英语写作 第一册

..PAGE2.v.英语写作第一册使用阶段：一年级第二学期教学目的：学生在学完该册后，能正确理解和掌握英语句子成分与构造以及词汇用法，并能够按照不同要求正确写出英语句子，能改写或缩写课文内容，并能正确写出150个单词左右的短文；能正确书写便条和通知等应用文；能正确运用标点符号。教学安排：本册共10个单元。每周2节课，每两周上一个单元。教学模式：第一册融合了国内外先进的写作教学模式，强调写作过程的教学，积极鼓励学生参与课堂教学，培养学生获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力。根本框架：Part1Warm-upactivitiesPart2FocusPart3GrammarPart4WritingPart5Follow-upexercisesUnit1THECORRECTWORDUnitObjectivesAttheendoftheunityouwillbeabletorecognizemultiplemeaningsawordmayhave,i.e.denotativeandconnotativemeanings,affectiveandcollocativemeanings;identifyfalsefriendsinEnglishandlearntochoosethecorrectwordforanidealearntoavoidmakingerrorsinsubject-verbagreement;andwriteasimplenote.Part1Warm-upactivitiesFormpairsandeachwriteashortparagraphaboutAIDSandAIDSpatients.StudentA:DoyouthinkAIDSisahorribledisease?Howhorribleisit?AreyouafraidofAIDSpatients?Whatdoyouthinkofthem?Writeashortparagraphtoexpressyourviews.StudentB:SupposeyouareanAIDSpatient,doyouthinkthereexistsanydifferencebetweenAIDSandotherfataldiseaseslikecancer?Doyouthinkyouareathreattopublichealth?Writeashortparagraphtoexpressyourviews.PartIIFocusDenotationandConnotationSupposeyouaregoingtowriteaboutarespectableteacherwhosebodysizeisabovetheaverage.Choosetheoneyouwouldusefromthesentencesbelow,andthendiscusstheinappropriatenessoftheothertwo:He/Sheisplump.He/Sheisportly.He/Sheisfat.*Sotheworks“fat,portlyandplump〞donotjustmeanoverweight;theyalsosuggestwhetheritispleasantorunpleasant.Wecallthesuggestedmeaningofaworditsconnotation.Denotation,ontheotherhand,referstotheliteralandprimarymeaningofaword—thedefinitionyoufindinadictionary.Forexample:Motherdenotesawomanwhoisaparentbutconnotesqualitiessuchasprotectivenessandaffection;andweeddenotesanuncultivatedplantbutconnotesdestructionanduncontrolledgrowth.Whenwewrite,wehavetowatchoutfortheconnotativemeaningofaword;otherwise,wemaymakesillymistakes.Exercise:fillinginthetablebelowWordDenotationConnotationSentenceGoldhomeeagleheartsweater*Agoodexampleistheword“gold".Thedenotationofgoldisamalleable,ductile,yellowelement.Theconnotations,however,aretheideasassociatedwithgold,suchasgreed,luxury,oravariceandalsosomethingverygood.Ifyousaythatsomeonehasaheartofgold,youareemphasizingthattheyareverygoodandkindtootherpeople.Thus'home'denotesthehousewhereonelives,butconnotesprivacyandintimacy.Theword'eagle'connotesideasoflibertyandfreedomthathavelittletodowiththeword'sliteralmeaning.Heart:anorganthatcirculatesbloodthroughoutthebody.Heretheword"heart"denotestheactualorgan,whileonanothercontext,theword"heart"mayconnotefeelingsofloveorheartache.〔Myheartisbroken〕Sweater:aknittedgarmentfortheupperbody.Theword"sweater"maydenotepulloversweater,while"sweater"mayalsoconnotefeelingsofwarmnessorsecurity.Summary:Denotationallowsthereadertoknowtheexactmeaningofawordsothatheorshewillbetterunderstandtheworkofliterature.Itistheliteralmeaningofaword.(Literalmeaning)Connotationsrelatenottoaword'sactualmeaning,ordenotation,butrathertotheideasorqualitiesthatareimpliedbythatword.(impliedmeaning)AttitudeInallkindsofwriting,thewordsyouchoosemaydomorethaninform.Theselectionofawordoftenrevealshowyoufeelaboutyoursubject,whetheryouarepleasant,angry,criticaloradmiring.Seeifyoucandetectinthefollowingsentenceshowthewriter’sattitudechangesfromsentencetosentence:Whataslimgirlsheis!Howthinthegirlis!Thegirlissoskinny!