丹麦水处理行业现状

WATERIN

FIGURESSTATISTICS

&BENCHMARKING2022

DEfiMARKEXTENDEDEDITIONIWAWORLD

WATERCONGRESS&EXHIBITION

20222 WATERINFIGURES

2022EDITORIALheDanishwatersectoris

anaturalmainstayinsociety.Thekey

figuresTfrom

the

water

companies

presentedin

“Water

in

Figures,

2022”

places

Danishwater

solutions

in

a

leading

position

ona

global

scale.

This

will

be

on

expo

at

theIWA

World

Water

Congress

&

Exhibition,being

held

for

thefirst

timein

Denmark

inCopenhagen

(11

–

15

September).

The

IWAcongress

is

hosted

by

DANVA

and

IWA-DKand

is

organised

by

a

united

Danish

WaterSector

together

with

IWA,

and

it

ensuresthe

exchange

of

water

knowledge

betweenwater

professionals

from

the

entire

world.We

expect

to

welcome

approx

8000

delegates,exhibitorsand

visitors.Globallyunique,inDenmarkwepumpallourdrinkingwaterdirectlyfrombelowground.

After

a

simple

treatment

process,

thiscoolanddeliciousgroundwaterisdeliveredtothetapsofourconsumerswithoutanyuseof

chlorine.“WaterinFigures,2022”showsthattheaverage

Dane

used

105

litres

of

water

per

dayinprivatehouseholds.Thisisanincreaseofonelitresince2020andfourlitressince2019.Thismodestincreaseinconsumptionis

probably

due

to

shutdownsand

many

em-ployees

working

from

home

during

the

coro-naviruscrisis.Globally,

however,

the

Danishwater

consumption

is

still

very

low,

which,among

other

things,

can

be

explainedby

theever-growing

awareness

of

the

value

of

drink-ing

water,

resulting

from

the

Danish

tax

andpayment

structure.

The

water

companies

arealso

very

efficient

in

reducing

water

loss.

Asa

result,

in

Denmark,

there

is

a

loss

of

only7.22

percent

of

all

the

drinking

water

that

istransportedthroughthecountry’s45,000kilometres

of

drinking

water

pipes.

It

is

veryunique

and

a

consequence

of

high

ambitionsandworld-leadingsolutions.The

Water

Sector

in

Denmark

has

a

statedcommon

goal

of

becoming

energy

and

climateneutral

by

2030.

This

goal

supports

the

na-tional

climate

agenda

and

has

accelerated

thedevelopment

and

implementation

of

greenwater

solutions.

The

key

figures

for

the

watersector’s

energy

consumption

show

that

thewater

companies

are

already

well

on

their

way.The

primary

emissions

from

the

wastewatersector

are

from

nitrous

oxide

and

methanefrom

treatment

processes,

and

the

utilities

hasa

challenge

and

a

task

to

implement

solutionsin

order

to

fulfill

national

requirements

andoverallclimategoals.ReducingcombinedseweroverflowsisanotherchallengeforDanishutilities,

andalot

of

work

is

being

done

to

reduce

the

effectsoftheseinthewaterenvironment.Thekeyfiguresshowthatthenumberofcombinedsewer

overflow

structures

are

reduced,

whileseparateseweragesystemshasincreasedinnumber.In2010,61%oftheDanishsewersystems

were

separate

sewerage

systems,

whilein2020therehasbeenanincreaseto68%.Urbanwastewaterflowsintotheaquatic

en-vironmentthroughwastewatertreatmentplants

that

removes

nutrients

before

it

is

ledtotheenvironment.Lessthan10%ofthetotaldischargeofnitrogenintoDenmark’swaterenvironmentcomesfrommunicipalwastewater.Themajority(60-70%)comesfromagriculture.Climatechangeincreasesthechallengeswithfloodingsandoverflows,andinadditiontreatmentofmicropollut-antsisanewtaskwhereDanishutilitiesareworkingtofindsolutions.InCopenhagencongressparticipantscanmeettheDanishwater

companies

and

learn

more

about

howwe

work

to

solve

the

challenges

of

today

andtomorrow.The

IWA

World

Water

Congress

&

Ex-hibition

in

Copenhagen

in

September

is

aonce-in-a-lifetime

event

in

Denmark.

