输电线路工程专业外文翻译

Electricitytransmissiontariffsforlarge-scalewind

powerconsumptioninwesternGansuprovince,ChinaAbstractLarge-scalewindpowertransmissionpresentsthepowersystemwithseveralchallenges.Thedeterminationofthetransmissiontariffandthecost-sharingissuearepotentialobstacleswhichmayinfluencethedevelopmentofwindpower.Thispaperanalysestheincrementalcosttothepowersystemforlong-distancetransmissionofwindpower,considersthefixedandvariablepropertiesoftheincrementalcostandtheriskoffluctuationsinthecost,andestablishesacomprehensiverisk-basedpricingmodelforlong-distancetransmissionoflarge-scalewindpowerelectricity.GansuProvinceinChinahasabundantwindresources,soweusetheJiuquanwindpowerintegrationandthe±800kVGansu-Zhuzhoudirectcurrent(DC)powertransmissionasexamplestotestthevalidityofthemodel.Theconclusionsareasfollows:theallowancesforaccessgridconnectioncostshouldbeseparatelyestimatedforthelarge-scalewindpowerbaseandlong-distancetransmission;andthelong-distancetransmissionpricingoflarge-scalewindpowershouldapplyatwo-partelectricitytransmissionpricingsystem,inordertoeliminatethevolatilityriskinherentineachsimpleallocationmethod,andthefixedandvariablecharacteristicsofthetransmissioncost.Thetransmissionpricemustincludecompensationfordepreciation,operationandmaintenancecosts,andalsoareasonablereturnoninvestment,inordertoofferaneffectiveincentiveandguidancemechanismforenterprises9businessdevelopment.Keywords

