专升本英语语法教案真题版

英语语法语法的三大根底：十大词性：名词noun(n.)表名称例：teacher,book代词pronoun(pron.)代替名词例：we,he数词numeral(num.)表数目例：two,second动词verb(v.)表动作例：be,know,work形容词adjective(adj.)作定语，译为“…的〞例：beautiful,good副词adverb(adv.)作状语，译为“…的〞例：slowly,beautifully冠词article(art.)三个冠词例：a,an,the介词preposition(prep.)表词与词的关系例：in,on,from,against连词conjunction(conj.)连接词与词，句与句例：and,or,but,if感慨词interjection(interj.)表感情例：oh,ah副词：用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等。如：now,often,already,here,there,carefully,much,very…☆介词和连词的区别：介词后跟“名词〞，不能直接跟句子。连词后可以直接跟句子。七大句子成分：主谓宾表定状补〔同位语，插入语〕①主语：句首的“谁〞或“什么〞，动作发出者。e.g.Ilikeyou.②谓语动词：主语的动作。e.g.Ilikeyou.③宾语：动作承受者。e.g.Ilikeyou.④表语：表主语的性质或状态，be动词为标志。e.g.Iamastudent.Sheisbeautiful.⑤定语：用来限定名词，adj.为标志。e.g.Sheisabeautifulgirl.⑥状语：用来修饰词或句子，有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语等。e.g.Ieatbreadinthemorning.IstudyEnglishatschool.⑦补语：用来补充说明。分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。e.g.Weelected〔选举〕himmonitor〔班长〕.⑧同位语：解释名词的内容。e.g.Tom,anEnglishteacher,loveshisjob.⑨插入语：附加解释。e.g.Asaresult,〔结果〕Tobefrank(坦白地说),Fortunately,〔幸运的是〕五大根本句型：主+谓+宾↓↓↓动作发出者谓语动词动作承受者例：ShelikesEnglish.(名词)主谓宾Iloveyou.(代词)主谓宾Heenjoysreading.(动名词-ing)主谓宾Theywanttogo.(不定式todo)主谓宾Iknowthatshehasaboyfriend.(句子)主谓宾二、主+谓〔不与物动词〕例：Theboycried.主谓Jimrunsintheparkeverymorning.主谓地点状语时间状语Iplaywithhimeveryday.主谓介词宾时间状语☆与物动词〔vt.〕与不与物动词〔vi.〕：与物动词：直接跟宾语，如：Icookfood…Ieatfood…Ibuyfood…不与物动词：不能直接跟宾语，如果跟，需加介词。如：Italktohim…Iplaywithhim…Ilaughathim…三、主+系+表系动词：以be动词为首的一系列动词。1.be(am,is,are/was,were)强调用法可单独使用，翻译为“是〞。系动词be与助动词be(am,is,are/was,were)的区别：助动词be不可单独使用：构成进展时：be+doing表正在进展的动作构成被动语态：be+done表“被…〞例：Heisahandsomeboy.主系表Heisswimming.主谓Heistoldabouttheaccident.〔被动句〕2.感官系动词，译为：“…起来〞look,sound,smell,taste,feel,appear(看起来)考点：此时表语只能用adj.充当。例1：Dinnersmellsgood.主系表Hisvoicesoundsstrange.主系表例2：—Doyoulikethematerial(布料，材料)？ —Yes,it____verysoft.(2021)A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt3.表状态变化类的系动词：a.“保持〞stay(awake)b.“变得〞become(difficult)remain(silent) turn(cold)keep(warm) grow(old) get(fat) go(mad) fall(asleep) come(true)例：Hewentmadlastnight.四、主+谓+间宾+直宾↓↓间接宾语〔人〕直接宾语〔物〕例：Hegavemeabook.主谓间宾直宾主+谓+间宾+直宾→主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾Ipassedmymotherthebox.→Ipassedtheboxtomymother.加to的动词有：bring〔带来〕,show〔展示〕,sell〔卖〕,send〔寄〕,take〔拿〕,throw〔仍〕,give〔给〕,tell〔告诉〕,offer〔提供〕,pass〔传递〕…IboughtJohnabirthdaypresent.→IboughtabirthdaypresentforJohn.加for的动词有：book〔预订〕，buy〔买〕,find〔为…找到〕,order〔订购〕,cook〔做饭〕,choose〔选择〕,leave〔留下〕…五、主+谓+宾+宾补↓宾语补足语例：Weelected(选举)himmonitor.〔班长〕↓Heismonitor.Iwillmakeyoucaption.(船长)Hesawtheboyplayingbytheriver.〔现在分词doing〕主谓宾宾补地点状语ThemanageraskedAmadatoleave.〔不定式todo〕主谓宾宾补注:句型四与句型五的区分:句型四，在间宾与直宾之间加系动词be，语义不通顺。 句型五，在宾语与宾补之间加系动词be，语义通顺。总结：两大根本句型：主+系+表主+谓+宾变谓v.→主+谓变宾语→主+谓+间宾+直宾加宾补→主+谓+宾+宾补注：在英语中，一个简单句有且只有一个谓语动词。名词名词：专有名词，如人名、地名、机构名等，首字母必须大写。