2023年考研考博-考博英语-扬州大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-扬州大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Iwoulddoanythingforherexcept（）whatshecooks.问题1选项A.toeatB.eatC.eatingD.eaten2.单选题Gameshavebeenplayedforthousandsofyearsandarecommon（1）allcultures.Throughouthistoryand（2）theworldpeoplehaveusedstickstodrawsimplegameboardsontheground,（3）uprulesthatincorporatestonesorothercommonobjects（4）playingpieces.About5,000yearsagopeoplebegantomakemorepermanentgameboardsfromsun-driedmudorwood.Someoftheoldestboardgamesmayhaveevolvedfrommethodsoffortune-telling.Thegameofgo,whichmanyexpertsregardasthefinestexampleofapurestrategygame,mayhaveevolvedfromamethodoffortune-tellingpracticedinChinamorethanthreethousandyearsago,（5）blackandwhitepieceswerecastontoasquareboardmarkedwithsymbolsofvarioussignificance.Goalsoinvolvesblackandwhitepiecesonaboard,butplayersdeliberatelyplacethemonintersectionsoflineswhiletryingto（6）moreterritorythanopponent.Chess,Xiangqi(Chinesechess)andShogi(Japanesechess)are（7）themostwidelyplayedboardgamesintheworld.（8）quitedifferent,allthreearebelievedtohaveevolvedfromacommonancestor—eithera6th-centurygameplayedinIndiaoranearliergameplayedinChina.（9）thecenturies,chess（10）westwardtotheMiddleEastand（11）Europe,withrules（12）frequently.Thegamealsospread（13）toKoreaandJapan,（14）inverydifferentruleschanges.Formostofhumanhistory,agamecouldnot（15）muchpopularityunlessitwas（16）easyforplayerstomaketheirownequipment.The（17）ofprinting(whichoccurredinthemid-1400sintheWest)madethisprocesseasier,butitwas（18）theadvanceofthe18th-centuryIndustrialRevolutionthatitbecamepossibletomass-producemanynew（19）ofgames.Twentieth-centurytechnologicaladvancessuchastheinventionofplasticandthecomputerrevolutionledtothecreationofmoregames,andmorenewkindsofgames,thaninallpreviouscenturies（20）.

问题1选项A.forB.withC.toD.by问题2选项A.roundB.aroundC.overD.through问题3选项A.tomakeB.makeC.makingD.made问题4选项A.forB.atC.overD.as问题5选项A.whenB.inthatC.inwhichD.which问题6选项A.attackB.surroundC.protectD.charge问题7选项A.amongB.ofC.withD.from问题8选项A.ForB.HoweverC.AlthoughD.Moreover问题9选项A.DuringB.WithinC.PastD.Over问题10选项A.developedB.spreadC.passedD.covered问题11选项A.intoB.beyondC.insideD.in问题12选项A.changedB.changeC.changingD.changes问题13选项A.eastB.easternC.westwardD.eastward问题14选项A.resultedB.resultingC.resultD.results问题15选项A.gainB.reachC.winD.collect问题16选项A.lessB.moreC.fairlyD.enough问题17选项A.creationB.discoveryC.designD.invention问题18选项A.untilB.notuntilC.tillD.nottill问题19选项A.varietiesB.varietyC.differenceD.differences40.问题20选项A.combiningB.combinationC.combinedD.combine3.单选题Peopleusuallyexpresstheirinterestsbywhattheyhabituallytalkaboutandhowtheyallocatetheirtimeandmoney.Forexample,Allanspendsatleastasmuchtimewatchingthestockmarketashe（）.问题1选项A.writesB.doeswritingC.iswritingD.doestowrite4.翻译题2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.(10%)中国政府已做出了重大的努力，动员人民因地制宜地开展改善生态环境的工作。我们还要做出更大的努力来提高人们的环境意识。需要新闻媒体广泛宣传我国的环境政策，普及环境知识，使每一个人投入保护生态环境的行动中去。5.单选题Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand,fortunately,thenumberofsuchreasonsissmall．Pruninginvolvesthecuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranches,andtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreetogrowinitsownway.First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize．Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheight,andatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape．Secondly,pruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier．Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwood,orbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds．Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecenterandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseases,butitisawoundthatwillheal．Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordie,orthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk．Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible．Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness．Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose．Pruningisusuallydoneinwinter,forthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterferencefromtheleavesanditis,too,veryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed．Ifthisdoeshappen,itis,ofcourse,impossibletopaintthemproperly.1.Pruningisprobablyusuallydoneto（）.2.Treesbecomeunhealthyifthegardener().问题1选项A.makethesmallbranchesthicker.B.getridofthesmallbranches.C.improvetheshapeofthetree.D.makethetreegrowtaller.问题2选项A.damagessomeofthesmallsidebranches.B.forcesthemtogrowtooquickly.C.doesnotprotectthemfromthewind.D.allowstoomanybranchestogrowinthemiddle.