ISSUE备考分类题目

题号,分类（主题）,,分类（题材1）,(题材2),(题材3),分类（题材4）,题目

227,统一与分歧（竞争）,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,创新Vs守旧；传统：打破Vs维系、保持；继承传统Vs突破创新,"Toremainvigorous,anyacademicfieldneedstobeledbytrulyindependentthinkerswhoarewillingtoignoreestablishedboundariesandchallengelong-standingassumptions."

238,统一与分歧（竞争）,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,创新Vs守旧；一致Vs个性；传统Vs创新,Conformityalmostalwaysleadstoadeadeningofindividualcreativityandenergy.

26,新与旧,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,过去与现在：建筑保留Vs现代城市发展,"Mostpeoplewouldagreethatbuildingsrepresentavaluablerecordofanysociety'spast,butcontroversyariseswhenoldbuildingsstandongroundthatmodernplannersfeelcouldbebetterusedformodernpurposes.Insuchsituations,moderndevelopmentshouldbegivenprecedenceoverthepreservationofhistoricbuildingssothatcontemporaryneedscanbeserved."

27,新与旧,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,创新Vs守旧；继承、遵从传统Vs突破创新、改革：判断、衡量标准－成功,Noonecanpossiblyachievesuccessintheworldbyconformingtoconventionalpracticesandconventionalwaysofthinking.

84,新与旧,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,继承传统Vs突破创新：必要条件，过去对现在的影响，持续性、发展性,"Inanyfieldofendeavor,itisimpossibletomakeasignificantcontributionwithoutfirstbeingstronglyinfluencedbypastachievementswithinthatfield."

147,新与旧,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,（继承）传统Vs（突破）创新；传统Vs现代化,Traditionandmodernizationareincompatible.Onemustchoosebetweenthem.

173,新与旧,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,创新本质、方法；继承传统Vs突破创新,Originalitydoesnotmeanthinkingsomethingthatwasneverthoughtbefore;itmeansputtingoldideastogetherinnewways.

187,新与旧,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,传统Vs革新；冲突、矛盾－表面Vs实质；知易行难,"Itiseasytowelcomeinnovationandacceptnewideas.Whatmostpeoplefinddifficult,however,isacceptingthewaythesenewideasareputintopractice."

188,新与旧,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,成功：持续Vs发展、改变；继承传统Vs突破创新,"Success,whetheracademicorprofessional,involvesanabilitytosurviveinanewenvironmentand-,eventually,-tochangeit"

217,新与旧,,传统保留Vs创新发展/继承传统Vs突破创新,,,继承传统Vs突破创新,"Inordertoproducesuccessfuloriginalwork,scholarsandscientistsmustfirststudythesuccessfulworkofotherstolearnwhatcontributionsremaintobemade."

174,不同领域间的交流,,法律,,,法律：本质Vs形式；核心原则、指导、标准,"Lawsshouldnotbestationaryandfixed.Instead,theyshouldbeflexibleenoughtotakeaccountofvariouscircumstances,times,andplaces."

180,不同领域间的交流,,法律,,,法律约束限制：法律Vs道德－两大体系，辩证统一,Manyproblemsofmodemsocietycannotbesolvedbylawsandthelegalsystembecausemoralbehaviorcannotbelegislated.

178,个体与整体,,法律,,,法律作用、影响对象：行为Vs内心－可以联系到道德,"Itispossibletopasslawsthatcontrolorplacelimitsonpeople'sbehavior,butlegislationcannotreformhumannature.Lawscannotchangewhatisinpeople'sheartsandminds."

17,统一与分歧（竞争）,,法律,,,对法律原则、本质的理解，对待法律的态度：公正Vs不公正,"Therearetwotypesoflaws:justandunjust.Everyindividualinasocietyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsand,evenmoreimportantly,todisobeyandresistunjustlaws"

47,理性与感性,,个人学习、知识进步,EQVsIQ,,对立矛盾：EQVsIQ,"Societydoesnotplaceenoughemphasisontheintellect-thatis,onreasoningandothercognitiveskills"

57,不同领域间的交流,,个人学习、知识进步,理论Vs实践,,学习方式、对立矛盾：理论Vs实践,Thedepthofknowledgetobegainedfrombooksismuchricherandbroaderthanwhatcanbelearnedfromdirectexperience

117,不同领域间的交流,,个人学习、知识进步,理论Vs实践,,理论Vs实践；书本知识Vs实际经验,Thedepthofknowledgetobegainedfrombooksisricherandbroaderthanwhatcanbelearnedfromdirectexperience.