Large-scalewindpower;Long-distancetransmission;Transmissiontariff;Incrementalcost;Risk中国甘肃省西部的大型风力发电关于电力传输的收费问题摘要=1I三」电力系统中的大型风力发电传动提出了一些挑战。电能传输的收费标准的确定和共享的成本是阻碍风电发展的潜在因素。本文分析了以风力发电远程传输电能到电力系统的增量成本，考虑固定及增量成本和成本波动的风险变量的因素，并建立了一个大型风力发电远程传输综合风险定价模型。甘肃省具有丰富的风力资源，所以我们以酒泉的风电整合和±800kV甘肃株洲直流（DC）=1I三」单的分配方法所产生的固定波动的风险，和固定传输成本的变化。输电价格必须包括折旧补偿，运行和维护成本，及合理的投资回报，这是提供企业业务发展的一种有效的激励和引导的机制。关键词•大范围的风能•长距离传输•输送电能的收费•增加的成本•风险1.IntroductionWith7GWwindpowerbasesnowbeingpromoted,Chinesewindpowerdevelopmentisswitchingtoultra-large-scale,high-concentrationdevelopmentandlong-distancetransmission,resultinginagreaterthanexpectedincreaseintransmissioncosts[1].Currently,theChinesetransmissionanddistributiontariffhasnoclearindependentpricingmechanism.Itismainlyreflectedbythedifferencebetweentheretailtariffsetbythegovernmentandthegenerationtariffalsosetbythegovernment.However,withtheaccelerationofgridconstruction,thelowtransmissionanddistributiontariffseemsincreasinglycontradictory.Theconsequenceisthattheelectricitypricingmechanismcannotfullycompensatethegridcompany,thepowernetworkcostcannotbeincorporatedintotheretailtariffandtheenthusiasmforwindpowerconsumptionisaffectedbytheimpropertransmissionanddistributiontariff.Inaddition,thelowtransmissionanddistributiontariffisactuallyconcealinginflation;thismaydampentheenthusiasmofpowerinvestorsandproducers,causingaslowdowningridconstruction,andcontinuouspowersupplytension,andfinallyaffectingthesecurity,stability,andultimatelytheorderlyandefficientoperationofthegridsystemasawhole.Theformulationofanallowancestandardforwindpowergridconnectionwasbasedonthedispersiveaccessmodeloftraditionalwindpower.Infact,thisstandardwasinlinewiththeactualsituationofwindpowerdevelopmentatthetimeitwasformulated,anditcannotfullymeetthecurrentandfuturedemandforwindpowerdevelopmentinChina[2].Currently,therearevarioustransmissionanddistributionpricingmethods.Theseincluderolled-intransmissionpricingmethods,suchasthepostagestamp,MW-Mile,andcontractpathmethod.Onthisbasis,Xiaetal.[3]proposedanewtransmissionanddistributionpricingmethodbasedontheoptimalsupply-demandmatchandMWMile,toachieveareasonableapportionmentofdistance-relatedtransmissioncost.Qiaoetal.[4]calculatedtheshareofuseofthecentralChinapowergridthroughtheanalysisoftrendsandtradingcontracts.Theotherkindofpricingmethodisthemarginalcostpricingmethod.Zhangetal.[5]pricedeachtransmissionlinebyusingthemarginalcostpricingmethod,anddeterminingthetransmissioncost-sharingcoefficientbasedonapowerflowtracingmethod.Zhangetal.,Rengetal.andChungetal.[6],[7]and[8]calculatedtheactivepowerpriceandthereactivepowerpricethroughusingthemarginalcostmethod,takingintoaccounttherecoveryandinvestmentoffixedassets,toensurethegrid'spaymentbalance.Lietal.[9]calculatedusers’cost-sharingchangesbasedonthemarginalnetlosscoefficientmethod,calculatedtheadditionalcostbyusingthemarginalcostmethod,anddeterminedtheusers’costbyjudgingwhetherthemarginalchangesinthetradingvolumeexceedthemaximumcapacityofdevices.TarjeiKristiansen[10]madeacomparisonofthreetransmissionpricingmodels:theWangensteenmodel,theoptimalpowerflowmodelandtheHoganmodel,andfoundthatthreemodelshavedifferentapplications:theWangensteenmodelisusedforeducationalpurposes,theoptimalpowerflowmodelhasbeenwidelyusedinelectricalengineeringanddispatchofpowersystems,andHogan'smodelisaneconomist'sversionoftheoptimalpowerflowmodel.Thestudiesabovefocusonconventionalmethodsoftransmissionanddistributionpricing.Althoughtherearesomedifferencesinthetransmissionanddistributionpricingmechanismsforrenewableenergysourcessuchaswindpower,thestudiesabovecanalsogivesomesuggestions.Forexample,therecoveryanddepreciationofinvestmentshouldbeconsideredinwindpowertransmissionanddistributionpricing,andthepowerflowtracingmethodcanbeusedtodeterminethetransmissioncost-sharingcoefficientssoastoensurethepowergrid'spaymentbalance.Atpresent,somescholarsarestudyinglarge-scalewindpower,aswellaswindpowergridconnectionpricingmethods.Daleetal.[11]mainlystudiedtheimpactoflong-distancelarge-scalewindpowerconsumptionontheoperationcost,pointingoutthattheproportionofwindpowerinthepowerresourceiscloselyrelatedtotheproportionofadditionalsparecapacityprovidedforwindfarms’ratedcapacity,andthereservecostcanbedeterminedcorrespondingly.Swideretal.andBarthetal.[12]and[13]proposedthreekindsofwindpowercost-sharingmethods:deep,shallowandultra-shallow,whichcangivedifferentdefinitionsforthedevelopersandtheassociatedcostofpowergridconstructioninwindpowerprojectsrespectively.Hilletal.[14]studiedtheexternalissuesofrenewableenergypricing,andputforwardtheideathattheproductioncostofrenewableenergyelectricitycouldbeallocatedforallenergyproductsthroughreasonabletaxcollectionandsubsidies.Andrewetal.[15]studiedthecostoftransmissionforwindpowerintheUnitedStates,developedabetterunderstandingofthetransmissioncostsandgainedabetterappreciationofthedifferencesintransmissionplanningapproaches.Theyconcludedthatthemediancostoftransmissionfromallscenariosis$300/kW,roughly1520%ofthecostofbuildingawindproject.Abdala[16]mentionedthatanumberofelementsshouldbeusedtosettransmissionpricesonexistingcapacity,suchaslinelosses,operatingandmaintenancecosts,re-dispatchinggenerationcosts,networkrevenuequalityofsupplyandreconciliation.revenueInsummary,currentstudiesonlarge-scalewindpowertransmissionpricingmethodsmainlyfocusonthedistributionoftheadditionalcostcausedbywindpowergridintegration,andthemarketmechanismsandfiscalpolicywhichareadaptedtoit[17]and[18].Thesestudiesdiscusstheimpactofwindpowergridintegrationontransmissionanddistributionlinksfromdifferentperspectives,buttheyhavenottakenintoaccountthatlarge-scalewindpowerbaseinGansuProvinceisconcentratedineconomicallybackwardregionswhicharefarawayfromloadcentres.Therefore,thewindpowerneedstobetransmittedlongdistancestoloadcentreslocatedineconomicallydevelopedareas,whichrequiresalargeamountofconstruction investment, andthetransmission costwill significantly