问题3选项A.Tohelpawoundtodry.B.Tocoveraroughsurface.C.Topreventdiseaseenteringawound.D.Tomakeawoundsmooth.问题4选项A.regularlyeverywinter.B.occasionallywhennecessary.C.asquicklyaspossible.D.atintervalsthroughouttheyear.问题5选项A.Todiscussdifferentmethodsofpruning.B.Toexplainhowtreesdevelopdisease.C.Togiveageneraldescriptionofpruning.D.Togivepracticalinstructionforpruningatree.6.翻译题人的发展和物的发展是社会发展的两大基本形态，这两大形态的发展是既相互依存又相对独立的。以人为本的价值理念在对待人与物的关系上，要求以人为中心，以物为工具和手段，坚持用人的发展来规范和控制物的发展，使物的发展适合和满足人的需要。7.单选题Intensiverequirements,ratherthancontent,distinguishmaster’s-levelcoursesfromundergraduatecourses.Thecontentisspecialized,butoftennomoresothaninupper-levelundergraduatecoursesinBritishCommonwealthorEuropeanuniversities.First-yearAmericangraduatestudentsare,inasense,catchingup.YettheyarealsolearningtoworkundermorepressurethanundergraduatesintheUnitedStatesofelsewhere.Itisnotquiteaccuratetoequatefirst-yeargraduatestudywiththemaster’sdegree;inaddition,mostmaster’sprogramsrequiremorethanayear’swork,andmorethancoursework.Theycanbeequatedintheirpurpose:toacquaintthestudentwiththeliterature,thecurrentideas,themethodologies,etc.,ofhisorherfield.Thefirstyearofgraduatestudyisbestcharacterized,then,asareadingprogram.Allinall,themaster’sprogramislesseasilydefinedthanundergraduatecurricula.Thenumberofresidencecreditsmaybeeffectivelydeterminedbyanaccreditingagency(评审机构)andwillvaryfromfieldtofield.Insomecurricula(e.g.clinicalpsychology),amandatoryinternshiporpracticaltrainingleadsto2to3yearsofstudy,whereasanM.B.Amaybecompletedin18months.Thefinalrequirementinamaster’sprogrammaybeathesis,acomprehensiveexam,orboth,orcoursepaperscollectedandboundasathesis-substitute.Theremayormaynotbeaforeignlanguagerequirement.Themaster’sdegreeitselfmaybedefinedasacertificateofcompetenceinareasonablyspecializedfield.WemaynoteherethatmanyAmericaneducatorsopposenarrowspecializationatmaster’sandevenatdoctorallevel;theycomplainofhighlytrainedengineerswhoknownothingofthesocialsciences,ofphysicianswhodon’tunderstandhumanpsychology,andofliteraturePh.D.’swhoignorantofscience.Effectivegraduateeducation,inthisview,istheprocessoflearningtofinddata,toevaluateit,andtoorganizeitmeaningfully.1.First-yearAmericangraduatestudents（）.2.Itissuggestedthat（）.3.InordertogetM.B.A,youmust（）.4.Whichoneofthefollowingfinalrequirementsisnecessaryinmaster’sprogram?5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentioned?问题1选项A.arecatchingupwithEuropeanUniversitiesB.arecatchingupwithundergraduatesintheUnitesStatesorelsewhereC.arelearningtoworkundermorepressurethanundergraduatesD.Americanundergraduateshavenopressure问题2选项A.thefirstyeargraduatesreadalotB.thefirstyeargraduatesareworkingforthemaster’sdegreeC.thefirstyeargraduatearereadingEnglishliteratureD.thefirstyeargraduatesarejusthavingcoursework问题3选项A.haveinternshiporpracticaltrainingB.study18monthsC.studyaforeignlanguageD.study2or3years问题4选项A.CoursecreditsB.ForeignlanguagesC.AthesisD.Agraduationproject问题5选项A.Americaneducatorscomplainofhighlytrainedengineerswhodon’tknowanythingaboutsocialscience.B.Americaneducatorscomplainofphysicianswhodon’tunderstandhumanpsychology.C.AmericaneducatorscomplainofliteraturePh.D’swhoareignorantofscience.D.Americaneducatorscomplainofthegraduateeducation,whichistheprocessoflearningtofinddate,toevaluateit,andtoorganizeitmeaningfully.8.单选题Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemic（流行病）ofsleepinessinthenation．“Ican’tthinkofasinglestudythathasn’tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto,”saysDr.David．Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest．Thebeginningofoursleep-deficit（lack）crisescanbetracedbacktotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago．Fromdiaryentriesandourpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusionthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight．“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.”Bythe1950sand1960s,thesleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5and8hours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock．“Peoplecheatintheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit,”saysDr.David．“Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,8orevenmoretofeelideallyenergetic.”Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityoftheday．Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunityincrease,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemontheirprograms．“Inoursociety,you’reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouneedonly5.5hours’sleep．