例：JohnSmith,theUnitedStates,YaleUniversity,Children’sDay,theGreens(格林一家人)名词的数〔可数名词与不可数名词〕可数名词单数可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。复数可数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。注：1.单数可数名词不可单独使用，需在前面加a,an,the,my,his,one等。2.a用在辅音发音开头的名词前，如adesk,acomputer,auniversity,atearan用在元音发音开头的名词前，如anorange,anoffice,anapple单数变复数法则：一般直接加-s,如：books,caps(帽子)，trees…以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es.如：glasses,boxes,watches,brushes…(以-th结尾的名词直接加-s,如：months)以辅音字母加-y结尾，把-y变-ies.如：stories,countries…以元音字母加-y结尾，在-y后直接加-s.如：boys,toys,days…以-o结尾的名词变复数：有生命，加-es.如：Negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes…无生命，加-s.如：radios,zoos,photos,pianos…有生命口诀：黑人和英雄吃西红柿和土豆以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数，直接加-s.但是以下名词需要变-f或-fe为-ves,如：self---selves,life---lives(性命),thieves,wives,knives,loaf—loaves(一片),leaves,shelves,wolves,halves.口诀：为了自己活命，小偷和妻子拿刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。复合名词〔合成名词〕变复数，变中心名词，如：girlstudents,boyfriends,passers-by(过路人),sons-in-law(女婿)注：man/woman+n.变复数，两个词都变复数，如：mendoctors,womenteachers.不规则变化的名词：man---men,woman---women,child---children,tooth---teeth,foot---feet,mouse---mice,ox---oxen,goose---geese口诀：男人和女人有小孩，小孩有牙齿和脚，小孩喜欢三种动物：老鼠、公牛、鹅。单复同形的名词：Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,sheep,deer,series,means,aircraft,works(工厂),species,fish,fruit…如：asheep,twosheep.注：American---Americans,German---Germans,Australian---Australians,Frenchman---Frenchmen,Englishman---Englishmen.只有复数的名词：people,police,cattle(牛群)作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例：Thepolicearecoming.成双成对的名词，如：shoes,socks,stockings(长筒袜),trousers,gloves,glasses,chopsticks,scissors(剪刀),这些词作主语，谓语动词用复数。注：但与pair(双),suit(套装),kind,sort(种类)等量词连用且作主语时，谓语动词的单复与量词保持一致。例：Glassesareexpensive.Thispairofglassesisexpensive.Thesepairsofglassesareexpensive.集体名词：public,government,committee,crowd,class,audience,team,family,group.民众政府委员会，人群班级听众队，再加家庭和小队。作主语时：名词作为一个整体时，谓语动词用单数。名词指各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。例：Hisfamilyisabigone.Hisfamilygetonwellwitheachother.二、不可数名词1.无单复数变化，词前不能用a/an，但可用the修饰。2.作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3.常见的不可数名词：bread,weather,water,advice,information,furniture,fun,traffic,equipment(设备),luggage=baggage(行李)4.既可数，又不可数的名词：paper[C]报纸，论文room[C]房间experience[C]经历 [U]纸 [U]空间 [U]经历work[C]作品chicken[C]小鸡hair[C](几根)头发 [U]工作 [U]鸡肉 [U]整头头发time[C]次数glass[C]玻璃杯orange[C]橙子 [U]时间 [U]玻璃 [U]橙汁名词所有格有生命，用’s如：theboy’sbag,thechildren’srooms无生命，用of如：thewindowoftheroom注：1.以-s结尾的复数名词加’如：theworkers’wage(工资),不规则复数名词加’s如：thechildren’stoys2.分别所属和共同所属的表达：AandB’sA和B的(一个东西) A’sandB’sA的(一个东西)和B的(一个东西)3.双重所有格：名词+of+名词’s例：afriendofTom’s(friends) 名词+of+名词性物主代词例：somestudentsofmine注：表时间、国家、城市等名词后，可加’s如：fiveminutes’walk=five-minutewalk例：MydaughterandItooka_____touraroundNewYorkCity.