD 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediolAMTCS amyltrichlorosilane[trichloropentylsilane]

amu atomicmassunit( mendedsymbolisu)

AN acetonitrileanh,anhyd anhydrous

ANOVA ysisofvarianceantilog antilogarithm

ANTU 1-naphthalenylthiourea

AO atomicorbital

AOM angularoverlapmodel

APAD 3-acetylpyridineadeninedinucleotideApi apiose

APM atomicprobemicroysis

APS appearancepotentialspectroscopy;adenosinephosphosulfate

APW augmentednewave

aq aqueous

Ar aryl

Ara arabinose

Ara-ol arabinitol

Arg arginine

2-25

2-26 ScientificAbbreviationsandSymbols

ARPES angularresolvedphotoelectronspectroscopyASC 4-(acetylamino)benzenesulfonylchloride

ASCII AmericanNationalStandardCodeforInformationInterchange

ASE aromaticstabilizationmodel

Asn asparagine

Asp asparticacid

at atomization

ATEE N-acetyl-L-tyrosineethylester

ATLC adsorptionthinlayerchromatographyatm standardatmosphere

ATP adenosinetriphosphate

ATR attenuatedtotalinternalreflection

at.wt. atomicweight

AU astronomicalunit(uaisalsoused)

av average

avdp avoirdupois

bel

magneticfluxdensity;secondvirialcoefficient;susceptance

barn

vanderWaalsconstant;molality

BA benzyladenine

BAL Britishanti-Lewisite[2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol]

BAP,BaP benzo[a]pyrenebar bar(pressureunit)

bbl barrel

BBP benzylbutylphthalate

BCB bromocresolblue

bcc bodycenteredcubic

BCG bromocresolgreen

BCNU N,N’-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureaBCP bromocresolpurple

BCPB bromochlorophenolblue

BCS Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer(theory)

BDE bonddissociationenergy

BDEA butyldiethanolamime

BDMA benzyldimethylamine

Bé Baumé

BEBO bondenergybondorder(method)BEI biologicalexposureindex

Bes 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonicacid

BET Brunauer-Emmett-ler(isotherm)

BeV billionelectronvolt(GeV)

BGE butylglycidylether

BHA tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

BHC benzenehexachloride[hexachlorobenzene]Bhn Brinellhardnessnumber

BHT butylatedhydroxytoluene[2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol]

Bi biot

Bicine N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycineBistris 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-

(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol

BPB bromophenolblue

BPG 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate

bpy 2,2’-bipyridine

Bq becquerel

Br butyryl

BRE bondresonanceenergy

BrUrd 5-bromouridine

BSSE basissetsuperpositionerrorBTMSA 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetyleneBtu Britishthermalunit

BTX benzene,toluene,andxylene

Bu butyl

bu bushel

Bz benzoyl

Bzl benzyl

coulomb;cytosine(ingeneticcode)

°C degreeCelsius

capacitance;heatcapacity;numberconcentration

centi(SIprefixfor10-2);combustionreaction

amountconcentration;specificheat;velocity

c0 speedoflightinvacuum

ca. approximay

cal calorie

calc calculated

cAMP adenosinecyclic3’,5’-(hydrogenphosphate)CAN cericammoniumnitrate

CARS coherentanti-StokesRamanspectroscopyCAS completeactivespace

CASRN Chemical sServiceRegistryNumber

CAT computerizedaxialtomography;clearairturbulenceCBE chemicalbeamepitaxy

CBS completebasisset(oforbitals)

CC coupledcluster

cc cubiccentimeter(mL)

CCD charge-coupleddevice

CD circulardichroism

cd candela;condensed(phase)

CDNO completeneglectofdifferentialoverlapCDP cytidine5’-diphosphate

CDT 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene

CDTA (1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraaceticacidmonohydrate

