roman浪漫主义课件

GermanRomanticismLIT181Hour12EnlightenmentLogic,reasonhaddominatedforthepasteightdecades.Wordslike“enthusiasm,”“imagination,”“fantasy,”andothershadverydifferentdefinitions,orwererelegatedtotherealmofthewack-o,bizarre,strange,andnot-to-beimitated.GermanClassicismGoetheandSchiller,WielandandHerder–inWeimarVeryfewartistsparticipatedAnewartisticpathforyoungbloodwasneeded!Europe–intellectuallystiflingformany.ArtbasedontheImaginationSomethingNEW!–politicallandscapeoftheworldRevolutions:America,FranceMajorchangesintheairNewPhilosophy!Withrevolutionsinpolitics&philosophycamenewroomfornewideasandnewwaysoflookingattheuniverseTheWord“Romanticism”Hasnothingtodowithbeing“romantic,”exceptthatafavoriteRomanticthemeisloveRefersbacktomedieval'romance',anarrativeormythictaleaboutanindividual.Emphasizesthepoweroftheimagination,nature,andthevalueofemotionalandsubjectivewaysofexperiencingtheworld.Jean-Jacques

Rousseau(1712-78)Essay:(1749)“Hastheprogressofthesciencesandartscontributedtothecorruptionortotheimprovementofhumanconduct?”"Manisbornfree,andeverywhereheisinchains.Onemanthinkshimselfthemasterofothers,butremainsmoreofaslavethantheyare."(TheSocialContract,1762)ImmanuelKant(1724-1804)Freesknowledgefromperceptionthroughsensesalone(CritiqueofPureReason,1781)Nottheobjectiveknowledgethatbecomesimportant,buttheprocessofitsacquisition.JohannGottliebFichte(1762-1814)

Wissenschaftslehre(1794-99)Takesthisonestepfurtherinhis“Self-Philosophy”(Ich-Philosophie”)Universe=“Ich”and“Nicht-Ich”(“Self”and“Non-Self”)The“Self”dreamstheuniverseJohannGottliebFichte(cont’d)

TherelationshipbetweenSelfandNon-Selfisdynamic,andcreatesaeverlargerandmorepowerfulSelf.Themostadeptatthis=theartist.SUBJECTIVITY!FriedrichWilhelmJosephvonSchelling(1775-1854)NaturphilosophieWorld-SpiritinhabitsnatureItcreatesunconsciouslyinnature,butconsciouslythroughtheartist.FriedrichDanielSchleiermacher(1768-1834)ReligionisanalogoustoartappreciationDevelopa“senseandtastefortheeternal”ActivesearchfortheinfinitewithinthefiniteAddressonReligiontotheEducatedamongitsDetractors(1799)GotthilfHeinrichSchubert

(1780-1860)Naturalscience:notonlyEnlightenmentViewsoftheNightsideofNaturalScience1808Distantpast–unitybetweenhumansandnatureGotthilfHeinrichSchubert

(1780-1860) Bizarrepsychology,somnambulism,animalmagnetism,vampirism,doubles(Doppelgänger),automata,insanity,etc.–veryimportantforHoffmann’sworksRomanticism:auniversalmovementGreatBritainGermanyRussiaFranceSpainLatinAmericaUSA-notalwaysatthesametime,butfromtheearly19thCenturythroughthepresentera.RomanticsofGreatBritainBeginin1797WordsworthandColeridge:PrefacetoLyricalBalladsEmphasison“natural”ratherthan“cosmopolitan”experienceRethinkingthelanguageofpoetry:moreaccessibleWhatisapoet:agenius,someoneextraordinaryBallad:genreoflyricthatcombinesallthreegenericforms:Lyric(operatesonmood,atmosphere)Epic(narratortellsastory)Dramatic(conversation)GreatBritainSamuelTaylorColeridgeWilliamWordsworthWilliamBlakeSirWalterScottGreatBritain(cont’dMaryWollstonecraftShellyGeorgeGordon,LordByronPercyByssheShelleyJohnKeatsRomanticisminFranceLandofrevolution:RomanticismispoliticalandsocialDeepdebttoRousseau:natureHero=a“natural”personChallengessocialnorms,genderroles(GeorgeSand)FascinationwiththenewdemocracyintheUSA–heroestraveltoUSAlexisdeTocqueville’sDemocracyinAmericaRomanticsofFranceMadamedeStäelGeorgeSandRomanticsofFrancecont’dAlphonsedeLamartineAlfreddeMussetAlfreddeVignyFrançoisRenédeChateaubriandRomanticsofFrancecont’dAlexandreDumaspèreVictorHugoStendhal