(2021)A.twodayB.twoday’sC.two-daysD.two-day名词所有格后跟地点名词时，往往省略地点。如：thedoctor’s(office),thetailor’s(shop)(裁缝店)，thebarber’s(shop)(理发店)4.修饰可数名词数量的词组：afew/few,many,a(large)numberof修饰不可数名词数量的词组：alittle/little,much,a(large)amountof,agreatdealof既修饰可数，又修饰不可数：some,alotof=lotsof,plentyof5.名词作定语：theroomnumbern.定语(单数)n.被限定词当名词作定语时，该名词用单数形式。例：toothbrush,shoeshop,bookstore动词的时态一、一般现在时1.定义：表示习惯性、经常性、规律性的动作或状态。2.构成：主语+系动词be(am,is,are)+其他主语+实义动词+其他实义动词的变化规则：当主语为I/其他人称时，谓语动词用原形。当主语为单数第三人称时，谓语动词变化规则如下：⑴一般动词，加-s.如：works,loves,likes…⑵以-s,-x,-sh,-ch,-o结尾的动词加-es.如：kisses,fixes,washes,watches,goes…⑶以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词，变-y为-ies.如：studies,worries,carries…以元音字母加-y结尾的动词，直接加-s.如：plays,enjoys…3.常用的时间状语：often,usually,always,seldom(很少),sometimes,everyday/week/month/year,onceaday,onMondays/Sundays/weekends4.否认/疑问形式：⑴当谓语动词为系动词be时：否认形式：在be后加not主+be(am,is,are)+not+…疑问形式：be动词提到主语前Is/Are+主+…⑵当谓语动词为实义动词时，变否认/疑问借助助动词do/does当主语为I/其他人称时，借助do否认形式：主+donot(don’t)+动原+…疑问形式：Do+主+动原+…当主语为单数第三人称时，借助does否认形式：主+doesnot(doesn’t)+动原+…疑问形式：Does+主+动原+…考点：⑴表示不受时间限制的客观真理、客观事实、自然规律以与名言警句，用一般现在时。例：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.⑵对列车、航班、时刻表的表述时，用一般现在时。例：Thetrainleavesat8o’clock.一般过去时定义：表示过去发生的动作或状态。构成：主语+be(was,were)+其他主语+V-ed+其他〔适用于所有人称〕规则动词过去式的变化规则：⑴一般动词，加-ed.如：worked,finished,helped,followed…⑵以-e结尾的加-d.如：hoped,liked,agreed,believed…⑶以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词，变-y为-ied.如：studied,worried…以元音字母加-y结尾的动词，直接加-ed.如：played,enjoyed…⑷以辅音+元音+辅音字母结尾的动词，双写最后的辅音字母，加-ed.如：stopped,admitted,begged…时间状语：yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday(前天),theotherday(不久前的一天),justnow(刚刚),thismorning(今天早上),一段时间+ago,如：aweekago,in+过去时间点,如：in19904.否认/疑问形式：⑴当谓语动词为系动词be时：否认形式：在be后加not主+be(was,were)+not+…疑问形式：be动词提到主语前Was/Were+主+…⑵当谓语动词为实义动词时，变否认/疑问借助助动词did否认形式：在动词前加didnot主+didnot(didn’t)+动原+…疑问形式：将did提到主语前Did+主+动原+…☆考点：usedtodo过去常常做某事beusedtodoing习惯于做某事例：Iused____ontheleftinEngland,butIsoongotused____ontherightinChina.A.todriving...todriveB.todrive…todriving(2021)C.todrive…todriveD.todriving…todriving一般将来时定义：表示将来发生的动作或状态。构成：主+will/shall+动原+其他“心甘情愿做…〞注：will用于所有人称；shall只用于I/We主+be(am,is,are)+goingto+动原+其他“打算做…〞主+be(am,is,are)+todo“一定要做…〞注：beabouttodo=beonthepointofdoing“马上要做…〞时间状语：tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextday/week/month/year,in+将来时间点：in2050someday〔将来有一天〕时间段：inaweek4.否认/疑问形式：否认形式：在will,shall或be后加not主+will/shall+not+动原+其他疑问形式：将will,shall或be提到主语前Will/Shall+主+动原+其他☆考点：⑴由if(如果),aslongas,unless,incase(万一),when,assoonas(一…就…),not…until(直到…才)引导的时间或条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。〔主将从现〕注：引导词后面的句子为从句；“逗号〞不能直接连接两个句子。⑵固定句型：Itwillbe+时间段+before+…“再过多久才…〞⑶Therebe句型的将来时：Therewillbe…例：Therewillbeameetinginthreedays.(be)四、过去将来时1.定义：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。