CDW chargedensitywaves

CEP counterelectrophoresis

CEPA coupledelectron-pairapproximationcf. compare

cfm cubicfeetperminute

cgs centimeter-gram-secondsystem

Chaps 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonicacid

Ches 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonicacidCHF coupledHartree-Fock(method)

Chl chlorophyll

Cho choline

Bistris-propane

1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane

CHT 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene

Ci curie

BLO -butyrolactone

BN bondnumber;benzonitrile

BNS nuclearbackscatteringspectroscopy

BO Born-Oppenheimer(approximation);bondorderBOD biochemicaloxygendemand

BON -hydroxynaphthoicacid

bp boilingpoint

CI configurationinction;chemicalionization,colorindex

CIDEP chemicallyinduceddynamicelectronpolarizationCIDhemicallyinduceddynamicnuclearpolarizationCIE countercurrentimmunoelectrophoresis

cir circular

CKFF Cotton-Kraihanzelfield

ScientificAbbreviationsandSymbols 2-27

CL cathodeluminescence(spectroscopy)

cm centimeter

c.m. centerofmass

c.m.c. criticalmicelleconcentration

CMO canonicalmolecularorbital

CMP cytidine5’-monophosphate

CN coordinationnumber

CNDO completeneglectofdifferentialoverlap

Co Cowlingnumber

COD chemicaloxygendemand;1,4-cyclooctadieneconc concentrated;concentration

const constant

COOP crystalorbitaloverlappopulationcos cosine

cosh hyperboliccosine

COSY correlationspectroscopy

COT 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene

cot cotangent

coth hyperboliccotangent

CP chemicallypure

Cp cyclopentadienyl

cP centipoise

cp candlepower

CPA coherentpotentialapproximation

CPC centrifugalpartitionchromatography

cpd contactpotentialdifference

CPR chlorophenolred

cps cyclespersecond

CPT chargeconjugation/spaceinversion/timeinversion(theorem)

CPU centralprocessingunit

cr,cryst crystalline(phase)

CRU constitutionalrepeatingunit(inpolymernomenclature)

CSA camphorsulfonicacid

csc cosecant

CT chargetransfer

ct carat

CTEM conventionaltransmissionelectronmicroscopyCTP cytidine5’-triphosphate

CTR controlledthermonuclearreaction

cu cubic

CV cyclicvoltammetry

CVD chemicalvapordeposition

cw continuouswave

cwt hundredweight(112pounds)

Cy cyclohexyl

Cyd cytidine

cyl cylinder

Cys cysteine

Cyt cytosine

debyeunit

diffusioncoefficient;dissociationenergy;electricdiscement

day;deuteron;deci(SIprefixfor10-1)

distance;density;dextrorotatory

2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid

D/A digitaltooglton

DA donor-acceptor(complex)

da deka(SIprefixfor101)

DAA diacetonealcohol

DAB 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene

DACH trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneDAP diammoniumphosphate

dB decibel

DBA dibenz[a,h]anthracene

DBCP 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropaneDBMS databasemanagementsystemDBP dibutylphthalate

DBPC 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol

dc,DC directcurrent

DCB dicyanobenzene

DCEE dichloroethylether

DCHA dicyclohexylamine

DCM dichloromethane

DCPD dicyclopentadiene

DE delocalizationenergy

Dec decyl

dec poses

DEET diethyltoluamide[N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide]deg degree