204,不同领域间的交流,,个人学习、知识进步,理论Vs实践,,理论Vs实践；知识Vs经验；直接经验Vs间接经验,Welearnthroughdirectexperience;toacceptatheorywithoutexperiencingitistolearnnothingatall.

122,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人学习、知识进步,相同意见Vs不同意见,,知识的获得―相同意见Vs不同意见,"Weowealmostallourknowledgenottopeoplewhohaveagreed,buttopeoplewhohavedisagreed."

1,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人学习、知识进步,相同意见Vs不同意见,,指导学习方法、态度：知识的获得―相同意见Vs不同意见,Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfrompeoplewhoseviewscontradictourown;disagreementcancausestressandinhibitlearning.

18,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人学习、知识进步,相同意见Vs不同意见,,知识、进步的获得：对立面；价值－标准；充要条件,Onlybybeingforcedtodefendanideaagainstthedoubtsandcontrastingviewsofothersdoesonereallydiscoverthevalueofthatidea.

209,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人学习、知识进步,相同意见Vs不同意见,,辩证统一：想象力Vs知识,Progressisbestmadethroughdiscussionamongpeoplewhohavecontrastingpointsofview

73,现实和理想,,个人学习、知识进步,想象力,,辩证统一：想象力Vs知识,"Inmostprofessionsandacademicfields,imaginationismoreimportantthanknowledge."

164,现实和理想,,个人学习、知识进步,想象力,,辩证统一：想象力Vs经验,Sometimesimaginationisamorevaluableassetthanexperience.Peoplewholackexperiencearefreetoimaginewhatispossibleandthuscanapproachataskwithoutconstraintsofestablishedhabitsandattitudes.

7,技术进步对人类的影响,,个人学习、知识进步,学习、研究方式：传统Vs新技术,,资料的载体、记录方式（对于科研）：视频Vs纸张,Thevideocameraprovidessuchanaccurateandconvincingrecordofcontemporarylifethatithasbecomeamoreimportantformofdocumentationthanwrittenrecords

38,技术进步对人类的影响,,个人学习、知识进步,学习、研究方式：传统Vs新技术,,学习、科研方式：电视Vs书籍,"Intheageoftelevision,readingbooksisnotasimportantasitoncewas.Peoplecanlearnasmuchbywatchingtelevisionastheycanbyreadingbooks."

155,技术进步对人类的影响,,个人学习、知识进步,学习、研究方式：传统Vs新技术,,学习：传统方式Vs新方式,Contemporarysocietyofferssomanywaysoflearningthatreadingbooksisnolongerveryimportant.

237,技术进步对人类的影响,,个人学习、知识进步,学习、研究方式：传统Vs新技术,,研究资料：技术进步带来新方式、便利,Computersandvideotechnologycanmakefacsimilesoforiginalworkssuchaspaintingsandhistoricaldocumentsavailabletoeveryone.Thegreatadvantageofthisnewtechnologyisthatitwillenableanyone-notjustscholars-toconductin-depthresearchwithouthavingaccesstotheoriginalworks.

28,个体与整体,,个人学习、知识进步,,,学习方法：表面现象Vs深层本质；机械记忆Vs理解记忆,"Studentsshouldmemorizefactsonlyaftertheyhavestudiedtheideas,trends,andconceptsthathelpexplainthosefacts.Studentswhohavelearnedonlyfactshavelearnedverylittle."

183,技术进步对人类的影响,,个人学习、知识进步,,,知识的作用、影响：表面现象Vs内在本质,"Asweacquiremoreknowledge,thingsdonotbecomemorecomprehensible,butmorecomplexandmoremysterious."

205,技术进步对人类的影响,,个人学习、知识进步,,,信息获取方便Vs终生学习,"Associetiesallovertheworldhavemoreandmoreaccesstonewinformation,theeffectsonlife-longlearningcanonlybepositive."