DANVAwelcomes

all

delegates,

visitors

and

exhibitorsand

welookforward

toafantastic

congress.Waterisandwillbethenatural

mainstayinsocietyinDenmarkandtherestoftheworld.TEXT:CARL-EMILLARSEN/PHOTO:

DANVADANVABenchmarkingand

StatisticsDANVA,

the

Danish

Water

and

Wastewater

Association,

is

an

industry

organisation

fordrinkingwatercompaniesandwastewatercompaniesinDenmark.DANVAisanon-profitassociation,fundedbyitsmembersandthroughcommercial

activities.DANVA

has

been

offering

benchmarking

to

its

members

for

almost

20

years.

Bench-marking

is

a

tool

to

provide

an

overviewof

the

company's

performance

and

to

identifyareas

where

efficiency

can

be

improved.

The

reporting

to

DANVA

Benchmarking

andStatisticsforms

the

basisfor

the

preparation

of

this

publication.In

total,

77

drinkingwater

companies

and

91

wastewater

companies

have

reported

data

from

2021

to

"Waterin

Figures

2022".

The

participating

drinking

water

companies

supply

water

to

approx.60

%

of

the

Danish

population,

while

the

participating

wastewater

companies

treatwater

coming

fromapprox.

80

%

of

the

Danish

population.Welcometo

DenmarkWATER

IN

FIGURES

2022

3Howmuch

doesyourwater

cost?On

DANVA's

website,

you

will

find

an

in-teractive

map

“Water

prices

on

the

Map

ofDenmark”,

which

shows

the

water

pricescharged

by

the

200

largestwater

companiesand

about

100

wastewater

companies

whoare

subject

to

the

Danish

Water

Sector

Act.The

map

shows

the

prices

of

drinking

waterand

wastewater

per

m3

as

well

as

the

cost

forhouseholds

with

an

average

consumptionof

50

m3,

approximately

83

m3

aswellas170m3.

The

map

can

be

found

at

www.danva.dk/vandprispaadanmarkskortHalfa

litreofdrinkingwater

fromthetap

costs0.50centSimple

average,

based

on

208

drinking

water

companies

and97

wastewater

companies.The

price

is

inclusive

of

VAT

and

taxes.

The

average

water

price

for

2022,

based

on

thesame

water

consumption

as

in

2021,

is

expected

to

be

€

9.91/m3

for

an

average

family.Howmuchdoeswater

cost?Thepriceofwaterisnotthesamethroughoutthecountry.Ontheonehand,therearestructuraldifferencessuchasgeologicalconditions,differentcustomerbasesandlargedifferencesininvestmentneeds,andontheotherhand,pricecomposition

mayvaryfromcompanytocompany.“Howmuchdoeswatercost?”and“whydoesitcostwhatitdoes?”.ThesearetwogoodquestionswhichDANVAisoftenasked,andthey

arenotquitesoeasyto

answer.The

legislation

stipulates

that

companies

are

permitted

to

charge

a

fixed

annualadministration

fee

as

well

as

a

variable

charge

per

m3

of

water

consumption

for

drink-ing

water

and

the

removal

of

wastewater.

The

pricing

scheme

therefore

has

a

majorbearing

on

the

cost

of

one

m3

of

water

consumed.

Some

companies

levy

a

fixedannualbase

charge

on

water

and/or

wastewater,

whileothersonly

chargefor

the

amount

ofwater

consumed,

which

results

in

considerable

variation

when

calculating

the

priceper

one

m3

of

water

consumed.

The

fixed

annual

base

charge

is

paid

per

householdrather

than

per

person,

so

if

the

household

is

large

and

is

using

lots

of

water,

the

fixedcharge

only

accounts

for

a

small

part

of

the

price

when

it

is

recalculatedinto

price

perm3

consumed.

If,

on

the

other

hand,

the

household

only

has

small

consumption,

thefixed

charge

per

m3

consumed

will

be

higher.

Therefore,

when

replying

what

a

m3ofconsumed

water

costs,

a

set

consumption

amount

must

therefore

be

assumed

in

orderto

be

able

to

state

the

cost.We

calculate

an

average

price,

which

is

the

price

that

an

average

household

would

paybased

on

average

consumption.

In

this

way,wecan

compare

the

price

across

companiesregardlessofthepricingschemethatisusedbyeach

company.The

average

priceofwater

in

Denmarkin

2021,

based

on

an

average

household

sizeof2.12people

with

an

average

household

consumption

of105

litresperpersonper

day,stood

at

€

9.85

per

m3.

The

average

price

per

m3

of

water

for

a

household

with

smallconsumption,

forexample

a

single

person,

was

somewhat

higher,

namely

€

11.06

perm3

foran

assumed

consumption

of

50

m3.

The

average

price

per

m3

fora

family

withthree

children,

based

on

an

assumed

annual

consumption

of

170

m3,

is

somewhat

lower,namely

€

8.84

perm3.

