科技英语写作课件4陈苏例子Useful-Phases-and-Words综述

NanjingUniversityofTechnologyDr.SuChen

UsefulPhasesandWordsuNJTu

UsefulPhasesandWords

1.theneedexistsforagreaterfundamental2.understandingofrelationshipinviewofthistrend

3.becomprisedof

4.arisefromtheuseof

5.areliableat/to/for

6.thispapercorrelatesthemechanicalbehaviorofmoulded

7.aswellas

8.inaddition

9.theeffects------havebeenstudiedandwelldocumented10.someonealsoreportedasimilartrendwith-------on------

UsefulPhasesandWords11.thehigherHScontentfoamsandwereattributedtoa

plasticization

12.moreimportantly

13.theeffectwasfurtheraccentedastheHScontentwasincreased14.theobservedbehaviorwasattributedtostressyieldingofharddomains15.ascanbeseeninTable116.inaddition,thecomponentsdiffersignificantlyin17.bereferredtoas

18.thisillustrates

19.neglect

20.alsonotshownarepossible

UsefulPhasesandWords

21.atelevatedtemperatures22.hereafter

23.thesematerialshaveinterestedabroadspectrumof

scientistswithrespecttotheirchemistryandphysicalproperties24.byvolume,theuseofPusasflexiblefoamsaccountsformorethan50%ofthetotalPUproduction

25.beavailable------inawiderange

26.microdomain

27.theyservetoenhance

28.becausingaeffect

29.ithasbeennotedthat

30.behaviorarise

UsefulPhasesandWords31.bothofwhich------toensure

32.moldedformulationsoftenemployaCPPasaparticulatefillerand------

33.inducecell-opening

34.determining

35.has/havebeendemonstrated

36.extensivelystudied

37.beexplainedbysuggesting

38.beattributedto

39.thisstudyalsoenforcedtheimportanceofhydrogenbondingtophysicalpropertiesofPUfoams40.inordertogainabetterunderstandingofthesematerials

UsefulPhasesandWords

41.itwouldbedesirabletouseanadditive

42.serveasameanstoalter

43.similarconclusionsweredrawnby

44.thisstudyfurtherreinforcetheidea

45.elucidate

46.varyingthewatercontent

47.workersdetected

48.theobservationfurthersuggestthat

49.inanattemptto------observedvia

50.thepresentstudy,however,willfocuson

UsefulPhasesandWords

51.thepresentauthorsaddressedtheissueof

52.

itwasnotedthat

53.itisrealizedthat

54.therefore

55.although,therehasbeensomedebateonusing

56.ithasbeenshownthatthetrends

57.ingeneral

58.ingoodagreementwith

59.toinvestigate

60.theheat/CO2contributeto

UsefulPhasesandWords

61.resultfrom

62.waterfeedconcentrationwith

63.furthermore

64.itisbelievedthatvariationhasprofoundeffect

65.itisthereforededucedthat

66.inexamininghow

67.thissomewhatsurprising

68.bringup

69.onewould

70.giventhewideuse

UsefulPhasesandWords

71.inparticular------itwouldbeofgreatimportancetounderstand

72.toexplore

73.asstatedearlier,inRef.[11]theauthorpresentedevidenceoccur

74.tofindfurtherinformation

75.currentwork------contradictory------paradoxical

76.eliminatingtheneed

77.theneedexistsforagreaterfundamentalunderstandingof

78.tobeclear

79.fromaneconomicpointofview80.polyurethane,hereafter

UsefulPhasesandWords

81.thesematerialshaveinterestedabroadspectrumofscientists

withrespecttotheirchemistryandphysicalproperties

82.toyieldanaminefunctionality------yield/generate/occur

83.theamineformedfurtherreactswithanotherisocyanate

grouptoyieldaurealinkage

84.theyservetoenhancethestiffnessoffoambyactingasphysicalcross-linkingpointandfiller-likeeffect