14,现实和理想,,个人学习、知识进步,,,素质提高、全面教育：文学素养的必要性,"Itisnecessaryforeveryonetoreadpoetry,novels,mythologyandothertypesofimaginativeliterature."

86,现实和理想,,个人学习、知识进步,,,长期Vs短期；现实Vs理想；当前Vs长远,"Youngpeopleshouldbeencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsratherthanseekimmediatefameandrecognition."

226,新与旧,,个人学习、知识进步,,,过去Vs现在；持续、发展、共通；知识、经验所起的作用，所扮演的角色,Peoplearemistakenwhentheyassumethattheproblemstheyconfrontarcmorecomplexandchallengingthantheproblemsfacedbytheirpredecessors.Thisillusioniseventuallydispelledwithincreasedknowledgeandexperience.

175,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,个人Vs团队,,个人Vs团队：革新、创造性来源,"Itisalwaysanindividualwhoistheimpetusforinnovation;thedetailsmay'beworkedoutbyateam,buttrueinnovationresultsfromtheenterpriseanduniqueperceptionofanindividual."

199,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,个人Vs团队,,个人Vs团队：创新、创造性来源,"Trulyinnovativeideasdonotarisefromgroupsofpeople,butfromindividuals.Whengroupstrytobecreative,themembersforceeachothertocompromiseand,asaresult,creativeideastendtobeweakenedandmademoreconventional.Mostoriginalideasarisefromindividualsworkingalone."

42,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,个人Vs团队,,学习方式：个人Vs团队、集体；竞争Vs合作,"Becauselearningisnotasolitaryactivitybutonethatrequirescollaborationamongpeople,studentsofallageswillbenefitacademicallyiftheyworkfrequentlyingroups."

95,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,个人Vs团队,,个人Vs团队；竞争Vs合作：效率、功效、作用比较、判断,"Peopleworkmoreproductivelyinteamsthanindividually.Teamworkrequirescooperation,whichmotivatespeoplemuchmorethanindividualcompetitiondoes."

141,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,个人Vs团队,,个人主义Vs团队精神－着眼点：经济上的成功,"Mostpeoplerecognizethebenefitsofindividuality,butthefactisthat'personaleconomicsuccessrequiresconformity"

19,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,Priority的选择：个体与整体；必要条件,"Ifasocietyistothrive,itmustputitsownoverallsuccessbeforethewell-beingofitsindividualcitizens."

71,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,独处Vs与他人一起－对立统一,Spendingtimealonemakesoneabettercompaniontoothers

77,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,个人Vs他人、集体、整体；个人主义Vs利他主义,"Peopletodayaretooindividualistic.Insteadofpursuingself-centered,separategoals,peopleneedtounderstandthatsatisfactioncomesfromworkingforthegreatergoodofthefamily,thecommunity,orsocietyasawhole"

113,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,社会角色定位：个人Vs集体、团体,Itisprimarilythroughidentificationthroughsocialgroupsthatwedefineourselves

145,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,内在实质的不变Vs外在形式的调整－性格,Acrucialtestofcharacteriswhetheroneisabletoadapttochangingsocialconventionswithoutsacrificingone'sprinciples.

171,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,过程Vs结果；个人Vs整体－对立统一关系,Peoplewhopursuetheirownintellectualinterestsforpurelypersonalreasonsaremorelikelytobenefittherestoftheworldthanarepeoplewhotrytoactforthepublicgood.

208,个体与整体,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,外在行为Vs内在想法,"Thewaypeoplelook,dress,andactrevealstheirattitudesandinterests.Youcantellmuchaboutasociety'sideasandvaluesbyobservingtheappearanceandbehaviorofitspeople."

59,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,个性化Vs标准化：思考、行为方式,"Toomuchemphasisisplacedonrolemodels.Insteadofcopyingothers,peopleshouldlearntothinkandactindependentlyandthusmakethechoicesthatarebestforthem."

194,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,竞争意识Vs合作意识－对立统一,"Thebestpreparationforlifeoracareerisnotlearningtobecompetitive,butlearningtobecooperative."

198,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,个性化Vs标准化、模式化,"Insteadofencouragingconformity,societyshouldshowgreaterappreciationofindividualdifferences."