den density

det determinant

dev deviation

DFT densityfunctionaltheory

dGlc 2-deoxyglucose

DHU dihydrouridine

diam diameter

dil dilute;dilution

DIM diatomicsinmolecules(method);digitalimagingmicroscopy

dm decimeter

DMA N,N-dimethylaniline

DMAC N,N-dimethylacetamide

DMF N,N-dimethylformamide

DMP dimethylphthalate

DMS dimethylsulfide

DMSO dimethylsulfoxide

DMT dimethylterephthalate;dimethyltartrateDNA deoxyribonucleicacid

DNase deoxyribonuclease

DNMR dynamicNMRspectroscopyDNP dinitropyrene

Dod dodecyl

DOP dioctylphthalate

DOS densityofstates;digitaloperatingsystemdoz dozen

d.p. degreeofpolymerization

dpl discement

dpm disintegrationsperminute

dps disintegrationspersecond

dr dram

DRE Dewarresonanceenergy

dRib 2-deoxyribose

DRIFT diffusereflectanceinfraredFouriertransformDRP dynamicreactionpath

DRS diffusereflectancespectroscopy

DSC differentialscanningcalorimetry

DTA differentialthermalysis

DTBP di-tert-butylperoxide

DVB divinylbenzene

dyn dyne

DZ double-zeta(typeofbasisset)

exa(SIprefixfor1018)

2-28 ScientificAbbreviationsandSymbols

electricfieldstrength;electromotive;energy;modulusofelasticity;entgegen(transconfiguration)

Eh Hartreeenergy

electron;baseofnaturallogarithms

elementarycharge;linearstrain

EA electronaffinity

EAN effectiveatomicnumber

ECP effectivecorepotential

ECR electroncyclotronresonance

ED electrondiffraction

EDAX energydispersiveysisbyx-rays

EDB ethylenedibromide[1,2-dibromoethane]EDC ethylenedichloride[1,2-dichloroethane]EDS energy-dispersivex-rayspectroscopyEDTA ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid

EELS electronenergylossspectroscopy

EFF empiricalfield

EFFF energyfactored field

FEL electronlaser

FEM fieldemissionmicroscopy

FEMO electronmolecularorbitalFET fieldeffecttransistor

fid inductiondecay

FIM fieldionmicroscopy

FIR farinfrared

fl fluid(phase)

FM frequencymodulation

Fo Fouriernumber

fp zingpoint

fpm feetperminute

fps feetpersecond;foot-pound-secondsystem

Fr franklin

Fr Froudenumber

Fru fructose

FSGO floatingsphericalgaussianorbitalsFT Fouriertransform

EHMO,

EHT

extendedHückelmolecularorbital(theory)

ft foot

ft-lb footpound

EIS electronimpactspectroscopy;electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy

ELS energylossspectroscopy

EM extendedmolarity;electronmicroscopy

emf electromotive

FTIR FouriertransforminfraredspectroscopyFTMS FouriertransformmassspectrometryFTNMR Fouriertransformnuclearmagneticresonancefus fusion(melting)

FVP flashvacuumpyrolysis

EMPA,EMA

electronprobemicro ysis

gauss;guanine(ingeneticcode);giga(SIprefixfor109)

electricalconductance;Gibbsenergy;gravitational

emu electromagneticunitsystem

en ethylenediamine

ENDOR electron-nucleardoubleresonanceEOS equationofstate

EPR electronparamagneticresonance

EPTC dipropylcarbamothioicacid,S-ethylestereq,eqn equation

eqQ quadrupolecouplingconstant

erf errorfunction

erg erg(energyunit)

ESCA electronspectroscopyforchemicalysisESD electronstimulateddesorption

e.s.d. estimatedstandarddeviation

ESR electronspinresonance

est estimated

esu electrostaticunitsystem

ET ephemeristime;electrontransfer

Et ethyl

Etn ethanolamine

ETS electrontunnelingspectroscopy

Eu Eulernumber

e.u. entropyunit

eV electronvolt

EXAF tendedx-rayabsorptionfinestructure(spectroscopy)

EXELF tendedenergylossfinestructure

exp exponentialfunction

expt experimental

ext external

farad

°F degreeFahrenheit

Faradayconstant;;angularmomentum

formationreaction;femto(SIprefixfor10-15)

activitycoefficient;apertureratio;focallength;constant;frequency;fugacity

FAD flavineadeninedinucleotide

fcc facecenteredcubic

constant;sheermodulus

gram;gas(phase)

accelerationduetogravity;degeneracy;Landég-factor;statisticalweight

GABA -aminobutyricacid

Gal gal;galactose

gal gallon

GalN galactosamine

GC gaschromatography

GC-MS gaschromatography-massspectroscopyGDMS glowdischargemassspectroscopy

GDP guanosine5’-diphosphate

gem geminal(onthesamecarbonatom)

