动名词22的资料

PAGEPAGE4动名词TheGerundI.动名词的具有名词功能的动词-ing形式叫作动名词。动名词具有名词的特点。因此在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语等。例如：Workingwithyouisapleasure.（主语）Seeingisbelieving.（主语）Whathegotinhismindwaswalkingallthewaytotown.（表语）Myjobisteaching.（表语）Tokeepmoneythatyouhavefoundisstealing.（表语）Hershoeswantsmending.（宾语）Ihavefinishedwritingthisbook.(宾语)Sheleftwithoutsayinggood-byetous.（介词宾语）Mybrotherisfondofskating.（介词宾语）Thankyouforgivingmesomehelp.(介词宾语)由于动名词是动词的一种形式，因此动名词也具有动词的一些特征，可以带直接宾语，也可以被副词修饰。例如：Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.Ilikedrivingfast.Meetingyouhasbeenagreatpleasure.II.动名词的结构：（与现在分词结构相同）主动形式被动形式一般式(同时或其后)doingbeingdone完成式(之前)havingdonehavingbeendone否定形式在其前面加not。III.动名词的一般式和完成式：动名词的一般式表示动作在谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生，表示抽象笼统的动作；完成式表示的特别强调动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。如：Ihategoingoutinsuchweather.这种天气，我讨厌外出。Heputoffmakingadecision.他推迟做决定。Livingincitiesgivespeoplemorechancestosucceed.在城市中居住给人们带来更多的成功的机会。Girlsenjoywearingfashionableclothes.女孩都喜欢穿着时尚。Readingmakesamanperfect.读书使人完美。Idon’trememberhavingseenhimbefore.我不记得以前见过他。Maryfeltdisappointedfornothavingseenheridol.没见到偶像，Mary很失望。Theboyadmittedhavingbrokenthemirror.男孩承认打破了窗户。Ihavefailedagain.Iregretnothavingtakenhisadvice.我又失败了。真后悔没听他的建议。在实际应用中，虽然动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的，但我们可以用动名词的一般式。例如：Excusemeforcominglate.Onarrivinghome,hecalledme.Thankyouforattendingthemeetinginsteadofme.Idon’tremembereverseeingheranytime.Heapologizedforinterruptingus.Thankyouforofferingmesomuchhelp.IV.动名词的被动语态：动名词有主动语态与被动语态两种形式。动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。

（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：

Idon’tlikebeinglaughedatinpublic.在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。Beforebeingused,theinstrumentshouldbetested.HowcanIentertheclassroomwithoutbeingnoticed?Youcan'tgooutwithoutbeingallowed.Youcan'teatmeatbeforebeingoperatedon.Didyoumindbeingpunishedbytheteacher?

（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：

Iamverypleasedatyourhavingbeenhonoredwithamedal.我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌IrememberhavingbeentakentoBeijingbeforeChristmasin1998.Hecan’trememberbobhavingbeenscoldedbyhisbossforthatmatter.Afterhavingbeentreatedinthespecialway,hecoulddealwitheverythingaroundhimsmoothly.

（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：

Excusemeforbeinglate.我来晚了请你原谅。

Idon’trememberevermeetingsomewhere.我记不得原来在什么地方见过。

Thankyouforgivingussomuchhelp.谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。

（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如：Iforgetoncebeingtaken(havingbeentaken)tothecityzoo.我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。