85.referredto

86.substantiallyreduced

87.thesedifferencesintheureaaggregationbehaviorariseduetodifferencesin------

88.bothofwhicharenecessarytoensureshorterdemandtimes

89.demonstrated90.inordertogainabetterunderstandingof

UsefulPhasesandWords

91.itwouldbedescribabletouse

92.wouldserveandwouldgiveinsightinto

93.thisbehaviorwasexplainedbysuggestingthat

94.totakeadvantageofthesepossiblebenefitsandtomeetthedemandsofprocessingwith

95.manychangeshavebeenmadeintheformulationsof

96.increasingtherateofcovalentcross-linkingallowsotherchangestobemadetotheformulationwhichreducethetimethatthefoamrequiretoachieveenough------

97.thesechangesareenumeratedinarecentpublicationbytheauthors

98.focusmuchattentiononconsider99.emphasison100.asdiscussedelsewhere

UsefulPhasesandWords

101.

theeffect------hasbeenstudiedandwelldocumented

102.previousinvestigation

103.despitetheobviousindustrialinterest,onlyafewinvestigationexistonthebasiccorrelationamongemulsionpolymerization

104.

inthepresentcase

105.thisreportwilldetailfindingsusing…withregardtoformationof

106.however,matchingthemechanicalpropertiestotherequired

performancespecificationshaspresentedmanychallenges

107.however,therelativelyhighmarketpriceslimittheiruse,unlesstheamountofcompoundscanbeminimizedwhilemaintainingreasonablewater

108.inthiscontext,todesigntheparticlesconsistingofshellmaybesuitabletoresolvethisdilemma

109.fluorinatedpolymershavegainedgrowingpopularityinlastyears,witharenewedinterestpushedfromthescientificside110.heldatthistemperaturefor24h

UsefulPhasesandWords

111.

inviewofthistrend

112.

theneedexistsforagreaterfundamentalunderstandingofrelationship

113.

becomprisedof

114.

arisefromtheuseof

115.

areliableat/to/for

116.

thispapercorrelatesthemechanicalbehaviorofmoulded

117.

aswellas

118.

inaddition119.

theeffects------havebeenstudiedandwelldocumented

120.

someonealsoreportedasimilartrendwith-------on------

UsefulPhasesandWords

121.itisthereforepromisingtoemploythenewlydeveloped

122.severaladvancedstudiesofthesurfaceof------havebeenperformed-

123.preparationandcharacterizationareworthstudyingtofurther

advancebasicscienceassociatedwith

124.

thecontactanglehysteresisisverylow,producingasurface

onwhichwaterdropletssimplyrolloff

125.

natureaccomplishesthisfascinatingeffectthroughthe

useofasurfacetopographythatpresentsatleasttwodifferent

lengthscalestotheoutsideenvironment

126.

thenetresultisthatwatercannotwetthesurfaceandtherefore

formsnearlysphericalwaterdroplets,leadingtosuperhydrophobic

surfaces

127.

itiswellknownthatincreasing------canincrease

128.

cassiedescribes

129.

thisdecreaseinhysteresisresultsfromachangeathird

generalpossibilityisgivenby130.athirdgeneralpossibilityisgivenbythepolymerization

fromfluorinatedmicroemulsions

UsefulPhasesandWords131.syntheticsuperhydrophobicsurfaceshavebeenfabricated

throughvariousapproachesincludingcreating

132.mostofthemethodsdisclosedtodata,expensive,substrate

limitedrequiretheuseofharshchemicaltreatmentorcannotbeeasilyscaleduptocreatelarge-areauniformcoating

133.itisthereforeofinterestfromabothscientificandtechnological

standpointtodetermineif

134.

coworkersdisclosedthe------intheirwork

135.

wehavenowdiscoveredthat,byusing

136.

aswillbediscussed

137.

considerableeffecthasbeendevotedtothedesignandcontrol

138.

interestinnano------stemsfromthefact------structuralorder

UsefulPhasesandWordsDescriptionabout“AttentionorInterest”

1.Controlofthesurfacewettabilityofsolidsubstrateshasarousedgreatinterestbecauseoftheirimportanceinfundamentalresearchandindustrialapplications.

Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.

2006,45,1264–1267

2.Amongtheseapproaches,theswitchoftheelectricalpotentialreceivesspecialattentionbecauseitissimpleandconvenientlycontrolledbyelectricity.Moreover,theswitchingisreadilyindividuallyaddressablewhenanarrayofsmallsurfacesisinvolved.Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2005,44,6009–6012

3.Inspiredbyself-cleaninglotusleaves,superhydrophobicsurfaceswithwatercontactangles(CA)largerthan150°haveattractedgreatinterestoverthelastfewyearsforbothfundamentalresearchandpracticalapplications.

Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2004,43,4338–43414.Superhydrophobicsurfaces,withawatercontactangle(CA)greaterthan150°,haveattractedgreatinterestforbothfundamentalresearchandpracticalapplications.Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2003,42,No.7800-802

5.Thepreparationandtestingofhighlyhydrophobicmaterialsisatopicofcurrentinterestbecauserepellenceofwaterorotherliquidsconferspracticalapplications,suchasself-cleaning,tothemodifiedmaterials.Chem.Commun.,2004,2316–2317

UsefulPhasesandWords6.Superhydrophobicsurfaces,characterizedbywatercontactanglesgreaterthan150°,haverecentlyattractedmuchattentionfortheirpromisingapplicationsinvariousfieldsfromdailylifeandindustry,toagriculture.Chem.Commun.,2006,2248–2250

7.Surfacestructureshavebeenpaidgreatattentionfortheirinfluenceonwettability;1-5forexample,thecooperationofmicroandnanostructuresoflotusandriceleaves3andsomeartificialsurfacescaninducesuperhydrophobicity.

J.AM.CHEM.SOC.

2003,125,14996-14997

8.Super-hydrophobicsurface(withwatercontactangle(CA)largerthan150°)andsuper-hydrophilicsurfaces(CAcloseto0°)havebeenextensivelyinvestigatedduetotheirimportanceforindustrialapplications.J.AM.CHEM.SOC.

2004,126,62-63

9.Hydrogenbondsplayanimportantroleindeterminingthethreedimensionalstructureofchemicalandbiologicalsystemsbecauseoftheirspecificityanddirectionality.J.AM.CHEM.SOC.2004,126,4796-4797

10.Superhydrophobicmaterials,withawatercontactlargerthan150°,havereceivedalotofresearchattentionrecently.Chem.Mater.,16,2004,561-564

UsefulPhasesandWords

11.Sincetheirdiscoveryin1991,carbonnanotubescontinuetobeasubjectofunabatedscientificresearchanddevelopment.Theirextraordinarypropertiesmakethemhighlyattractiveastechnologyenablesinahostofdifferentapplications,rangingfromfillersinpolymernanocompositestoconductorsinmolecularelectronics.

NanoLett.,

2003,3,

1701-1705

12.One-dimensional(1D)nanostructuresofmetaloxidesandrelatedmaterialshavebeenasubjectofintenseresearchbecauseoftheirpotentialapplicationsinmanyareasthatincludeelectronics,photonics,mechanics,andsensing.NanoLett.,

2003,3,

555-560

13.Superhydrophobicsurfaceshaverecentlyattractedagreatdealofinterestbecauseoftheirpotentialapplicationsinmicrofluidicdevicesaswellasindevelopingnewwaterproofcoatings,stain-resistantfinishes,andself-cleaningmaterials.

Langmuir

2006,22,5556-5559

14.Thephenomenonofsuperhydrophobicityanditspossibleapplicationshaverecentlyattractedmuchattention.Langmuir

2006,22,1400-1402

UsefulPhasesandWordsIntroductionFirstsentence1.Duringthepasttwodecades,semiconductornanoparticlesorquantumdots,inparticularthoseofthecadmiumchalcogenides,haveattractedconsiderableattentionduetotheirtunableelectronicpropertiesasafunctionofsize,theso-calledquantumsizeeffect.Chem.Mater.2003,15,1296-1301

2.Withinthepast20years,anewfieldofresearchhasdevelopedaroundthesynthesisandcharacterizationofmaterialsthathavenanometer-sizedomainsorphasesin1-,2-,or3-dimensions.Chem.Mater.1997,9,1367-1376

3.Theuseofsingle-sourceprecursorsfortheproductionofmaingroupandtransitionmetalmaterialshasattractedmuchinterestbecauseofthepotentialforapplicationsinelectronics,optics,andoptoelectronics.Chem.Mater.1998,10,2358-2364