234,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,自由意志：主动Vs被动；引导、规范,"Mostpeoplepreferrestrictionsandregulationstoabsolutefreedomofchoice,eventhoughtheymightdenysuchapreference."

235,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,度的把握；Priority的选择：忠诚,"Mostpeoplearetaughtthatloyaltyisavirtue.Butloyalty-whethertoone'sfriends,toone'sschoolorplaceofemployment,ortoanyinstitution-isalltoooftenadestructiveratherthanapositiveforce."

240,统一与分歧（竞争）,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,积极Vs负面评价,"Althoughitiseasytorespondpositivelytotheworkofanotherpersonorgroup,itisfarmoreworthwhiletogivenegativefeedback."

21,新与旧,,个人与他人、整体、社会,,,改革：个人Vs整体利益,"Reformisseldombroughtaboutbypeoplewhoareconcernedwiththeirownreputationandsocialstanding.Thosewhoarereallyinearnestaboutreformingagovernment,aneducationalsystem,oranyotherinstitutionmustbewillingtobeviewedwithdisdainbytherestoftheworld."

197,不同领域间的交流,,国家、国际,全球化,,全球化、国家间相互关系,Thematerialprogressandwell-beingofonecountryarenecessarilyconnectedtothematerialprogressandwell-beingofallothercountries.

116,统一与分歧（竞争）,,国家、国际,全球化,,全球化：利弊、带来的问题,"Withthegrowthofglobalnetworksinsuchareasaseconomicsandcommunication,thereisnodoubtthateveryaspectofsociety-includingeducation,politics,thearts,andthesciences-willbenefitgreatlyfrominternationalinfluences."

105,个体与整体,,国家、国际,实力,,局部Vs整体：国家实力－民主、政治、经济、军事、科技……,Thetruestrengthofacountryisbestdemonstratedbythewillingnessofitsgovernmenttotoleratechallengesfromit'sowncitizens.

170,个体与整体,,国家、国际,实力,,国家伟大、实力的体现，指示标：少数Vs多数；精英Vs大众,"Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisnottheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists,butthegeneralwelfareofallitspeople."

11,统一与分歧（竞争）,,国家、国际,,,社会问题：国际合作、专职性大学,Allnationsshouldhelpsupportthedevelopmentofaglobaluniversitydesignedtoengagestudentsintheprocessofsolvingtheworld'smostpersistentsocialproblems.

135,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,环保,,技术Vs环保,"Whilemostoftheenvironmentalproblemswefaceresultfromtheuseoftechnology,societymustdependupontechnologytofindsolutionstotheseproblems."

150,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,旅游,,现代技术对旅游的影响,"Becauseoftelevisionandworldwidecomputerconnections,peoplecannowbecomefamiliarwithagreatmanyplacesthattheyhavenevervisited.Asaresult,tourismwillsoonbecomeobsolete."

16,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,人的能力,,技术进步对个人的影响：舒适生活Vs个人能力发展,"Althoughmanypeoplethinkthattheluxuriesandconveniencesofcontemporarylifeareentirelyharmless,infact,theyactuallypreventpeoplefromdevelopingintotrulystrongandindependentindividuals."

66,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,人的能力,,技术依赖Vs人们能力发展－意义、作用：大脑Vs身体；主宰Vs工具,"Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate."

107,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,人的能力,,现代科技Vs个人思考分析等能力,"Instantcommunicationsystemsencouragepeopletoformhastyopinionsandgivequickrepliesratherthantakethetimetodevelopthoughtful,well-reasonedpointsofview."

151,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,人的能力,,技术：传统交流Vs现代新方式交流－影响、作用,"High-speedelectroniccommunicationsmedia,suchaselectronicmailandtelevision,tendtopreventmeaningfulandthoughtfulcommunication"

233,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,人的能力,,技术进步Vs学习,"Althoughinnovationssuchasvideo,computers,andtheInternetseemtoofferschoolsimprovedmethodsforinstructingstudents,thesetechnologiesalltoooftendistractfromreallearning"

30,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,生活,,科研、技术进步的目标：进步本身，物质丰富，效率提高Vs舒适生活,Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople'sefficiencysothateveryonehasmoreleisuretime.