（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，being不可省略。如：Sheisafraidofbeingtakentothepublic.她怕被领到大众面前。以上句子可以看出：句子的主语就是动名词的逻辑主语，但要注意逻辑主语时动作的发出者还是承受者。V.动名词的句法功能：1.作主语PlayingtricksnoothersiswhatIdislikes.Sweepingthefloorismywife'severydaywork.Doingmorningexercisesisgoodforyourhealth.Learningwithoutpracticeisnotgood.注意以下句型，“it”是形式主语，动名词是正真的主语。动名词做主语时谓语动词用单数。例如：Itisnogoodsmokinganddrinking.Isuggestthatyoushouldgivethemup.ItisawasteoftimewatchingTVallday.Itisnouseoperatingonthiswoman.Sheoughttohavebeensentheretwohoursago.Ithasbeenagreatpleasurelivingtogetherwithyou.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.作表语(表示主语的内容)MyjobisteachingEnglish.Theonlythingthatinterestsherisdancing.Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthecustomers.Tokeepmoneyyouhavefoundisstealing.【注意】一般来说，动名词作表语表示主语的内容；而现在分词作表语表示主语的特征和属性。例如：Theworkassignedtousisbringingthechairsdownstairs.（表示主语的内容）Herjobisraisingpigs.（表示主语的内容）Thefilmwasexciting.（表示主语的特征）Itisannoyingthatthemeetingshouldbeputoff.（表示主语的特征）3.做定语动名词作定语时没有明显的逻辑主语，也很少用被动语态。1）动名词单独作定语时放在所修饰的名词之前，表明用途。相当于“名词+for+doing”.aswimmingpoolthewaitingroomtheoperatingtablechewinggumboardingpass登机证buildingmaterialdrivinglicensewritingdeskdiningroomdrinkingwaterstartingpointworkingconditiondrawingboardlivingstandardrestingplacewashingmachinereadingroomshoppingmall/centre2)动名词前加of,for,at等介词短语放在名词后作定语。Haveyoucomeupwithanideaofdealingwiththematter?Theyhavefoundthewayofkeepingseeds.4.作宾语Andrewhatedtellinglies.Iwouldn'tmindgoingtherewithher.1)Spendtime(money)(in)花时间（钱）（干某事），2)bebusy(in)忙于（干某事）3)losenotime(in)不失时机（干某事）4)Thereisnopoint(in)（干某事）毫无意义5)wastetime(in)浪费时间（干某事）6)keepon继续（干某事）7)havenodifficulty(in)（干某事）没有困难8)havefun(in)(干某事)有趣9)have(no)trouble(in)（干某事）有（没有）困难10)haveheadaches(in)(干某事)头痛11)endup(by)(以干某事)告终12)taketurns(at)轮流（干某事）13)bother(about)(因干某事)烦恼14)haveahardtime(in)(因干某事)吃苦15)bethrough(with)完成16)What'stheuse(of)…(干某事)有什么用？例如：Youneedn'tbother(about)comingup.你不必费心来跑一趟。Let'staketurns(at)doingit.让我们轮流干吧！5.如果一个动名词具有很多名词的特点：可以有自己的冠词，有自己的定语，在某种情况下有复数形式；并且也失去了许多动词的特点：没有完成式和被动式，没有自己的状语和宾语，这样的动名词被称为名词化的动名词。如果要表示它逻辑上的宾语，通常在这个名词化的动名词后加上一个介词of,再加逻辑宾语。例如：Youshouldhavegiventheclassroomagoodcleaning.（有自己的冠词）ItwasTomwhodidtherecording.（有自己的冠词）Thisworkneedscarefulplanning.（有自己的定语）Didyoupayanyattentiontotheircomingsandgoings?（有复数形式）Mostofthedigging,movingandcompressingofearthwasdonebymachines.（有自己的逻辑宾语）6.动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别：动名词主要说明行为本身，用来表示抽象、泛指的动作，并不明确表示动作发生的时间，而不定式则表示某次具体的，尚未发生的将来动作。例如：MyjobisteachingEnglish.（泛指的行为，表示职业）Myjobistoteachthemtoreadthetext.（表示一次具体的任务）主语如果是动名词，则表语也应用动名词，不能用不定式。主语如果是不定式，表语也应用不定式，不能用动名词。例如：Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.如果动作十分抽象，已经失去动词性能而接近名词，则用动名词。例如：Myhobbyisgardening.不能说：Myhobbyistogarden.Myfavoritewintersportisskating.不说：Myfavoritewintersportistoskate.7.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别动名词作定语表示所修饰词的用途，而现在分词作定语表示所修饰词的性质或正在进行的动作。例如：writingdesk(=thedeskforwriting)fallingleaves(=theleavesthatarefalling)sleepingcar(=thecarforsleeping)sleepingboy(=theboywhoissleeping)washingmachine(=themachineforwashing)flyingmachine(=themachinethatcanfly)readingroom(=theroomforreading)anexcitingexperience(=anexperiencethatisexciting)restingplace(=theplaceforresting)amovingstory(=astorythatismoving)8.动名词和no搭配表示禁止。这种用法常出现在简短的禁令性语言中，常见于公共标识。Nosmoking.Noburning.Nofishing.Nohunting.Noparking.Nophotographing.动名词专项练习()1.Theofficersnarrowlyescaped___inthehotbattle.A.havekilledB.tokillC.tobekilledD.beingkilled()2.