2.构成：主+would/should+动原+其他主+was/weregoingtodo…主+was/weretodo…3.时间状语：thenextday/week/month/year,thefollowingday进展时定义：表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进展的动作或状态。构成：现在进展时：be(am,is,are)doing过去进展时：be(was,were)doing将来进展时：willbedoing时间状语：现进：now,atpresent,thisweek,thesedays过进：atthattime,atthistimeyesterday将进：atthistimetomorrow,atninetomorrow考点：⑴现在进展时与频度副词：often,always,allthetime等连用时，表达说话人批评或赞扬的情绪，译为：“总是〞“老是〞。例：Sheisalwaysaskingquestions.⑵Look!Listen!多与现在进展时连用。例：Listen!Thebirdissinging.⑶现在进展时与表状态变化的系动词become,get,turn,grow,go连用表示渐变的过程。例:Theweatherisbecomingcolderandcolder.⑷一些表“来〞“去〞的词常用现在进展时表将来，如：come,leave,arrive,go,begin,start.例：I’mleavingforBeijingnextmonth.⑸发生在过去同一段时间内的两个动作，长动作用进展时，短动作用一般态，由when,as,while引导。例：WhenIwasstudyinglastnight,mymothercameintomyroomwithoutknockingthedoor.⑹表示某一段时间都在进展的动作，可以是连续进展的动作。例：Wearemakingmodelplanesthesedays.Hewaswritinganovellastnight,butIdon’tknowwhetherhehasfinishedit.现在完成时1.定义：⑴动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在。⑵发生在过去的动作对现在产生了影响。2.构成：主+has/have+V-ed(单数第三人称用has,其他人称都用have)主动词实义动词3.时间状语：already(已经),just(刚刚),yet(还)not…yet(还…没有),ever(曾经),never(从不),recently=lately(最近),sofar=bynow=up/tilltonow(直到现在,迄今为止),in/duringthelast/past+时间段“在过去…中〞如：inthepasttwoyears(在过去两年里),duringthelasttwoweeks(在过去两个星期里),since+过去时间点(since1990,sincethen)for+时间段(多与现在完成时连用)句子(一般过去时)4.否认/疑问形式：否认形式：主+have/has+not+V-ed+…疑问形式：Have/Has+主+V-ed+…☆考点：⑴have/hasbeento“去过…〞(现在人已经回来了)have/hasgoneto“去了…〞(现在人不在这儿)例：IDtotheGreatWallthreetimes.A.hasgoneB.havegoneC.hasbeenD.havebeen⑵固定句型1：Itisthefirst/second/thirdtimethat+句子(现在完成时)“这是第几次做…〞例：ThisisthefirsttimethatIhaveseenthis.(see)⑶固定句型2：Thisis+最高级+名词+that+句子(现在完成时)例：ThisisthebestteathatIhavedrunk.(drink)⑷for+时间段/since…不能与短暂动词连用构成现在完成时。例：Hisgrandmotherhasdiedfortwoyears.(ⅹ)Hisgrandmotherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(√)短暂动词需要变为be+形容词/副词表状态的延续，如：die→bedead,begin/start→beon,come/join(参加)/arrive(到达)→bein,leave→beaway七、现在完成进展时1.定义：表示动作发生在过去一直持续到现在，并极有可能继续持续下去。2.构成：主+have/hasbeendoing与现在完成时的区别：现在完成时：表示该动作有可能继续，也有可能不继续。现在完成进展时：表示该动作极有可能继续下去。例1：Ihavewashedmyclothesfortwohours.(有可能继续洗，有可能不洗了)Ihavebeenwashingmyclothesfortwohours.(极有可能继续洗下去)例2：She_____Englishsinceshewasachild.(2003)A.learningB.hadlearnedC.islearningD.hasbeenlearning过去完成时定义：在过去某个时间或动作之前已经完毕的动作。过去完成时必须有过去的时间参考点，表“过去的过去〞。构成：主+hadV-ed+其他时间状语：by/until+过去的时间点(到…为止)bytheendof+过去时间点(到…完毕的时候)before+过去时间点句子(一般过去时)bythetime…+句子(一般过去时)4.否认/疑问形式：否认形式：主+had+not+V-ed+…疑问形式：Had+主+V-ed+…例1：⑴Hesaidthathehadbeenabroadforthreeyears.(be)⑵ShehadlearnedsomeEnglishbeforeshecametotheschool.(learn)⑶Bythen,hehadlearnedEnglishforthreeyears.(learn)例2：⑴JohnandI___friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe___eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.