124,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,生活,,现象Vs本质：生活节奏的加快,"Instantfoods,instantcommunication,fastertransportation-alloftheserecentdevelopmentsaredesignedtosavetime.Ironically,though,insteadofmakingmoreleisuretimeavailable,thesedevelopmentshavecontributedtoapaceofhumanaffairsthatismorerushedandmorefranticthaneverbefore."

129,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,生活,,技术Vs现代生活：利弊,Technologyisanecessarybutnotalwaysapositiveforceinmodernlife.

166,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,生活,,局部Vs局部；技术进步Vs生活,"Overthepastcentury,themostsignificantcontributionoftechnologyhasbeentomakepeople'slivesmorecomfortable."

196,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,生活,,技术Vs生活：利弊,"Technologycreatesmoreproblemsthanitsolves,andmaythreatenordamagethequalityoflife."

23,个体与整体,,技术,信息,,技术进步的影响：信息爆炸、影响，提醒、明确应把握的方向和态度,"Contemporarytechnologymakesavailablemanysmallpiecesoffactualinformation.Asaresult,peoplehavebecomesopreoccupiedwithbitsoffragmentedinformationthattheypaytoolittleattentiontothelargerissuesandoverallperspectives."

219,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,信息,,信息爆炸：个人的作用；现象Vs本质,"Nowthatcomputertechnologyhasmadepossibletherapidaccessingoflargeamountsoffactualinformation,peoplearelesslikelythanevertothinkdeeplyororiginally.Theyfeelunabletocompetewith-muchlesscontributeto-thequantityofinformationthatisnowavailableelectronically."

88,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,,,技术Vs社会风俗、道德,Technologiesnotonlyinfluencebutactuallydeterminesocialcustomsandethics.

114,技术进步对人类的影响,,技术,,,技术Vs人性；内在Vs外在,"Humanityhasmadelittlerealprogressoverthepastcenturyorso.Technologicalinnovationshavetakenplace,buttheoverallconditionofhumanityisnobetter.War,violenceandpovertyarestillwithus.Technologycannotchangetheconditionofhumanity."

102,新与旧,,教育,1目的,对文化,教育作用、效果：传统、既有理念－修正、持续、发展,"Forbetterorworse,educationisaprocessthatinvolvesrevisingtheideas,beliefs,andvaluespeopleheldinthepast."

104,新与旧,,教育,1目的,对文化,文化Vs教育：主流价值观的确立－局部Vs整体,Itisprimarilythroughformaleducationhadaculturetriestoperpetuatetheideasitfavorsanddiscredittheideasitfears.

201,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,1目的,对学生,教育目的；务实、功利Vs理想；短期Vs长期,"Thepurposeofeducationshouldbetoprovidestudentswithavaluesystem,astandard,asetofideas-nottopreparethemforaspecificjob."

191,现实和理想,,教育,1目的,对学生,教育：全面平衡发展－兴趣Vs职业技能；务实Vs理想；当前Vs长远,Educationshouldbeequallydevotedtoenrichingthepersonallivesofstudentsandtotrainingstudentstobeproductiveworkers.

222,现实和理想,,教育,1目的,,教育：明确的目标、方向指导Vs无目标、无计划,"Learningforlearning'ssakeisanoutdatedconcept.Today,educationmustserveanulteriorpurposeandbedirectedtowardcleargoals."

130,现实和理想,,教育,1目的,,教育的意义：孩子的社会化,"Howchildrenaresocializedtodaydeterminesthedestinyofsociety.Unfortunately,wehavenotyetlearnedhowtoraisechildrenwhocanhelpbringaboutabettersociety."

98,新与旧,,教育,2内容,时间,过去Vs现在；功利、务实Vs长远；现象Vs本质：艺术课程的选择,"Collegesanduniversitiesshouldoffermorecoursesonpopularmusic,film,advertising,andtelevisionbecausecontemporaryculturehasmuchgreaterrelevanceforstudentsthandoartsandliteratureofthepast."

51,现实和理想,,教育,2内容,兴趣,教育方式：个性化Vs标准化,Educationwillbetrulyeffectiveonlywhenitisspecificallydesignedtomeettheindividualneedsandinterestsofeachstudent.