GeV gigaelectronvolt

GIAO gaugeinvariantatomicorbital

gl glacial

GLC gas-liquidchromatography

Glc glucose

GlcA gluconicacidglucosamine

Ac N-acetylglucosamineGlcU glucuronicacid

Gln glutamine

Glu glutamicacid

Gly glycine

GMP guanosine5’-monophosphate

GMT Greenwie

gpm gallonsperminute

gps gallonpersecond

Gr Grashofnumber

gr grain

Gra glyceraldehyde

Gri glycericacid

Grn glycerone[dihydroxyacetone]

Gro glycerol

GTO gaussian-typeorbital

ScientificAbbreviationsandSymbols 2-29

GTP guanosine5’-triphosphate

Gua guanine

Gul gulose

Guo guanosine

GUT grandunifiedtheory

GVB generalizedvalencebond(method)GWS Glashow-Weinberg-Salam(theory)Gy gray;gigayear

henry

enthalpy;Hamiltonianfunction;magneticfield

H0 Hubbleconstant

helion;hour;hecto(SIprefixfor102)

h nckconstant

Ha Hartmannnumber

ha hectare

HAM hydrogenicatomsinmolecules

hav haversine

Hb hemoglobin

HCA heterocyclicamine

hcp hexagonalclosedpacked

HDL high-densitylipoprotein

HEIS high-energyionscattering

HEP highenergyphysics

Hepes 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonicacidHepps 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonicacidHF highfrequency;Hartree-Fock(method)

HFA hexafluoroacetone

HFO Hartree-Fockorbital

hfs hyperfinestructure

His histidine

HMO Hückelmolecularorbital

HMX cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine

HN1 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamineHOAc aceticacid

HOC halogenatedorganiccompound(s)

HOMAS harmonicoscillatormodelofaromaticstabilizationHOMO highestoccupiedmolecularorbital

HOSE harmonicoscillatorstabilizationenergyHp heptyl

hp horsepower

HPLC high-performanceliquidchromatographyHQ p-hydroquinone

hr hour

HRE Hückelresonanceenergy

HREELS highresolutionelectronenergylossspectroscopyHREM highresolutionelectronmicroscopy

HSAB hard-softacid-base(theory)

HSE homodesmoticstabilizationenergy

Hx hexyl

Hyp hypoxanthine

Hz hertz

inositol

electriccurrent;ionicstrength;momentofinertia;nuclearspinangularmomentum;radiantintensity

i squarerootofminusone

electriccurrent

I/O input/output

IAT internationalatomictime

IC integratedcircuit

ICD inducedcirculardichroism

ICP inductive-coupledsma

ICR ioncyclotronresonance

ID insidediameter

id ideal(solution)

Iodose

IdoA iduronicacid

IDP inosine5’-diphosphate

IE ionizationenergy

i.e.p. isoelectricpoint

IEPA independenectronpairapproximationIF intermediatefrequency

IGLO individualgaugeforlocalizedorbitalsIle isoleucine

Im imaginarypart

IMFP inelasticmeanpath(ofelectrons)imm immersion

IMP inosine5’-monophosphate

IMPATT impactionizationavalanchetransittimein. inch

INmmediateneglectofdifferentialoverlap

Ino inosine

INS inelasticneutronscattering;ionneutralizationspectroscopy

Ins myo-inositol

int internal

IP ionizationpotential

IPA isopropylalcohol

IPMA ionprobemicroysis

IPN interpenetratingpolymernetwork

IPR isotopeperturbationofresonance

IPTS InternationalPracticalTemperatureScale

IQ 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f)quinoline

IR infrared

IRAS infraredreflection-absorptionspectroscopyIRC intrinsicreactioncoordinate

IRS infraredspectroscopy

isc intersystemcrossing

ISE ion-selectiveelectrode;isodesmicstabilizationenergyISS ionscatteringspectroscopy