RomanticismintheUSAInfluenceofRousseau–nature!Community:transcendentalistsofNewEnglandBrookFarmFascinationwiththeland,andthosewholiveoffthelandNationalismEmancipationofwomen,slavesHenryDavidThoreau

1817-1862OnWaldenPond“CivilDisobedience”“Themassofmenleadlivesofquietdesperation.Whatiscalledresignationisconfirmeddesperation.Fromthedesperatecityyougointothedesperatecountry,andhavetoconsoleyourselfwiththebraveryofminksandmuskrats.“WashingtonIrving

(1783-1859)TalesoftheAlhambra“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”“RipvanWinkle”RalphWaldoEmerson

1803-1882Essayist“Self-Reliance”FounderoftheTranscendentalistmovement“Afoolishconsistencyisthehobgoblinoflittleminds,adoredbylittlestatesmenandphilosophersanddivines.Withconsistencyagreatsoulhassimplynothingtodo.”MargaretFuller

1810-1850foremostliterarywomaninAmericainthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyteacher,writer,editor,critic,socialleader,philanthropist,giftedconversationalist,organizerofnewliterarymovements,nurseetc.HenryWadsworthLongfellow

1807-1882AmericanepicpoetryEvangelineSongofHiawathaTheSongofHiawatha“BytheshoresofGitcheGumee,

BytheshiningBig-Sea-Water,

StoodthewigwamofNokomis,

DaughteroftheMoon,Nokomis.

Darkbehinditrosetheforest,

Rosetheblackandgloomypine-trees…”

TheSongofHiawatha“…Rosethefirswithconesuponthem;

Brightbeforeitbeatthewater.

Beattheclearandsunnywater,

BeattheshiningBig-Set-Water.”JamesFenimoreCooper

(1789-1851)LeatherstockingNovelsNobleSavage–NattyBumppoTheLastoftheMohicansTheDeerslayerEdgarAlanPoe

(1809-1849)Brilliantwriteroftalesandpoetry“TheRaven”“AnabelleLee”“TheTell-TaleHeart”“ThePitandthePendulum”TheRavenOnceuponamidnightdreary,whileIpondered,weakandweary,

Overmanyaquaintandcuriousvolumeofforgottenlore,

WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenlytherecameatapping,

Asofsomeonegentlyrapping,rappingatmychamberdoor.

"'Tissomevisitor,"Imuttered,"tappingatmychamberdoor-

Onlythis,andnothingmore."NathanaelHawthorne

(1804-1864)TheScarletLetter

TheHouseoftheSevenGablesTheBlithedaleRomanceTheMarbleFaun

Twice-ToldTalesHermanMelville

(1819-1891)MobyDickBillyBuddTypee"BartlebytheScrivener"WaltWhitmanLeavesofGrass1855“SongofMyself”DefinedAmericanpoetryduringthe19thcenturyThepoetofthelonglineandfreeverseSongofMyself

1859“Thespottedhawkswoopsbyandaccusesme,hecomplainsofmygab

andmyloitering.

Itooamnotabittamed,Itooamuntranslatable,

Isoundmybarbaricyawpovertheroofsoftheworld…

SongofMyself

1859“…IbequeathmyselftothedirttogrowfromthegrassIlove,

Ifyouwantmeagainlookformeunderyourboot-soles.

YouwillhardlyknowwhoIamorwhatImean,

ButIshallbegoodhealthtoyounevertheless,

Andfilterandfibreyourblood.