94,不同领域间的交流,,教育,2内容,学术,全面发展；务实Vs理想；长期Vs短期：学科的选择、专才Vs通才,Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent'sfieldofstudybecauseacquiringknowledgeofvariousacademicdisciplinesisthebestwaytobecometrulyeducated.

132,不同领域间的交流,,教育,2内容,学术,学科的交叉化、边缘化、相互影响,"Theuniversitycommunityconsistsofthreedifferentworlds-thesciences,thehumanities,andthesocialsciences.Becauseeachworldoperatesonitsownassumptionsandhasitsownspecialhabitsofthinking,rarelyistheremeaningfulinteractionamongthesciences,thehumanities,andthesocialsciences."

158,不同领域间的交流,,教育,2内容,学术,度的把握；全面发展、素质教育：艺术Vs主科,"Thearts(music,dance,visualarts,etc.)arevitallyimportanttostudents'educationandshouldthereforereceiveasmuchemphasisasmathematics,science,readingandothermainstreamsubjects."

80,现实和理想,,教育,2内容,学术,全面教育：科学学习的必要性,"Allstudentsshouldberequiredtotakecoursesinthesciences,eveniftheyhavenointerestinscience."

106,现实和理想,,教育,2内容,学术,道德素养的重要性：全面教育－必要性；课程选择/安排,"Allstudentsshouldberequiredtotakeatleastonecourseinethics,eveniftakingthecoursemeansadecreasedemphasisonacademicsubjects."

128,新与旧,,教育,2内容,学术,矛盾：目的Vs实际效果－教育的目标、实际,"Itisoftenassertedthatthepurposeofeducationistofreethemindandthespirit.Inreality,however,formaleducationtendstorestrainourmindsandspiritsratherthansetthemfree."

34,现实和理想,,教育,2内容,应用,长期Vs短期；务实Vs理想；全面发展、素质教育Vs功利学习,"Insteadofrequiringstudentstotakecoursesinavarietyofdisciplines-thatis,coursesrangingfromtheartsandthehumanitiestothephysicalandbiologicalsciences-collegesanduniversitiesshouldallowstudentstoenrollonlyinthosecoursesthatwillhelppreparethemforjobsintheirchosenfields.Suchconcentrationisnecessaryintoday'sincreasinglywork-orientedsociety."

90,现实和理想,,教育,2内容,应用,务实、功利Vs理想；短期Vs长期：学科选择－找工作,Collegestudentsshouldbeencouragedtopursuesubjectsthatinterestthemratherthanseekprogramsthatpromiseentryintothejobmarket.

5,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,2内容,制订者,教育：标准化Vs个性化,Anationshouldrequireallitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollegeratherthanallowschoolsindifferentpartsofthenationtodeterminewhichacademiccoursestooffer

112,理性与感性,,教育,2内容,,EQVsIQ；全面发展,"Someeducationalsystemsemphasizethedevelopmentofstudent'scapacityforreasoningandlogicalthinking,butstudentswouldbenefitmorefromaneducationthatalsotaughtthemtoexploretheirownemotions."

78,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,2内容,,教育的作用：共同的人性Vs各类冲突、纷争,"Schoolsshouldberequiredtoteachtheessentialinterconnectednessofallhumanbeingsandthushelpeliminatewars,culturalclashes,andotherformsofconflict."

52,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,3方法,质疑,学术、工作态度、方式：被动Vs主动；质疑Vs接受,"Educationencouragesstudentstoquestionandcriticize,andthereforedoeslittletopromotesocialharmony."

153,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,3方法,质疑,学习方法：主动Vs被动,Studentsshouldbringacertainskepticismtowhatevertheystudy.Theyshouldquestionwhattheyaretaughtinsteadofacceptingitpassively.

213,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,3方法,质疑,教育：质疑、挑战、创新Vs折中、容让、合作,"Toomuchemphasishasbeenplacedontheneedforstudentstochallengetheassertionsofothers.Infact,theabilitytocompromiseandworkwithothers-thatis,theabilitytoachievesocialharmony-shouldbeamajorgoalineveryschool."

67,个体与整体,,教育,3方法,,理论Vs实践：全面教育、素质教育,"Collegesshouldrequirestudentstoengageinpublic-serviceactivitiesinordertoassurethateachstudentreceivesabalanced,well-roundededucation."