(2021)A.hadbeen,havebeenB.havebeen,haveseenC.hadbeen,hadseenD.havebeen,hadseen⑵Untilthen,hisfamily____fromhimforsixmonths.(2021)A.didn’thearB.hasn’tbeenhearingC.hasn’theardD.hadn’theard将来完成时定义：在将来的时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。构成：主+will/shallhaveV-ed时间状语：by/until+将来的时间点(到…为止)bytheendof+将来时间点(到…完毕的时候)before+将来时间点句子(一般现在时)bythetime…+句子(一般现在时)例：We_____buildingthebridgebytheendofnextmonth.(2021)A.arefinishingB.wouldfinishC.havefinishedD.willhavefinished动词的被动语态一、被动语态的构成：be(助动词)+done(过去分词)二、3ⅹ3时态变化表：时现在过去将来体一般dodidwill/shalldo进展am,is,aredoingwas,weredoingwill/shallbedoing完成have/hasdonehaddonewill/shallhavedone加bedone变被动：时现在过去将来体一般am,is,aredonewas,weredonewill/shallbedone进展am,is,arebeingdonewas,werebeingdone-----------完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendone三、主动句变被动句的规律：宾语提前主语变，人称时态be关键。过去分词勿用错，主语变宾by后见。被动条件：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要，突出承受者很重要，被动语态错不了。主动句：Theboybrokethewindowyesterday.被动句：Thewindowwasbrokenyesterday(bytheboy).注：被动句中be的单复要与新主语保持一致，但时态要与主动句的时态保持一致。考点1.不与物动词无被动，一些词组无被动：takeplace=happen(发生)breakout(火灾，战争爆发)appear(出现)disappear(消失)breakdown(坏掉，抛锚)cometrue(实现)belongto(属于)consistof(由…组成)occurto(使想起)例：He_____byhissisteratthatmoment.(2021)A.happenedtoseeB.washappenedtoseeC.washappenedtobeseenD.happenedtobeseen2.个别与物动词无被动：fit(适合),wish,cost(花费)例：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.3.系动词无被动语态，感官类系动词主动表被动。例：Thesilkfeelssick.4.情态动词本身无被动语态：构成：主+情动+be+V-ed例：NewbookscanbedownloadedfromtheInternet.5.表示事物属性的动词：read,write,dry,wear,wash,open,shut…主动表被动，一般这类动词后有一个修饰词。例1：Thecoatdrieseasily.Thebooksellswell.例2：Thepenwriteswell.(write)ThebookwaswrittenbyShakespeare.(write)6.sthneed/want/require(需要)doing，主动表被动。tobedone例：Thisshirtneedswashing/tobewashed.(wash)7.在主动语态中，make,let,hear,see,watch,observe,notice其后跟省略to的动词不定式〔即动词原形〕，在变被动语态时，必须复原动词不定式的to.例：Weheardhimsingthissonginthatroom.→Hewasheardtosingthissonginthatroom.Thebossmadehimwork14hoursaday.→Hewasmadetowork14hoursaday.8.带双宾语的动词give,send,teach,lend,show,pass,tell等，在变被动语态时，可以有两种情况：直宾变成主语，间宾前加to；间宾变主语，不加to.例：Myfriendgavemeapenyesterday.→Apenwasgiventome(bymyfriend)yesterday.→Iwasgivenapen(bymyfriend)yesterday.非谓语动词非谓语动词:不能作谓语的动词形式，可以作除谓语动词外的任何成分，即主谓宾表定状补。三种根本形式：doing,done,todoDoing:一、作主语1.doing作主语,位于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。doing表示经常性、习惯性的动作。Climbingmountainsisagoodwaytokeepfit.(保持安康)主系Walkingdogishishobby.主系2.当doing作主语太长时，用it作形式主语代替doing放在句首，doing放在句尾。〔防止头重脚轻〕Cryingoverthespiltmilkisnouse.主→Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.形式主语真正主语固定句型：Itisnouse/nogood/useless/senselessdoing…Itisworthdoingsth…Itisawasteoftimedoing…Itisfun/enjoyable/pleasant/agoodpleasuredoing…例：It’snouse_____withhimsincehehasmadeuphismind.(2021)A.toargueB.arguingC.tobearguedD.argued二、作宾语1.