Failingtofetchmeatfirstkeepencouraged,

Missingmeoneplacesearchanother,

Istopsomewherewaitingforyou.

RomanticisminGermanyBeganearly,inthesameyearasBritishRomanticism=1797Differsfromothers–lessemphasisonnature,includedtheurbanlandscape–lessRousseauLesspoliticallyprogressive–mostGermanRomanticswerenobliltySocial–groupsgatheredanddiscussedCameintwostagesStage1:veryphilosophicalStage2:moreentertainingBeginnings…WilhelmHeinrichWackenroder(1773-1798)&LudwigTieck(1773-1853)UniversityofGöttingenTravel–southernGermany,sawrenaissanceartesp.inNürnberg&So.Germany,1793.EspeciallyDürer&RaphaelRaphaelAlbrechtDürerHerzensergießungeneineskunstliebendenKlosterbruders(1797)TheHeartfeltOutpouringsofanArt-LovingFriarPraisedtheartoftheRenaissancebutcalleditartfromthe“MiddleAges”–CatholicartDescribedtheexperienceofappreciatingartasareligious-emotionalonepainting=mostimportantartform,althoughlaterthiswouldbemusic.GermanRomanticismPt.1Jena&BerlinLudwigTieck:“BlondEckbert,”“Puss-In-Boots”(1797).FriedrichSchlegel

1772-1829ThegreattheoreticianofRomanticismNovel:LucindeAthenäum(1798-1800):“RomanticLiterature=progressive,universal(116thAthenäums–Fragment).AugustWilhelmSchlegel

1767-1845MedievalGermanLiteratureTranslationsPhilosophyCriticismAestheticsLecturedextensivelythroughoutGermanspeakinglandsFriedrichvonHardenberg(Novalis)

1772-1801Novalis

Deathoffiancée->fascination“HymnstotheNight”(1799),ChristianityorEurope(1799),HeinrichvonOfterdingen(1802)TheBlueFlowerSeethenovelbyPenelopeFitzgerald,TheBlueFlowerGermanRomanticismPt.2Heidelberg&BerlinClemensBrentanoandAchimvonArnim:DesKnabenWunderhorn(ABoy’sCornucopia)(1806/08)WomenAuthorsinlater

GermanRomanticismKarolinevonGünderrode(1780-1806)BettinavonArnim:Goethe’sCorrespondencewithaChild(1835).BrothersGrimmTheBrothersGrimm:Jakob(1785-1863)andWilhelm(1786-1859);Germanicpast,chapbooks,fairytales:

Kinder-undHausmärchen(1812/15);GermanDictionaryLiterarySaloninlaterGermanRomanticismRahel(Levin)VarnhagenvonEnse(1771-1833)HeldoneofthemostrenownedliterarysalonsCenterofBerlincultureGatheringsofmostimportantintellectualsofthedayJosephvonEichendorff

1788-1857Stories,novel&poetry“FromtheLifeofaGood-For-Nothing“Poemssetbymajorcomposers(Schumann,Schubert,etc.)Melodiousnessoflanguage:E.T.A.Hoffmann

1776-1822FantasyPiecesinCallot’sManner(1815)ElixirsoftheDevil(1815/16)NightPieces(1817),“DerSandmann”wasthefirststoryinthecollectionTheLifeandOpinionsoftheTomcatMurr(KaterMurr,1820-22)Romanticism:KeyConcepts1)lossofborderandcategory:synthesis,expansion;association,connection,unityofopposites,theunreachable(limitlesslonging–>Nihilism)2)exponentialization/logarithmizationofreality(Schlegel’s116thAthenäum-Frag.,Novalis)3)“Romanticismisalens”(Brentano’sGodwi)4)Fragment(Novalis,Schlegel;HeinrichvonOfterdingen,KaterMurr)MoreKeyConcepts5)Bildungsroman(novelofeducation)(HeinrichvonOfterdingen,FranzSternbald’sWanderings,Godwi)6)Dream,PsychologyespeciallyInsanity,theUnco