increasecorrespondingly.Basedontheincrementalanalysis,thispaperexaminestheincrementalcosttotheelectricpowersystemcausedbythelong-distancetransmissionoflarge-scalewindpower,consideringthefixedandvariablepropertiesofthatincrementalcost,andtheriskfromcostfluctuations,toestablishanelectricitytransmissionpricingmodelbasedontheriskcost.Ittookthelong-distancetransmissionofwindpowerinGansuProvinceasanexampletoverifythevalidityofthemodel.1.介绍=1中国目前正在建设容量为7千兆瓦的风能发电厂，目的是为了向超大风能发电容量、大容量和长距离传输方面发展，但产生的传输成本比预期的增加了很多［1］。目前，中国的输配电的电价没有明确独立的定价标准机制。因为不同地区不同省的政府制定的收费标准不同。然而，随=1着电网建设的加速，低压输配电电价似乎越来越无法制定相同的收费标准。其结果是，电力定价机制产生的效益不能完全补偿电网投资的成本，电网的成本不能被纳入的零售电价对风能发电的前景没有影响。此外，较低的输配电电价实际上是在掩盖通货膨胀，这可能降低电力投资者的积极性，使电网建设放缓，并产生供电紧张，最终影响到供电的安全性、稳定性，对最终建设有序、高效的电力网络产生致命伤害。对风电并网补贴标准的制定是基于传统的风力分散的定价模型。事实上，这个标准是制定当时的风电发展实际情况，并不能完全适应今后中国风能发电的发展需求［2］。目前，有各种各样的定价输配电价的方法。这些定价方法包括推出，如发行邮票，按MW/英里计算电价和合同等合法路径。在此基础上，Xia等人［3］提出了一个新的在输送和分布的基础上以最优供需匹配和MW/英里的定价方法，以达到一个合理的输电成本的分摊。Qiao等人觉得［4］国家电网的共享是通过对发展趋势的分析和贸易合同的使用。另一种是边际成本定价的方法。这种［5］是根据单根输电线路采用边际

l=J成本定价的方法，与基于潮流追踪法确定输电费用分摊系数相配合。Zhang[6],Reng[7].和Chung等人[8]通过采用边际成本定价方法计算有功功率的价格和功的价格，考虑固定资产投资的收益，以确保电网收支平衡.。Li等人[9]以边际网损系数为基础计算用户分担成本的变化，利用边际成本法计算额外成本，并通过判断在交易量的边际变化范围内是否超过设备的最大容量，以此来确定用户的成本。克里斯坦森[10]建立了三个输电定价模型：旺根斯滕模型，最优潮流模型和霍根模型。结果发现这三种模型有不同的应用范围：旺根斯滕模型适用于教育方面，最优潮流模型已被广泛应用在电气工程和电力系统的调度方面，霍根的模型则是一个经济学方面的最优潮流模型版本。上述研究在传统的输配电定价方法中有重要地