动词+doingconsider(考虑),suggest(建议),lookforwardto(盼),excuse(原谅),admit(成认),delay/putoff(推迟),得,fancy(想象)，avoid(防止),miss(错过),keep(继续),practice(练),deny(否认),finish(完成),就,enjoy/appreciate(欣赏),forbid(制止),imagine(想象),才,risk(冒险),stand(忍受),mind(介意),allow/permit(准),escape(逃亡).固定搭配：1.advise/forbid/allow,permit+doingsth建议制止两允许sbtodosth2.need/want/require+doing需要tobedone例：⑴Heenjoys_____popmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusic.(2021)A.tolistentoB.tolistenC.listeningD.listeningto⑵Thegardenrequires_____.(2021)A.wateringB.beingwateredC.towaterD.havingwatered⑶Iappreciate____toyourbirthdayparty.(2003)A.tobeinvitedB.tohaveinvitedC.havinginvitedD.beinginvited⑷Idon’tmind____outforawalkinsuchabadweather.(2006)A.goB.togoC.goingD.gone⑸Idon’tmind____intheoffice.A.tosmokeB.smokedC.hissmokingD.smokes注：1.doing的被动形式：beingdone(第3题只有被动的含义)2.doing的复合构造：在doing前面加形容词性物主代词：hissmoking名词所有格：Tom’ssmoking代词的宾格形式(口语)：himsmoking(doing动作的发出者)如果hissmoking与himsmoking同时出现，选择更加正式的hissmoking.3.doing的否认形式：紧挨着doing前加not:notdoing例1：I’msorryfornotbeingthere.例2：⑴Noonecanavoid____byadvertisements.(2021)A.influencedB.influencingC.toinfluenceD.beinginfluenced⑵Whatisthereasonfor____ontime(2021)A.notyourcomingB.younotcomeC.yournotcomingD.younottocome2.作介词宾语〔所有的介词后跟动词的-ing形式〕介词：at,for,against,on,by,to,(in)…⑴to为介词的短语：〔～todoing〕be/getusedto=beaccustomedto习惯于getdownto开场做…payattentionto关注 contributeto有助于devoteoneselfto投身于 beaddictedto沉溺于lookforwardto盼望 objectto反对stickto坚持 leadto导致thekeyto…的关键 confessto坦白☆prefer的用法：prefer+doing(长期的动作)todo(一次性的动作)prefertodoAratherthandoB=preferdoingAtodoingB宁愿做A而不愿做B例：Ipreferwalking______.(2007)A.todriveB.todrivingC.thandriveD.thandriving⑵省略介词in的短语：sbspend时间(in)doingsth花〔时间〕做…sbbebusy(in)doingsth忙于sbhavetrouble/difficulty/aproblem/ahardtime(in)doingsth做…有困难Thereisnopoint(in)doing…做…是没有用的。sblosenotime(in)doingsth不失时机做…succeedindoing成功做…(in不可省略)例：⑴Asalawyerhespentalotoftime_____investigations.(2006)A.conductedB.toconductC.conductD.conducting⑵Thereisno____arguingaboutit,justdoasyouaretold.(2005)A.reasonB.wayC.pointD.meaning3.既跟doing又跟todo的词：⑴用法一样：start/begindoingtodo⑵用法不同：a.love/like/hate+doing(长期的动作)todo(一次性的动作)b.forgetdoing忘记已经做过某事(失忆) todo忘记去做某事(健忘)rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事 todo记住要做某事regretdoing懊悔做过某事 todo遗憾要去做某事c.stopdoing停顿正在做的事 todo停下来做另一件事goondoing继续做同一件事 todo接着做另一件事d.trydoing尝试着做某事 todo努力做某事meandoing意味着做某事 todo打算做某事can’thelpdoing情不自禁做某事(to)do不能帮助做某事e.feellikedoing想做某事wouldliketodo想做某事三、作表语doing作表语，对主语进展解释说明或表示主语的特征。例：Myaunt’sjobislayingeggs.(主语等于表语)Themusicsoundsexciting.(doing表主语的特征，译为“令人…的〞)四、作定语1.doing作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的用途，或doing的动作由该名词发出。diningroom(餐厅)readingroom(阅览室)walkingstick(手杖)boilingwater(正沸腾的水)sleepingbaby(正在睡觉的婴儿)developingcountry(开展中国家)2.doing作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的一种客观状态，译为：“令人…的〞exciting,boring,tiring,puzzling,confusing,moving…例：anexcitingvoice一个令人兴奋的声音apuzzlingexpression一个令人困惑的表情囧amovingmovie一部令人感动的电影doing作表语→Themovieismoving.3.doing短语作定语，放在名词后，表示该名词与doing构成主动进展的关系。