ITP inosine5’-triphosphate

ITS InternationalTemperatureScale(1990)

IU internationalunit

joule

angularmomentum;electriccurrentdensity;flux;

Massieufunction

angularmomentum;electriccurrentdensity

JT Jahn-ler(effect)

kelvin

absorptioncoefficient;bulkmodulus;equilibriumconstant;kineticenergy

kilo(SIprefixfor103)

absorptionindex;Boltzmannconstant;rateconstant;thermalconductivity;wavevector

kat katal(unitofcatalyticactivity)

kb kilobar;kilobases(DNAorRNA)

kcal kilocalorie

KE kineticenergy

keV kiloelectronvolt

kg kilogram

kgf kilogram

KIE kineticisotopeeffect

kJ kilojoule

km kilometer

Kn Knudsennumber

kPa kilopascal

2-30 ScientificAbbreviationsandSymbols

kt karat

kV kilovolt

kva kilovoltampere

kW kilowatt

kwh kilowatthour

liter;lambert

Avogadroconstant;inductance;Lagrangefunction;angularmomentum

liter;liquid(phase)

angularmomentum;length;meanpath;levorotatory

Lac lactose

LAH lithiumaluminumhydride

lat. latitude

lb pound

lbf pound

LC liquidchromatography

lc liquidcrystal(phase)

LCAO linearcombinationofatomicorbitalsLD lethaldose

LDA localdensityapproximation;lithiumdiisopropylamideLDL low-densitylipoprotein

LDV laser-Dopplervelocimetry

Le Lewisfunction

LE localizationenergy

LEC liquidexchangechromatography

LED lightemittingdiode

LEED low-energyelectrondiffraction

LEIS low-energyionscattering

Leu leucine

LFER linear energyrelationships

LFL lowerfl blelimit

lim limit

LIMS laserionizationmassspectroscopy;laboratoryinformationmanagementsystem

liq liquid

LLCT ligandtoligandchargetransferlm lumen

LMCT ligandtometalchargetransferLMO localizedmolecularorbital

LMR lasermagneticresonance

ln logarithm(natural)

LNDO localneglectofdifferentialoverlaplog logarithm(common)

LOMO lowestoccupiedmolecularorbitallong. longitude

LSFE linearfieldstabilizationenergy

LST localsiderealtime

LT localtime

LocalthermodynamicequilibriumLUMO lowestunoccupiedmolecularorbitallx lux

ly langley

l.y. lightyear

Lys lysine

Lyx lyxose

molar(asin0.1Msolution);mega(SIprefixfor106)

magnetization;molarmass;mutualinductance;torque;angularmomentumcomponent;median

Mr molecularweight(relativemolarmass)

meter;molal(asin0.1msolution);metastable(isotope);milli(SIprefixfor10-3)

magneticdipolemoment;mass;molality;angularmomentumcomponent;meta(locantonaromaticring)

Ma Machnumber

MA maleicanhydride

Mal maltose

Man mannose

MASNMR magicanglespinningnuclearmagneticresonancemax um

Mb myoglobin

MBE molecularbeamepitaxy

MBER molecularbeamelectronresonanceMBPT manybodyperturbationtheoryMC MonteCarlo(method)

MCAA monochloroaceticacid

MCD magneticcirculardichroism

MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)aceticacidMCPF modifiedcoupledpairfunctionalMCSCF multiconfigurationalself-consistentfield

(approximation)

MD moleculardynamics(method)

Me methyl

U 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea

MeIQ 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolineMeIQx 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalineMEK methylethylketone