230,个体与整体,,教育,3方法,,自由意志：主动Vs被动；教育应起的作用：引导,"Collegestudents-andpeopleingeneral-prefertofollowdirectionsratherthanmaketheirowndecisions.Therefore,collegesshouldeliminateasmanychoicesaspossibleinordertoofferstudentscleardirection."

134,理性与感性,,教育,3方法,,外表形式Vs内核本质；机智圆滑vs.真诚坚定,Studentsshouldbeencouragedtorealizethatmentalagilityandrhetoricalskillmustbeaccompaniedbysincerityandthetrueconvictionoftheirownbeliefs.

228,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,3方法,,教育：处理方法、态度－积极行为Vs消极行为,"Thebestwaytoteach-whetherasaneducator,employer,orparent-istopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones"

154,不同领域间的交流,,教育,4参与者,家长、社会,教育者：父母、学校、社会－合作,Bothparentsandcommunitiesmustbeinvolvedinthelocalschools.Educationistooimportanttoleavesolelytoagroupofprofessionaleducators

50,不同领域间的交流,,教育,4参与者,教师,师资素质的提高：理论Vs实际、实践,"Inordertoimprovethequalityofinstructionatthecollegeanduniversitylevel,allfacultyshouldberequiredtospendtimeworkingoutsidetheacademicworldinprofessionsrelevanttothecoursestheyteach"

214,个体与整体,,教育,4参与者,学生,局部Vs整体；度的把握,Societyshouldidentifythosechildrenwhohavespecialtalentsandabilitiesandbegintrainingthematanearlyagesothattheycaneventuallyexcelintheirareasofability.Otherwise.thesetalentsarclikelytoremainundeveloped.

39,不同领域间的交流,,教育,4参与者,学校、环境,认识大学教育的作用、意义：正规大学教育Vs自学,Theintellectualbenefitsofattendingauniversityorcollegearevastlyoverrated:mostpeoplecouldlearnmorebystudyingandreadingontheirownforfouryearsthanbypursuingauniversityorcollegedegree.

223,个体与整体,,教育,4参与者,学校、环境,正确认识学校所起的作用：主观能动Vs客观环境；个人Vs整体,Educationisprimarilyapersonalmatter;ithaslittletodowithschoolorcollege

232,现实和理想,,教育,4参与者,学校、环境,教育目的、手段、方式：理论Vs实际；教育与社会的接轨,Thepurposeofeducationshouldbetocreateanacademicenvironmentthatisseparatefromtheoutsideworld.Thiskindofenvironmentisidealbecauseitallowsstudentstofocusonimportantideaswithoutbeingheldbackbypracticalconcerns.

55,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,5评判标准,,教育：高分Vs真正能力培养,Competitionforhighgradesseriouslylimitsthequalityoflearningatalllevelsofeducation.

100,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,5评判标准,,教育机制、环境：分数Vs能力培养,Thepressuretoachievehighgradesinschoolseriouslylimitsthequalityoflearning.Aneducationalenvironmentwithoutgradeswouldpromotemoregenuineintellectualdevelopment.

32,统一与分歧（竞争）,,教育,6资金,教师工资,师资：如何留在人才，保证优秀师资；一致Vs差异,"Aschoolorcollegeshouldpayitsteachersatthesamerateinalldisciplines,regardlessofdifferencesinsalariesforrelatedfieldsintheworldoutsideofschool.Forexample,entry-levelteachersinmathematicsandintheartsshouldreceivethesamepay,evenifoutsideofschool,mathspecialistsearnamuchhighersalaryonaveragethandospecialistsinthearts."

53,个体与整体,,教育,6资金,学生学费,教育经费支付：国家Vs学生；教育Vs经济,"Collegeanduniversityeducationshouldbefreeforallstudents,fullyfinancedbythegovernment."

68,统一与分歧（竞争）,,科研、学术、学科,对待权威、专家的看法、态度,,对待专家、权威的正确态度：质疑Vs毫不保留的相信、全盘接受,"Peoplemakethemistakeoftreatingexpertswithsuspicionandmistrust,nomatterhowvaluabletheircontributionsmightbe."