4.Theassemblyofsemiconductornanoparticlesinmonolayerandthinfilmsystemsattractssubstantialresearcheffortsdirectedtothedevelopmentofphotoelectrochemicalsystems,lightemittingdiodes,andsensordevices.J.Phys.Chem.B2002,106,13094-13097

5.Quasione-dimensionalnanostructuredmaterials,suchasnanowiresand/ornanotubes,havebeensuccessfullysynthesizedandhavereceivedmuchattentionbecauseoftheirpeculiarphysicalpropertiesandpotentialapplicationsinnanodevices.Chem.Mater.2002,14,1773-1777

UsefulPhasesandWords6.Semiconductornanoparticles

haveattractedmuchinterestduringthepastdecadeduetotheiruniquesizedependentchemicalandphysicalproperties.Nano.Lett.Vol.1,No.2,200161-65

7.Quantumconfinementplaysakeyroleforthedeterminationofthesize-dependentpropertiesofsemiconductornanocrystals.Chem.Mater.2003,15,2854-2860

8.Recentadvancesinsupramolecularchemistryareprimarilyassociatedwithachievementsinthestudyonself-assemblyprocessesaccordingtotheguest-hosttype.Macromolecules2005,38,8833-8839

9.Surfacecoatingofnanoparticleswithvariousmaterialstoformcore-shellmorphologiesresultsintheformationofmaterialsthatcanbeusedfordevelopmentofcatalystsandoptoelectronicdevices.J.AM.CHEM.SOC.2003,125,316-317

10.Theabilitytocontroltheshape,size,andmorphologyofmaterialsonthenanometerlengthscaleisanimportantfactorfordefiningpropertiessuchastheelectronicbandgap1andconductivityorlightemissionefficiency.Chem.Mater.2004,16,2909-2917

UsefulPhasesandWords11.Recently,investigationofnanocompositesbasedonthehybridizationofinorganicmaterialsandorganicpolymersonamolecularscalehasincreaseddramaticallywiththerapidgrowthofnanoscaletechnologies.Macromolecules2006,39,300-30812.TheincreasingneedforfasterICshasresultedintherealizationofhigher-speedandhigher-densitysemiconductordevices.Forthelasttwodecades,devicefeaturesizehasdecreasedfrom1μmdownto90nm,increasingtheworkingfrequencyofthemicroprocessorsfrom66MHzto4GHz.JournalofPhysics:ConferenceSeries10(2005)218–22113.Nanocompositematerialsbasedonpolyhedraloligomericsilsesquioxane(POSS)arereceivingincreasingattentionbecauseoftheuniquefeaturesderivedfromtheirhybridnanometer-scalearchitecture.Macromol.RapidCommun.2006,27,619–62514.Polyhedraloligomericsilsesquioxanes(POSSs),cubeoctamericmoleculeswithSi-O-Siframework,haveattractedmuchinterestasananoscalebuildingblockfortheconstructionoforganic/inorganichybridmaterials.Macromolecules2004,37,8517-852215.Polyhedraloligomericsilsesquioxanes(POSS)1havedrawnconsiderableinterestduetotheirhybridorganicinorganicstructurewhichconsistsofasilicacagewithorganicRgroupsonthecorners.Macromolecules2004,37,8992-9004

UsefulPhasesandWords16.Polyhedraloligomericsilsesquioxane(POSS)isacube-octamericmoleculewithaninnerinorganicSi-O-Siframeworkthatisexternallycoveredbyorganicsubstituents.Macromolecules2005,38,1264-127017.Polymersfilledwithverysmallnanoparticles(d＜15nm＝havebeenstudiedingreatdetail

boththeoreticallyandexperimentallyinrecentyearsandanumberofunusualresultshavebeenreported.Polymer46(2005)4743–475218.Amorphouspolymerssuchaspoly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA),polystyrene(PS),andpolycarbonate(PC)areattractiveformanyengineeringapplicationsbecauseoftheirexcellenttransparencies,highmoduli,andrelativeeaseofprocessing.Polymer47(2006)299–30919.Thesol-gelprocesshasattractedconsiderableinterestoverthepastfourdecadesasaversatilelow-temperatureroutetoinorganicoxidesandtheirhybrids.Chem.Mater.2005,17,875-88020.Theabilitytoenhancepropertiesofmaterialsforincreasedperformanceandenvironmentalrobustnessisthefocusofmuchcurrentresearch.Chem.Mater.2006,18,1490-1497

UsefulPhasesandWords21．Polyelectrolytes

remainamongtheleastunderstoodmaterialsincondensedmatterscience,despitetheirwidespreadpresenceanduse.