MEP molecularelectrostaticpotentialMERP minimumenergyreactionpathMes 4-morpholineethanesulfonicacid

MESFET metal-semiconductorfield-effecttransistorMet methionine

MeV megaelectronvolt

meV millielectronvolt

MF molecularformula

mg milligram

MHD magnetohydrodynamicsmi

min minimum;minuteMINDO modifiedINDO(method)MIPK methylisopropylketone

MIR midinfrared

misc miscible

MKS meter-kilogram-secondsystem

MKSA meter-kilogram-second-amperesystemmL,ml milliliter

MM molecularmechanics

mm millimeter

MMDR microwave-microwavedoubleresonancemmf magnetomotive

mmHg millimeterofmercury

MNDO modifiedneglectofdiatomicoverlapMO molecularorbital;methylorangeMODR microwave-opticaldoubleresonancemol mole

mol.wt. molecularweight

mon monomericform

Mops 4-morpholinepropanesulfonicacidMOS metal-oxidesemiconductor

MOSFET metal-oxidesemiconductorfield-effecttransistormp meltingpoint

MPa megapascal

MPA Mullikenpopulation ysis

ScientificAbbreviationsandSymbols 2-31

Mpc megaparsec

MPTP 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridineMR methylred

MRD multireferencedoublesubstitution(method)

MRI magneticresonanceimaging

mRNA messengerRNA

MS massspectroscopy

ms millisecond

MSA methanesulfonicacid

MSDS MaterialSafetyDataSheet

MSL meansealevel

MTBE methyltert-butylether

Mur muramicacid

mV millivolt

MVK methylvinylketone

MW megawatt;microwave;molecularweightmW milliwatt

Mx maxwell

newton

angularmomentum;neutronnumber;numberdensity

NA Avogadroconstant

neutron;nano(SIprefixfor10-9)

amountofsubstance;numberdensity;principalquantumnumber;refractiveindex;normal(inchemicalformulas)

NAA nuclearactivationysis

NAAD nicotinicacidadeninedinucleotideNAD nicotinamideadeninedinucleotideNADH reducedNAD

NADP NADphosphate

NANA N-acetylneuraminicacid

NAO naturalatomicorbital

NBO naturalbondorbital

nbp normalboilingpoint

NEDOR nuclearelectrondoubleresonanceNeu neuraminicacid

NEXAFS near-edgex-rayabsorptionfinestructureng nanogram

NHO naturalhybridorbital

NICS nuclearindependentchemicalshiftNIR nearinfrared;ribosylnicotinamide

nm nanometer

NMN -nicotinamidemononucleotideNMR nuclearmagneticresonance

Nn nonyl

NNDO neglectofnonbondeddifferentialoverlapNO naturalorbital

NOE nuclearOverhausereffect

NOx nitrogenoxides

NP nitropyrene

NPA naturalpopulationysis

NQR nuclearquadrupoleresonance

NRA nuclearreactionysis

ns nanosecond

NSE neutronspinecho

NTP normaltemperatureandpressure

Nu nucleophile

Nu Nusseltnumber

o ortho(locantonaromaticring)

obs,obsd observed

Oc octyl

OD opticaldensity;outsidediameter

Oe oersted

OFGF outervalenceGreen’sfunction(method)ORD opticalrotatorydispersion

Oro orotate;orotidine

oz ounce

P poise;peta(SIprefixfor1015)

power;pressure;probability;soundenergyflux

p proton;pico(SIprefixfor10-12)

dielectricpolarization;electricdipolemoment;momentum;pressure;bondorder;para(asaromaticringlocant)

Pa pascal

PA protonaffinity

PABA p-aminobenzoicacid

PAH polycyclicaromatichydrocarbon(s)

PAM polyacrylamide

PAN 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol;polyacrylonitrilePAR 4-(2’-pyridylazo)resorcinol

PAS photoacousticspectroscopy

PBA poly(butylacrylate)

