译汉全真试题及详解99年

Unit （1999年Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians，modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandce，eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalways pleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorianscraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytolitureandphilosophy，theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplineernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.Duringthistransfer，traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.MethodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalThereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians，especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod，”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences，thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources.Andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.Unit Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,/modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoone/thatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.Whiletherearealmostas...asthereare...+主句，While引导让步状语从句，从句中as...as结构是，这句话直译为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义onethatseeshistoryas把……看作是，不定式短语torecreateandexin...作名词theWhile虽然，尽管；definitions定义，界定；modernpractice现代（补词：史学家的）实践；conformsto符合于，趋向于认为；attempt试图，尝试；torecreate再现，重现；eventsInterestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisen/lessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdiscipline/andmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.主干结构是一个简单句：Interest...hasarisenlessthrough..andmorelessthrough...andmorefrom的翻译是关键，throughfrom意思完全相同challenge后面的不定式短语tothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdiscipline是它的定语，直译对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议，internalquarrels后面的介词短语amonghistoriansthemselvesquarrels的定语。arisen质疑，；validity真实性，正确性；asaninlectualdiscipline作为一门学问（一个学科领域；internalquarrels内部意见不统一，内部Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Duringthistransfer,/traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmented/byadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.1）主干结构是一个语态的简单句：...methodswereaugmentedby...2）designedto...methodologies的定语。transfer转变；augmented充实，补充；additionalmethodologiesdesigned用来；interpret阐释，解释，说明；thenewformsofevidence新的形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料；inthehistoricalstudy在（补译：历史学家）Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Thereisnoagreement/whethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneral/ortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalThereisnoagreement因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺whethermethodologyreferstoortoagreementtheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneral是它的定语；theresearchtechniques后面的形容词短语appropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry也agreement统一的意见，一致看法；whether...refersto...orto...是指……还是指……theconcepts/peculiarto/historicalwork/ingeneral（按后置定语的顺序倒译）一般的历史研究中的特有概念；theresearchtechniques研究；appropriateto适用于，合适于thevariousbranches各个领域；historicalinquiry历史探究Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorians/whoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,/andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.主干结构是：Itappliesequallyto...,andto...直译这既适应于……又适应于引申