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair___againstyourface.A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove()3.Don'tyouremember___?A.seeingthemanbeforeB.toseethemanbeforeC.sawthemanbeforeD.tohaveseenthemanbefore()4.Peoplecouldn'thelp___thefoolishemperorintheprocession.A.laughatB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughingon()5.We'relookingforward___thephotoexhibition.A.tovisitingB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughingon()6.Doyouremember___meatapartylastyear?A.meetB.tomeetC.meetingD.met()7.Thissentenceneeds___.A.animprovementB.improveC.improvingD.improved()8.--Whatareyougoingtodothismorning?--I'mthinkingof___tovisitmyaunt.A.goB.goingC.havinggoneD.mygoing()9.Ireallyenjoy___thatkindofjob.A.doB.doingC.todoD.tobedoing()10.Themextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying()11.Onlyoneofthesebooksis___.A.worthtoreadB.worthbeingreadC.worthofreadingD.worthreading()12.Ican'timagine___thatwiththem.A.doB.todoC.beingdoneD.doing()13.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed___.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch()14.Theywouldnotallowhim___acrosstheenemyline.A.toriskgoingB.riskingtogoC.forrisktogoD.riskgoing()15.Shedidn'tremember___himbefore.A.havingmetB.havemetC.tomeetD.tohavingmet()16.Thepicture___onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung()17.--Iusuallygotherebytrain.--Whynot___byboatforachange.A.totrygoingB.tyingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing()18.Iwouldappreciate___backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you'recalling()19.Howaboutthetwoofus___awalkdownthegarden?A.totakedB.takedC.takingD.tobetaking()20.--Imustapologizefor___aheadoftime.--That'sallrignt.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow()21.Themissingboyswerelastseen___neartheriver.A.palyingB.tobeplayingC.playD.topaly()22.--Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.--Well,nowIregret___that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone()23.Hehasalwaysinsistedonhis___DrTurnerinsteadofMrTurner.A.beencalledB.calledC.havingcalledD.beingcalled()24.Doyoumind___aloneathome?A.JaneleavingB.JanehavingleftC.Jane'sbeingleftD.Janetobeleft()25.Seeingthesun___abovethesurfaceofthesea,weletoutashoutofjoy.A.toriseB.toraiseC.risingD.raising()26.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto___theflowerlinedgraden.A.visitB.payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin()27.Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,___constantlywillbepartofyourlife.A.youflyB.yourflightC.flightD.flying()28.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan'thelp___intobuyingsomethingtheydon'treallyneed.A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded()29.--WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?--___hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing()30.Whatworriedthechildmostwas___tovisithismotherinthehospital.A.hisnotallowingB.hisnotbeingallowedC.hisbeingnotallowedD.havingnotbeenallowed()31.___youcompositioncarefully,somespellingmistakescanbeavoided.A.HavingcheckedB.CheckC.IfyoucheckD.Tocheck()32.___theletter,hewentouttopostit.A.WritingB.BeingwrittenC.HavingwrittenD.Written()33.Thegirl___underthattreeismysister.A.sittingB.sitsC.issittingD.sat()34.___anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.A.NotknownB.KnownnotC.KnowingnotD.Notknowing()35.Doyouknowtheboy___underthebigtree?A.layB.lainC.layingD.lying()36.Therewasterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed()37.Thesecretaryworkedlateintonight,___alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing()38.___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NothavingreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreveivedD.Havingnotreceived()39."Can'tyouread?"Mar