PBB polybrominatedbiphenyl

PBD poly(1,3-butadiene)

PBMA poly(butylmethacrylate)

PBT poly(butyleneterephthalate)

PC paperchromatography

pc parsec

PCM polarizablecontinuummodel

PCR polymerasechainreaction

PD potentialdifference

pdl poundal

PDMS poly(dimethylsiloxane)

Pe pentyl

Pe Pécletnumber

pe probableerror

PEA poly(ethylacrylate)

PEG poly(ethyleneglycol)

PEL permissibleexposurelimit

PES photoelectronspectroscopy;potentialenergysurfacePET positronemissiontomography;poly(ethylene

terephthalate)

peth petroleumether

pf powerfactor

PFOA perfluorooctanoicacid

pg picogram

Ph phenyl

pH negativelogofhydrogenionconcentration

Phe phenylalanine

PhIP 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridinepI isoelectricpoint

PIB polyisobutylene

Pipes 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonicacidPIV particle-imagevelocimetry

PIXE particleinducedx-rayemission

pK negativelogofionizationconstant

PLM principleofleastmotionpm eter

PMA poly(methylacrylate)PMMA poly(methylmethacrylate)PMO perturbationMO(theory)

PNDO partialneglectofdifferentialoverlapPNO pairnaturalorbitals

PNRA promptnuclearreactionysisPOAV -orbitalaxisvector

pol polymericform

2-32 ScientificAbbreviationsandSymbols

POx phosphorusoxides

ppb partsperbillion

ppm partspermillion

PPO poly(phenyleneoxide)

PPP Pariser-Parr-Pople(method)

ppt partsperthousand;precipitate

Pr propyl

Pr Prandtlnumber

PRDDO partialretentionofdiatomicdifferentialoverlapPro proline

PS photoelectronspectroscopy

ps picosecond

PSD photonstimulateddesorption

psi poundspersquareinch

psia poundspersquareinchabsolute

psig poundspersquareinchgage

PT perturbationtheory

pt pint

PTMS propyltrimethoxysilane

Pu purine

PVA poly(vinylalcohol)

PVAc poly(vinylacetate)

PVC poly(vinylchloride)

PVDF poly(vinylidenefluoride)

PVME poly(methylvinylether)

PVT pressure-volume-temperature

Py pyrimidine

electriccharge;heat;partitionfunction;quadrupolemoment;radiantenergy;vibrationalnormalcoordinate

electricfieldgradient;flowrate;heat;wavevector(phonons)

QCD quantumchromodynamics

QCI quadraticconfigurationinction

QED quantumelectrodynamics

Q.E.D. quoderatdemonstrandum(whichwastobeproved)QMRE quantummechanicalresonanceenergy

QSAR tativestructure-activityrelationsQSO quasi-slarobject

qt quart

quad quadrillionBTU(=1.055•1018joules)

Qui quinovose

q.v. quodvide(whichyoushouldsee)

roentgen;alkylradical(inchemicalformulas)

°R degreeRankine

electrical;gasconstant;molarrefraction;

Rydbergconstant;coefficientofmultiplecorrelation

reaction(asinrH)

positionvector;radius

RA rightascension

rad radian

RAIRS reflection-absorptioninfraredspectroscopyRAM randomaccessmemory

RBS Rutherfordbackscattering

Rbu,Rul ribulose

RCI ringcurrentindex

RDA rubidiumdihydrogenarsenate

Re realpart

RE resonanceenergy

RED radialelectrondistribution

REM reflectionelectronmicroscopy

rem roentgenequivalentman

REPE resonanceenergyperelectron

RF radiofrequency

Rha rhamnose

RHEED reflectionhigh-energyelectrondiffractionRHF restrictedHartree-Fock(theory)

RIA radioimmunoassay

Rib ribose

Ribulo ribulose

rms root-mean-square

RNA ribonucleicacid

RNase