The

average

water

price

rose

by1.3%

compared

to

last

year.AVERAGEPRICEOFWATERBASEDONCONSUMPTION,

2021€/M3WATER

PRICE8.84€/m79.85€/m711.06€/m7Single-personhouseholds(50

m7/yr)Avg.Family

(2.12

persons) Familywith3

children(81.34

m7/yr) (170

m7/yr)4 WATERINFIGURES

2022CONSUMPTIONOFDRINKINGWATER,1976-

2021M3/PERSON/YEAR105litresistheaverageamountofwaterapersonusesperdayina

household.WATER

CONSUMPTIONWaterconsumptionhasfallensince

1987In

October

1986,

the

TV

Avisen

newscastshowed

pictures

of

Norway

lobsters

that

haddied

due

to

lack

of

oxygen

caused

by

the

enor-mous

discharge

of

nutrients

into

the

aquaticenvironment.

They

became

the

symbol

of

theintroductionof

the

first

Action

Planfor

theAquatic

Environment

in

1987.

The

first

ActionPlan

for

the

Aquatic

Environment

requiredsubstantial

reductions

in

nutrient

dischargesfrom

Denmark’s

wastewaterandresulted

inmajor

extensions

and

new

construction

ofDanish

wastewater

treatment

plants.For

many

Danes,

the

picture

of

the

Norwaylobsters

turned

into

an

eye-opener

for

our

im-pact

on

the

aquatic

environment.

The

aquaticenvironment

came

into

greater

focus,

and

wa-ter

was

regarded

as

a

resource

to

be

conserved.Waterconservationcampaignswerelaunched,andwater-savingtoilets,tapsandshowerswereintroducedontothemarket.Togetherwiththeincreaseinwaterpricesand

the

introduction

of

a

green

water

tax

onpiped(tap)water,thishasentailedasteadydecreaseinwaterconsumptionsince1987.Water

consumption

in

1987

stood

at

172

litresper

person,

dropping

to

a

level

of

just

over

100litresinthelastcoupleof

years.Thegraphbelowshowssomeofthelawsand

regulations

that

are

believed

to

have

influ-enced

this

decline

in

water

consumption.

At

afirst

glance,

it

appears

that

it

was,

in

particular,thefirstActionPlanfortheAquaticEnvi-ronment,withitsincreasedenvironmentalawareness

among

consumers

combined

withanincreaseinthewastewatertariff,that

ledto

the

decrease

in

water

consumption.At

thesametime,theinstallationofwatermetershad

a

major

impact

on

citizens’

ability

to

keeptrack

of

their

consumption

and

see

the

effectsofconservingwater.Arequirementwasin-troduced

in

1996

for

everyone

to

have

a

watermeter

installed,

which

gave

water

companiesa

greater

insight

into

consumption,

waste

andleaks

and

enabled

them

to

compute

water

lossfromthedistributionsystem.Thefocus

wasfurtherintensifiedwiththeintroductionofapenaltyonwaterlossofmorethan10

%.Waterconsumptionin

2021The

total

water

consumption

for

2021,

dividedinto

households,

holiday

homes,

businesses,institutions

and

water

losses,

stood

on

averageat

59.43m3

per

person

per

year.

Householdsaccounted

for

69

%

of

the

total

volume

of

watersold.

An

individual

uses

an

average

of

38.37

m3per

year,

corresponding

to

105

litres

per

day.The

development

has

evened

out

dur-ing

recent

years

with

small

fluctuationsand

there

is

an

expectation

that

therearenot

many

more

water

savings

to

pick

up

asregards

physical

installations

since

toilets,showers

and

taps,

washing

machines

anddishwashers

have

gradually

been

replacedwith

water-saving

versions.

Personal

hy-giene

still

accounts

for

almost

half

of

thedaily

water

consumption

in

households.80604020100120140Households Holiday

homes Business

(industry) Institutions Waterloss

(NRW)Since2014,anewcategoryof"holidayhomes"hasbeenintroduced,whichisfactoredintothehouseholdfigures.1976-1998:

Master

project:

Modelling

of

water

demand

in

Denmark

by

Nana

Sofie

Aarøe

-

data

from

14-30

companies.1999-2021:

Data

from

DANVA's

calculations

for

"Water

in

Figures"

—

data

from

33-116

companies.The

statement

for

2021

is

based

on

statistics

supplied

by

72

drinking

water

companies,

which

together

serve

3.636million

inhabitants.1976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021Actionplan:AquaticEnvironment