22．Polymerstetheredontosurfaceshaveattractedattentionbecauseoftheirpotentialusesinmanysurface-basedtechnologiessuchasswitchablemembranes,sensors,cellgrowthcontrol,orbiomimeticmaterials.

23．Thesynthesisofdensepolymerfilm(orpolymerbrush)chemicallybondedontothesurfaceofsiliconorglass,hasgainedmuchattentioninrecentyears.

24．Oneofthemosttechnologicallychallengingyetpotentiallyrewardingareasofpolymerchemistryisthesynthesisofamphiphilicmacromoleculeswithpreciselystructuredarchitectures(controlledmolecularweightsandcompositions).

25．TerminallyattachedpolymershavingadistancebetweengraftingpointsDlessthantwicetheirradiusofgyration

Rg

arereferredtoasbrushesandbehavequitedifferentlyfromtheirlowerdensity(D>2Rg)counterparts,knownasmushrooms.

UsefulPhasesandWords26．Compositematerialsthatcontainmetalorsemiconductornanoclusters(1-10nmsize)areofinterestowingtotheirapplicationsinopticsandelectronics.

27．Polymersarewidelyusedtovarythephysicochemicalpropertiesofinterfacesinacontrolledway.

28．Thecontrolofsurfacepropertiesrepresentsafundamentalissueinnumerousapplicationsrangingfromcoatingtechnologyandbiotechnologytomicroelectronics.

29．Recently,therehasbeengrowinginterestinthefunctionalizationoforientedsingle-crystalsiliconandothersemiconductorsurfaceswithorganicmolecules.

30．Polymerchainsstronglytetheredatoneendtoasurface,withasufficientlyhighgraftingdensity,acttoalleviateoverlappingbystretchingawayfromthesurfaceandformingastretchedconformation.

UsefulPhasesandWords31.Manyautocatalyticreactionsinsolutioncansustainalocalizedreactionfrontthatpropagatesthroughoutanunstirredmedium.32.Mostchemicalreactionscanbedividedintotwocategoriesdependingonthemutualreactivityofcomponents:thosetobeperformedinheatedvesselsandthoseresultingfromthesimplemixingofreactantsatroomtemperatureorbelow.33.FrontalpolymerizationentailstheconversionofamonomerintoapolymerviaalocalizedexothermicreactionzonethatpropagatesthroughthecouplingofthermaldiffusionandArrheniusreactionkinetics.34.Infrontalpolymerization,amonomerisconvertedintoapolymerbyalocalizedfrontofpolymerizationthatpropagatesthroughthesystem,leavingbehindpolymerinitswakeandpolymerizingunreactedmonomerinitspath.35.Frontalpolymerizationisamodeofconvertingmonomerintopolymerviaalocalizedreactionzonethatpropagates,mostoftenthroughthecouplingofthermaldiffusionandArrheniusreactionkinetics.

UsefulPhasesandWords36.Atthepresenttime,frontalpolymerizationofliquidmonomersisoneofthemostpromisingtrendsinthesynthesisofpolymers.37.

Thestudyofhydrogelsandtheirresponsetoexternalenvironmentisofspecialinterestbecauseoftheirpotentialasdrugdeliverysystems,actuators,andseparationdevices.38.FrontalpolymerizationentailstheconversionofamonomerintoapolymerviaalocalizedexothermicreactionzonethatpropagatesthroughthecouplingofthermaldiffusionandArrheniusreactionkinetics.39.Anautocatalyticreactioninanunstirredvesselcansupportaconstantvelocitywavefrontresultingfromthecouplingofdiffusiontothechemicalreaction.40.Frontalpolymerization(FP)involvestheconversionofamonomertoapolymerthroughalocalizedexothermicreactionzonethatpropagatesthroughthecouplingofthermaldiffusionandArrheniusreactionkinetics.UsefulPhasesandWords41、Theabilitytopreciselycontrolthedopingofsemiconductornanocrystalscancreateanopportunityforproducingfunctionalmaterialswithnewproperties,whichareofimportancetoapplicationssuchasbiomedicaldiagnosis,solarcells,andspintronics.Thisopportunityhasstimulatedresearcheffortstodevelopsyntheticmethodstoincorporatedopantsintoavarietyofcolloidalsemiconductornanocrystals.(J.AM.CHEM.SOC.ReceivedJuly6,2006)