*Theslimsuggeststhewriter’sapprovalofthegirl’sfigure,whilethewordskinnyisjusttheopposite.Nogirlwillfeelflatteredifsheissaidtobeskinny,asitisnexttoabagofbones!Sothethreewords,thoughsimilarintheirdenotativemeaning,arediverseinaffectivemeanings—thatis,theyrevealdifferentattitudesofthewriter.WhenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsuchemotionallyloadedwords-i.e.wordsthatcanrevealthewriter’sattitude.Theaffectivemeaningofthewordisconnectedtoaperson'spersonalemotionsandhowthatwouldinfluencewordchoice.Practice:Oneofourfriendsisattractivelythinandgraceful.Issheslenderorskinny?Youaredescribingsomenursesworkinginahospitalwhoarepleasantandtalkalotinafriendlywaymakingpatentslessnervous.Aretheypleasantandchatty,orpleasantandtalkative?Themeaningsoftheabovewordsandexpressionsareemotion-loaded.Theyexpressimplicitlythespeakerorwriter’sfeelingsandattitudes.Affectivemeaningreferstothepartofmeaningwhichconveysthespeaker’s/writer’semotionsaboutandattitudestowardsthepersonorthinghe/sheisspeaking/writingabout.Wordsthathaveaffectivevaluesgenerallyfallintothreecategories:1.Appreciative(favorable)Wordsofappreciativeimplicationarepositive,expressingthewriter’sappreciationorattitudeofapproval.2.Neutral/general3.Derogatory(unfavorable)Wordsofderogatoryconnotationsarenegative,suggestingdisapprovingattitudes,contemptorcriticism.Example:Childlikevs.childish(appreciativevs.derogative)resolute,firmvs.stubborn,obstinate,pigheaded(appreciativevs.derogative)

shrewdvs.crafty(appreciativevs.derogative)tough-mindedvs.ruthless(appreciativevs.derogative)Practice:Lookatthefollowingtengroupsofwordsandexpressions.Ineachgroup,wordsandexpressionshavesimilardenotationbutvaryinaffectivevalue.Accordingtotheiraffectivevalues,putthemintothecategoriestheybelongtointhetable.spinster,unmarriedwoman,cocky,proud,arrogant,self-confidentprudent,timid,shy,cowardlysly,wise,foxy,clever,tempting,attracting,charming,dismissed,firedsalesman,productrepresentativeoldage,goldenyears,fossilstrong-willed,stubborn,persistentupdated,new1AppreciativeNeutralPejorative2MaidenladyUnmarriedwomanspinster3Self-confidentproudCocky,arrogant4prudentShy,timidcowardly5wise,cleverOfhighIQSly,foxy6Charming,attractingtempting7dismissedfired8Productrepresentativesalesman9GoldenyearsOldagefossil10Strong-willed,persistent,stubbornWorkinpairsandpareyourwritingsintheWarm-upactivities.Payspecialattentiontowordsshowingattitudesandthoserichinconnotativemeanings.Correctanymisuse.CollocationFillintheblankswithdoormake.a.___________somebodyafavorb.___________somebodygoodc.___________agestured.___________evilf.___________aneffortCertainwordstendtooccurtogetherregularly.Forexample,whenwedescribecoffee,wecansaystrongcoffeeorweakcoffee,butwhenwedescribesoup,wecannotsaythesoupisstrongorweak;insteadwesaythesoupisthickorthin.Fromthiswecanseecertainnounsareusuallymodifiedbycertainadjectivesandwordsofthesamemeaningarenotinterchangeableinthissituation.Wecallthisfixedbinationofwordscollocation.Thereareseveraltypesofcollocation:Verbplusnoun:followthefashionAdjectiveplusnoun:abrilliantsuccessVerbplusadverb:thinkalikePrepositionplusnoun:(theanswer)toaquestionVerbpluspreposition:thinkof(anidea)Conclusion:Learningawordisusuallyisnotonlylearningitsmeaning;italsoincludeslearningwhichwordorwordsitusuallygoeswith,thatis,itscollocations.ClassroomActivitiesChoosethebestmodifiersforthefollowingnounphrases.1.HespokeEnglishwitha_____Frenchaccent.thickpowerfulwidespreadpronounced2.Hegaveusa_____accountofallthatyouhadachievedoverthere.ReadyBrightColorfulGlowing3.Weneedtofindanewsitewith_________accesstotheEuropeanmotorwaynetwork.readyoutrightStraightwidespread4.Weneedtotakesome________actionbeforeitistoolate.AcuteDecisiveStrongIntenseFalsefriendsFalsefriendsarepairsofwordsorphrasesintwolanguagesordialectsthatlookorsoundsimilar,butdifferinmeaning.ReadthefollowingconversationbetweenAliceandtheRedandWhiteQueensinLewisCarroll’sThroughtheLookingGlassandWhatAliceFoundThere.“Canyouanswerusefulquestions?〞askedtheRedQueen.“Howisbreadmade?〞“Iknowthat!〞Alicecriedeagerly.“Youtakesomeflour…〞“Wheredoyoupicktheflower?〞theWhiteQueenasked.“Inagardenorinthehedges?〞“Well,itisn’tpickedatall,〞Aliceexplained,“it’sground…〞“Howmanyacresofground?〞saidtheWhiteQueen.“Youmustn’tleaveoutsomanythings.〞Canyoufindoutthecauseofthemisunderstanding?Explanation:Wordslikeflourandflower,ground(pp)andground(n)inthisdialoguearetroublesomeandtheirmisusecaneasilycausemisunderstanding.Wecallpairsofwordssimilarinappearanceorpronunciationbutdifferentinmeaningfalsefriends.Examples:Advisevs.adviceAffectvs.effectplementvs.plimentContinuallyvs.continuouslyAngelvs.angleCapitalvs.capitolConsciousvs.consciencePractice:Fillintheblanksbelowwiththerightwordinbrackets,changetheformwherenecessary.Yourfever________(rise,raise)yesterday.Itiseasiertotalkabouta__________(principle,principal)thantolivebyit.Our_____(principle,principal)playedonthefacultyfootballteamagainsttheschoolall-stars.Isthattable_________(stationary,stationery),orcanitbemovedtoanothercorneroftheroom?White__________(stationary,stationery)isalwaysappropriate.Canyouthinkofanyotherfalsefriends?Workinpairsandmakealistofatleastfivepairs.paretheirmeaningsandwriteasentencewitheachwordtoillustrateitsmeaning.PartIVWritingNotes(1)Readthefollowingsampleandanswerthequestions.Sample1Helen,IamwritingtothankyouforthewonderfultimeIhadatyourdinnerpartylastnight.DavidQuestions:1.Whydopeoplewritenotes?2.Whataretheponentsofanote?3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofanote?Readthefollowingsampleandanswerthequestions.Sample2DearMr.Li,IamwritingtotellyouhowgratefulIamforallyoudidformeinShanghai.IhopethatyouwillcontactmeifthereisanythingIcandoforyou.Inparticular,IshouldbemostgladtosendyouortheDepartmentanybooksyouneed.YoursfaithfullyIntroductiontonotes/lettersofthanks1.Anote/letterofthanksusuallyincludes:thanking(thankyoufor…)describingthereason(…formakingmystayinEdinburghsopleasant…)expressingpleasure(Ienjoyedmyselfenormously…)便条〔Notes〕1.便条的写作相对来说比拟简单，重要的是格式，尤其要注意邀请类，预约类和抱歉类便条的写法。写便条时要注意一下几点：1〕如果想签署写便条的日期，应该写在右上角。2〕如果需要别人的回执，在左下角写上R.S.V.P.3〕写作要注意写作对象，区分语言的正式与非正式形式。5〕地点和时间的顺序是先地点后时间，时间遵循星期+月份+日子+小时+分钟。Example:一个便条是2月28日上午9时40分写的，英语格式应该为：Sat.Feb.28.9：40a.m.当然这只是理论上的可能，实际生活中便条的日期写到几号就行了，如Sat.Feb.28，或者只写月日Feb.28.6〕要注意一些省略词，例如月份，