IActionplan:AquaticEnvironment

IIIWatersectorreform

actActionplan:AquaticEnvironmentIICharge

onpiped

waterMunicipalreformChargedonemittedwastewaterfrom

WWTPRequirementfor

watermetersContribution

tothe

protectionof

drinkingwaterWATER

IN

FIGURES

2022

5WATER

CONSUMPTIXOXNXEvolutionofthehouseholdcostof

waterAn

estimate

of

the

cost

of

water

and

wastewater

since

1985

indicates

that

the

cost

rose

sharply,in

particular,

in

the

first

ten

years

after

the

introduction

of

the

first

Action

Plan

for

the

AquaticEnvironment,whenallwastewatercompaniesweredevelopingtheirwastewatertreatmentcapacityandtreatment

efficiency.As

regards

drinking

water,

the

expenditure

of

drinking

water

companies

has

remainednearly

constant

converted

to

2021

prices

throughout

the

period.

Nevertheless,

a

leap

can

beobserved

from

1994

to

1998,

in

connection

with

the

gradual

phase-in

of

the

charge

on

pipedwater

of

€

0.67

per

m3.In

addition

to

the

impact

of

the

first

Action

Plan

for

the

Aquatic

Environment,

wastewaterhas

required

a

constant

increase

in

tariff

in

order

to

cover

the

investments

in

climate

initiativesmeanttoensurethebestpossiblewayofmanagingthegreater

rainfall.Even

if

tariffs

have

been

rising,

this

increase

is

offset

by

a

fall

in

water

consumption,

whichhas

caused

a

household’s

overall

cost

of

drinking

water

and

wastewater

to

remain

at

an

almostconstantlevelinrecent

years.What

drinking

water

and

wastewater

companies

have

in

common

is

that

tariffsgo

up

whenwater

consumption

drops,

because

a

large

part

of

the

companies’

operating

costs

are

fixed

andtherefore

do

not

dependoncustomer

consumption.

As

a

ruleof

thumb,

70

%of

theoverallcosts

ofany

drinking

water

company

areestimated

to

befixed,

while

this

percentagegoes

ashigh

as

85

%

for

wastewater

companies.In

2021

the

expenditure

for

drinking

water

and

discharge

of

wastewater

in

an

averagehousehold

was

€

801.21.Selectedregulations,nationalplansandreformsthathavehadanimpactonthepriceandwaterconsumptionofa

family:1987:ActionPlanfortheAquaticEnvironment

I

-

the

plan

was

intended

to

protect

the

aquaticenvironment,

both

groundwater

and

surface

wa-ter.

The

Action

Plan

for

the

Aquatic

Environmentgave

rise

to

the

need

for

major

construction

andupgrading

of

wastewater

treatment

plants.1993:

Tax

on

tap

water

(€

0.67/m3)

as

well

as

apenalty

for

drinking

water

companies

with

a

wa-ter

loss

of

over

10

%,

Act

No.

492

of

30/06/1993(DanishMinistryof

Taxation).1996:Taxforwastewater-ActNo.490of12/06/1996(DanishMinistryof

Taxation).1996:

Requirements

for

installation

of

water

me-ters-ExecutiveOrderNo.525of14/06/1996(Danish

Ministry

of

Climate,

Energy

and

Utilities).1998:ActionPlanfortheAquatic

EnvironmentII-theplanwasmainlyintendedtoreducenitrogen

emissions.2004:

Action

Plan

for

the

Aquatic

EnvironmentIII

-

further

reduction

of

nitrogen

and

phosphorusemissions.2007:

The

municipal

reform

reduced

the

numberof

municipalities

from

271

to

98,

resulting

in

themerger

of

many

water

utilities.2009:

The

Danish

Water

Sector

Reform

Act

-

theseparation

of

municipal

water

and

wastewatersupply

activities

into

municipally

owned

publiclimitedcompanies(watercompanies)and

theintroduction

of

price

ceilings

and

efficiency

re-quirements

-

Act

No.

469

of

12/06/2009

(DanishMinistry

of

Climate,

Energy

and

Utilities).2011:

Introduction

of

the

drinking

water

chargeby

Act

No.