42、Recently,electroluminescent(EL)devicesusingundopedordopedsemiconductornanocrystals

havebeeninvestigated.(J.Phys.Chem.B2003,107,9705-9710)

43、Semiconductornanoparticles

haveattractedwidespreadattentionbecauseoftheirspecialopticalandelectronicpropertiesarisingfromthequantumconfinementofelectronsandlargesurfacearea.(J.Phys.Chem.B2004,108,17805-17811)

44、Duringthepasttwodecadestheinterestinnanocrystallinesemiconductorshasincreasedrapidly.Thechangesintheelectronicstructureasafunctionofparticlesize(quantumsizeeffects)areintriguingandhavestimulatedfundamentalresearchonvarioustypesofnanocrystallinesemiconductors.(J.Phys.Chem.B2001,105,10203-10209)

45、Semiconductornanocrystals(NCs)serveasusefulfluorescentlabelsowingtotheirphotostability,continuousabsorptionspectra,andefficient,narrow,andtunableemission.ThesepropertiesofNCshavebeenexploitedforapplicationsinbiologicalimagingandinsingleparticletrackingstudies.WhereasNCsareusefulinidentifyingpositioninamicroenvironment,theirintrinsicinsensitivitytothepresenceofmostbiologicalorchemicalagentsrendersthemoflimitedutilityassensingprobesofthatmicroenvironment.(J.AM.CHEM.SOC.2006,128,13320-13321)UsefulPhasesandWords46、Inrecentyears,greatinteresthasbeenfocusedonthephotoluminescence(PL)propertiesofnanocrystallineII-VIsemiconductorssuchasCdSandZnSdopedwithlanthanideions(Ln2+/3+)suchasTb3+,Sm2+,andEu3+/Eu2+andtransitionmetalionssuchasMn2+becauseoftheirinterestingoptical,magnetic,andphotophysicalproperties.(J.Phys.Chem.B2003,107,12153-12160)47、Semiconductorquantumdots(QDs)haveemergedasanattractiveclassofmaterialsforphotonicsapplications.Recently,attentionhasturnedtotheunusualoptical,magnetic,andphotophysicalphenomenaobservedwhenQDsaredopedwithparamagneticimpuritiestoformdilutedmagneticsemiconductorQDs(DMS-QDs).(J.Am.Chem.Soc.2001,123,12207-12214)

48、Synthesisofnanometer-sizedsemiconductorcrystallitesusingvariousmethodsofcolloidchemistryhasbeenanareaofintenseactivityoverthepastdecade.(Chem.Mater.2000,12,1018-1024)

49、Quantumdotsareoneofthemostchallengingclassesofnewmaterialsandconstituteanactivefieldofresearch.Thepossibleapplicationsarenumerous,mostoftheeffortsbeingrelatedtothedevelopmentofelectronicandoptoelectronicdevices,forexample,molecular-levelquantumcomputer,andthedesignofnewhighsurfacecatalystsinchemistry.(Langmuir

2000,16,2032-2037)

50、Nanocoatingtechniquesleadtotheformationofnovelinorganic-organicfunctionalhybridmaterialswithtailoredpropertiesthatdependonthecombinationofcomponentsemployedinthefabricationprocess.(Macromolecules2005,38,6610-6619)

UsefulPhasesandWords51、In1967,MerzhanovandBorovinskaya

reportedthefirstself-propagatinghigh-temperaturesynthesis.Thisprocess,inwhichapelletofreactantwasignitedatoneend,resultedinaself-propagatingcombustionwave.Theadvantageofthisself-propagatingsystemwasthattheinitialstimuluswastheonlyenergyrequiredtoinduceandsustainthereaction.Macromolecules.2005,38,5506-551252、