142,统一与分歧（竞争）,,科研、学术、学科,对待权威、专家的看法、态度,,度的把握；对待权威的态度Vs社会繁荣、进步,Thewell-beingofasocietyisenhancedwhenmanyofitspeoplequestionauthority.

168,统一与分歧（竞争）,,科研、学术、学科,对待权威、专家的看法、态度,,专家、权威：充分必要条件；质疑、批评的价值－判断标准,Criticaljudgmentofworkinanygivenfieldhaslittlevalueunlessitcomesfromsomeonewhoisanexpertinthatfield

87,新与旧,,科研、学术、学科,对待权威、专家的看法、态度,,新的、不同的视野、经验：新手Vs专家、权威,"Inanyfieldofinquiry,thebeginnerismorelikelythantheexperttomakeimportantdiscoveries."

44,当务之急与百年大计,,科研、学术、学科,科研投资,,科研投资：标准、原则－主体：政府,"Governmentshouldnotfundanyscientificresearchwhoseconsequences,eithermedicalorethical,areunclear."

31,当务之急与百年大计,,科研、学术、学科,科研投资,,科研投资：态度、标准，焦点：有争议的科研项目,"Moneyspentonresearchisalmostalwaysagoodinvestment,evenwhentheresultsofthatresearcharecontroversial."

119,技术进步对人类的影响,,科研、学术、学科,目标,,研究：Priority的选择、判断标准－人民福利，个人兴趣；过程Vs结果,"Whenresearchprioritiesarebeingsetforscience,education,oranyotherarea,themostimportantquestiontoconsideris:Howmanypeople'sliveswillbeimprovediftheresultsaresuccessful?"

40,新与旧,,科研、学术、学科,目标,,科研的指导原则：个人兴趣Vs大众福利；过程Vs结果,"Scholarsandresearchersshouldnotbeconcernedwithwhethertheirworkmakesacontributiontothelargersociety.Itismoreimportantthattheypursuetheirindividualinterests,howeverunusualoridiosyncraticthoseinterestsmayseem."

4,不同领域间的交流,,科研、学术、学科,学科专业化Vs复合化、交叉化,,领域、学科间的交流；外来视角、经验;学术研究领域：单一领域Vs复合、边缘化,Nofieldofstudycanadvancesignificantlyunlessoutsidersbringtheirknowledgeandexperiencetothatfieldofstudy.

220,不同领域间的交流,,科研、学术、学科,学科专业化Vs复合化、交叉化,,专业化：学科交叉化、边缘化,"Theincreaseinknowledgeisforcingpeopletospecialize.Asaresult,thedistancebetweenfieldsofspecializationhasbecomesovastthatspecialistsindifferentareasarerarelyabletoinfluenceeachother."

9,个体与整体,,科研、学术、学科,学科专业化Vs复合化、交叉化,,专业化Vs复合化、边缘化；涉及到判断标准,"Academicdisciplineshavebecomesospecializedinrecentyearsthatscholars'ideasreachonlyanarrowaudience.Untilscholarscanreachawideraudience,theirideaswillhavelittleuse."

41,不同领域间的交流,,科研、学术、学科,,,作用、意义：科学Vs非科学,"Suchnon-mainstreamareasofinquiryasastrology,fortune-telling,andpsychicandparanormalpursuitsplayavitalroleinsocietybysatisfyinghumanneedsthatarenotaddressedbymainstreamscience."

177,不同领域间的交流,,科研、学术、学科,,,学科知识的作用、影响：拥有不同的角度、眼光Vs加深、加宽对世界的了解,"Thestudyofanacademicdisciplinealtersthewayweperceivetheworld.Afterstudyingthediscipline,weseethesameworldasbefore,butwithdifferenteyes"

61,个体与整体,,科研、学术、学科,,,奖项对科研的意义；精英Vs大众；少数Vs多数,High-profileawardssuchastheNobelPrizeareactuallydamagingtosocietybecausetheysuggestthatonlyafewpeopledeservesuchrecognition.

181,个体与整体,,科研、学术、学科,,,学术：个性化Vs标准化；客观Vs主观,"Thewaystudentsandscholarsinterpretthematerialstheyworkwithintheiracademi