1384

of

28/12/2011

(Danish

Ministryof

Taxation).An

average

family’s

household

water

costs

are

based

on

2.12

persons

per

household

and

the

annual

individual

water

price

and

consumption.Data

for

1985

to

2008

is

based

on

32-50

suppliers

and

from

2009

onwards

on

60-200

water

suppliers

and

60-97

wastewater

companies.Changes

are

evident

on

the

graph

for

2008

to

2009.AVERAGEHOUSEHOLDEXPENCES,1985-2021€/YEAR(2021

PRICES)20004006008001000Vatandtaxesfor

wastewatercompanyShareforwastewater

companyVATandtaxes–

drinkingwaterSharefordrinkingwater

company1985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021Actionplan:AquaticEnvironmentIChargeonpiped

waterCharged

onemittedActionplan:

AquaticEnvironment

IIActionplan:

AquaticEnvironment

IIIWatersectorContributiontotheprotectionof

drinkingwaterreform

actwastewaterfrom

WWTPRequirementMunicipalfor

watermetersreform6 WATERINFIGURES

2022XXXWater

creates

attractive

urban

environments

as

seen

here

in

the

centre

of

Aarhus.

Photo:

Colourbox.dk

/

Mikkel

VognæsWATER

PRICEWhyaretheredifferencesinthewater

price?Thepriceofwaterdependsonwhichwatercompanyyouareaffiliatedwith.Therearemore

than

2,500

water

utilities

and

98

waste-water

utilities

in

Denmark.

Contact

your

localwatercompanytogetyourwater

prices.The

price

of

drinking

water

covers

thecost

of

groundwater

protection,

abstraction,processing

and

distribution

ofdrinking

wa-ter

from

the

waterworks

to

customers.

Theprice

of

wastewater

covers

the

operation

andmaintenance,

renovation

and

extension

of

thesewernetwork,

climate-proofing,

operationand

maintenance

of

treatment

plants

as

wellas

checks

to

ensure

compliance

with

dischargerequirements.Whydoesthepriceofwatervary?There

is

a

spread

between

the

lowest

and

thehighestpricesamongthewatercompanies.Thedifferenceintheoverallpricesmaybeowingtoseveral

circumstances:Itmaybecomparativelylessexpensivetosupplymajorindustrialconsumers

thansmallcustomers,suchasholidayhomes.Geologicalconditionsmaymakeitmoreexpensive

or

cheaper

to

collect

water

frombelowground.Geographicdifferences,wherelargedis-tancesbetweenconsumerssignifylongerpipes.Insomeplaces,groundwaterpollutionand

scarcity

of

water

resources

may

meaninvestinginnewsourcesitesfor

waterex-traction.Somedrinkingwatercompaniesspendmore

than

others

on

groundwater

protec-tion.

Other

companies

are

"born

lucky”,

astheir

water

abstraction

sites

are

already

inprotectednatural

areas.The

treatment

requirements

for

wastewaterdepend,

in

particular,

on

the

natural

settingofthepointofdischargeforthetreatedwater.Requirementsareoftenhigherfordischarge

to

vulnerable

recipients

in

fresh-water

areas

than

for

discharge

into

the

sea.Decentralisedwastewatertreatment

insmaller

plants

is

usually

more

expensivethan

central

wastewater

treatment

at

largerones.Environmental

conditions

requiring

addi-tional

measures.There

is

a

significant

difference

in

the

levelof

investment

from

company

to

company.Currently,

many

companies

are

investing

innew

climate

measures

in

order

to

respondtotheincreaseinrain

volumes.The

older

a

plant

is,

the

more

maintenanceit

requires.Differencesinthelevelofservicearede-termined

by

the

municipalities

and/or

thecompaniesthemselves.Thewaterpriceconsistsofatotaloffiveelements:Fixedchargefordrinkingwater(if

any)Cubicmetrepricefordrinking

waterFixedchargeforwastewater(if

any)Cubicmetrepricefor

wastewaterVATandother

taxesWATER

IN

FIGURES

2022

7WATER

PRXICXEXWaterpricecompositionTheaveragewaterpricecanbesplitinto

thepart

charged

by

the

drinking

water

companyand

the

part

charged

by

the

wastewater

com-pany,

plus

VAT

and

other

taxes,

such

as

tax

onpiped

(tap)

water

and

wastewater

tax.

Out

ofthe

total

water

price

of

€

9.85

per

m3,

18.0

%gotothedrinkingwatercompany,52.4

%tothewastewatercompany,while29.6%gotothe

State

in

the

form

of

VAT

and

other

taxes.Splittingthetotalwaterpriceintopricesfor

drinking

water

hence

wastewater,

the

priceofdrinkingwatercomprises33.3%ofthetotalaveragewaterprice.Thiscorrespondsto

a

price

of

€

3.28

out

of

which

€

1.51is

VATCOMPOSITIONOFWATERPRICES,

2021and

other

taxes.

Wastewater

makes

up

66.7

%of

the

total

average

water