⑴Thegirlismyex.↘Thegirlwearsapinkhat.↗Thegirlwearingapinkhatismyex.⑵Theyliveinamansion.(豪宅)↘Themansionfacesnorth.↗Theyliveinamansionfacingnorth.⑶ThemanisBaldheadStrong.↘Themanisbeingbeaten.↗ThemanbeingbeatenisBaldheadStrong.注：beingdone作定语时：表示“正在被…〞五、作状语1.doing作状语，句子中有“，〞表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成主动进展的关系。考题形式：⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主语S与非谓doing构成主动进展的关系。S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.⑵(With)+名词非，SVO.名词与非谓doing构成主动进展的关系。注：形式⑵又被称为独立主格构造。例1：Weatherpermitting(允许),wewillvisityoutomorrow.例2：⑴_____inBeijing,hewasmetbyhisgoodfriend.A.HearrivedB.ArrivingC.BeingarrivedD.Arrived⑵HelivedinBeijing,____asawriter.A.workedB.beingworkedC.workingD.work⑶Myuncle,____inBeijing,isadoctor.A.helivesB.livingC.beinglivedD.lived⑷Theday____hot,wedecidedtogoswimming.A.wasB.beingC.beenD.be2.doing与havingdone的区别：两者都表示主动，但是havingdone强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。例：⑴____dinner,hewenttotherestroom.A.HadB.HavingC.HavinghadD.Tohave⑵____hisfather,thebabybegantocryatonce(马上).A.SeenB.SeeingC.HavingseenD.Saw⑶____severaltimes,thedogdiedatlast.A.DesertingB.TodesertC.HavingdesertedD.Havingbeendeserted注：doing的被动形式为beingdone,作状语时表示：“正在被…〞doing的完成形式：havingdone(主动)doing的被动完成形式：havingbeendone六、作补足语〔见非谓语总结〕Done：过去分词〔done不作主语，宾语〕一、作表语done作表语，主语通常是人，done表达一种主观感受，译为：“感到…的〞，此时done相当于adj.excited,bored,tired,confused,annoyed…例：Themovieisboring,soIfeelbored.(bore)Iamtiredofthetiringwork.(tire)二、作定语1.单个过去分词作定语时，位于名词前，表示已经完成的动作或状态。boiledwater开好的水fallenleaves已经落下的叶子boilingwater正沸腾的水fallingleaves正在落下的叶子developedcountry兴旺国家developingcountry开展中国家2.done的短语作定语时，位于名词后，表示该名词与非谓语动词之间构成被动完成的关系。考题形式：名词非ⅹⅹVO.或SVO非ⅹⅹ.例1：IhavearadiomadeinChina.例2：⑴Thefirsttextbook____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.(2021)A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written⑵I’veneverseentheyoungman____nexttothedirector.(2006)A.sitsB.satC.sittingD.tosit⑶Davidsenthisgirlfriendaring____byhisgrandmotherforallherlife.A.havekeptB.keptC.haskeptD.hasbeenkept(2021)三、作状语1.done作状语，句子中有“，〞表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成被动完成的关系。考题形式：⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主语S与非谓doing构成被动完成的关系。S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.⑵(With)+名词非，SVO.名词与非谓doing构成被动完成的关系。例：⑴_____thepark,wefounditbeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Saw⑵Theteachercameintothelab,____bysomestudents.A.followingB.followedC.followD.havingfollowed⑶Thepark,____fromthebuilding,isverybeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Saw⑷Withthehardwork____,hewenttobed.A.finishingB.havingfinishedC.finishedD.finishes2.done与havingbeendone的区别：两者都表示被动，但是havingbeendone强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。例：⑴Anewtechnique____,theoutputasawholeincreasedby20percent.(2021)A.workingoutB.havingworkedoutC.tohavebeenworkedoutD.havingbeenworkedout⑵Alltheofficials____,themeetingwasdeclared(宣布)open.A.arrivedB.arrivingC.beingarrivedD.havingarrived⑶____manytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.A.ToldB.BeingtoldC.HavingbeentoldD.Havingtold☆一个知识点：compareAwithB变被动→AiscomparedwithB所以A与compare为被动关系。ComparedwithB,A…同理的还有：CoveredwithB,A…四、作补足语〔见非谓语的总结〕Todo:不定式一、作主语1.todo作主语，位于句首，谓语动词用单数，表示一次性具体的动作。例：Tofinishsomuchworkinashorttimeisimpossible.2.当todo作主语太长时，用it作形式主语代替todo放句首，真正的主语todo放句尾。〔防止头重脚轻〕例：Itisimpossibletofinishsomuchworkinashorttime.[固定句型]1.Ittakessb+时间+todosth.“花费某人多长时间做某事〞例：IttookhimtenyearstolearnEnglish.2.Itis+adj.+forsbtodosth.“对于某人来说，做…是…的〞此类adj.有：important,possible,difficult(hard),necessary,interesting,easy…其中adj.是形容todosth.的。例：ItiseasyformetolearnEnglish.3.Itis+adj.+ofsbtodosth.“某人做某事是…的〞此类adj.有：wise,polite,kind,clever,honest…其中adj.是形容sb的。例：Itiswiseofhimtoleavethatcompany,ItisverykindofyoutoteachmehowtoplayPlantsVSZombies.二、作宾语1.动词+tododecide/determine(决心),learn(学会),want(想),expect/hope/wish(希望),refuse(拒绝),manage(设法),demand(要),pretend(假装),promise(容许),offer(提供),choose(选),plan(方案),agree(同意),ask/beg(请求),help(帮一帮).注：help(to)dowishtodohopetodohelpsb(to)dowishsbtodohopesbtodo(ⅹ)例：⑴Mylittlesonwouldlike____tohisgrandmatoday.A.totakeB.takingC.tobetakenD.taken⑵Icouldn’tunderstandwhyhepretended_____inthegarden.(2006)A.nottoseemeB.notseemeC.toseemenotD.toseenotme⑶Whenhismothercameintotheroom,theboypretended____books.A.toreadB.readingC.beingreadD.tobereading注：⑴todo的否认形式：nottodo⑵todo的进展式：tobedoing,表示谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进展。2.it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语todo放在句尾。〔在英语中，有且只有it可以充当形式宾语/形式主语〕构造：主+谓+宾+宾补主+谓+it+宾补+todo例:Iconsidertoobeythelawsimportant.Iconsideritimportanttoobeythelaws.注：此类常见的动词有：believe,consider,find,regard…“do巴do〞原则当介词but,except,besides前有实义动词do(译为“做〞)，后无to；前无do,后有to.以but为例：有do+butdo无do+buttodo例：⑴Thedeparturetimeoftheplanehasbeenpostponed,sowehavenothingtodonowbut_____.(2006)A.waitB.tobewaitingC.towaitD.waiting⑵ThatwassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebut____thepolice.(2021)A.calledinB.callinginC.callinD.tocallin4.固定句型：⑴hadbetter(not)dosth.最好〔不〕干…⑵Whynot+do(动原)为什么不…？⑶sbhappentodo某人碰巧…⑷wouldrather(not)do宁愿做…⑸wouldratherdoAthandoB=woulddoAratherthandoB⑹平行构造ratherthan:todoratherthan(to)do例：Idecidedtowriteratherthanmakeaphonecall.5.疑问词+todo也可作宾语疑问代词：what,which,whom疑问副词：how,where,when,why例：Idon’tknowwhattodo.注：疑问代词中todo的do为vt./vi.+介词疑问副词中todo的do为vi.例：Idon’tknowwhom____.A.workB.toworkC.workingD.toworkwithIdon’tknowwhattodo.what与todo为动宾关系，即：todowhatIdon’tknowwhomto