Ifyou’vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition．”Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleep-deficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier．“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr．David．“Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate．”1.Peopleinthe18thand19thcenturiessleptabout9.5hoursanightbecausetheyhad（）．2.AccordingtoDr.David,Americans（）.3.ManyAmericansbelievethat（）.4.Theword“subjects”（firstsentence,lastparagraph）refersto（）.5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatoneshouldsleepasmanyhoursasisnecessaryto（）.问题1选项A.nodriveandambitionB.noelectriclightingC.thebestsleephabitsD.nothingtodointheevening问题2选项A.areideallyvigorousevenunderthepressureoflifeB.oftenneglecttheconsequencesofsleepdeficitC.donotknowhowtorelaxthemselvesproperlyD.cangetbyon6.5hoursofsleep问题3选项A.sleepisthefirstthingthatcanbesacrificedwhenoneisbusyB.theyneedmoresleeptocopewiththecomplexitiesofeverydaylifeC.tosleepissomethingonecandoatanytimeofthedayD.enoughsleeppromotespeople’sdriveandambition问题4选项A.theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficitB.specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudiedC.peoplewhosebehaviorsorreactionsarebeingstudiedD.thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit问题5选项A.improveone’smemorydramaticallyB.beconsidereddynamicbyotherpeopleC.maintainone’sdailyscheduleD.feelingenergeticandperformadequately9.单选题Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he（）abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.问题1选项A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.were10.单选题

InWesternhistory,workwasnotonlyausefulactivity,but（）whichcarriedwithitaprofoundsatisfaction.问题1选项A.theoneB.oneC.activityD.work11.单选题Themayorcalledtogetherallhisstaffmembersandannouncedthatthefreshlyappointeddirectorofgeneralaffairswas（）hisex-wife’sson.问题1选项A.nobodyotherthanB.nothingotherthanC.noneotherthanD.nototherthan12.单选题Ethnographyisthestudyofaparticularhumansocietyortheprocessofmakingsuchastudy.Contemporaryethnographyisbasedalmostentirelyonfieldworkandrequiresthecompleteimmersionoftheanthropologistinthecultureandeverydaylifeofthepeoplewhoarethesubjectofhisstudy.Ethnography,byvirtueofitsintersubjectivenature,isnecessarilycomparative.Giventhattheanthropologistinthefieldnecessarilyretainscertainculturalbiases,hisobservationsanddescriptionsmust,toacertaindegree,becomparative.Thustheformulatingofgeneralizationsaboutcultureandthedrawingofcomparisonsinevitablybecomecomponentsofethnography.ModernanthropologistsusuallyidentifytheestablishmentofethnographyasaprofessionalfieldwiththepioneeringworkofboththePolish-bornBritishanthropologistBronislawMalinowskiintheTrobriandIslandsofMelanesia.Ethnographicfieldworkhassincebecomeasortofriteofpassageintotheprofessionofculturalanthropology.Manyethnographersresideinthefieldforayearormore,learningthelocallanguageordialectand,tothegreatestextentpossible,participatingineverydaylifewhileatthesametimemaintaininganobserver’sobjectivedetachment.Thismethod,calledparticipant-observation,whilenecessaryandusefulforgainingathoroughunderstandingofaforeignculture,isinpracticequitedifficult.Justastheanthropologistbringstothesituationcertaininherent,ifunconscious,culturalbiases,soalsoisheinfluencedbythesubjectofhisstudy.Whiletherearecasesofethnographerswhofeltalienatedorevenrepelledbytheculturetheyentered,many—perhapsmost—havecometoidentifycloselywith“theirpeople,”afactorthataffectstheirobjectivity.Inadditiontothetechniqueofparticipant-observation,thecontemporaryethnographerusuallyselectsandcultivatescloserelationshipswithindividuals,knownasinformants,whocanprovidespecificinformationonritual,kinship,orothersignificantaspectsofculturallife.Inthisprocessalsotheanthropologistrisksthedangerofbiasedviewpoints,asthosewhomostwillinglyactasinformantsfrequentlyareindividualswhoaremarginaltothegroupandwho,forulteriormotives(e.g.,alienationfromthegrouporadesiretobesingledoutasspecialbytheforeigner),mayprovideotherthanobjectiveexplanationsofculturalandsocialphenomena.Afinalhazardinherentinethnographicfieldworkistheever-presentpossibilityofculturalchangeproducedbyorresultingfromtheethnographer’spresenceinthegroup.Contemporaryethnographiesusuallyadheretoacommunity,ratherthanindividual,focusandconcentrateonthedescriptionofcurrentcircumstancesratherthanhistoricalevents.Traditionally,commonalitiesamongmembersofthegrouphavebeenemphasized,thoughrecentethnographyhasbeguntoreflectaninterestintheimportanceofvariationwithinculturalsystems.Ethnographicstudiesarenolongerrestrictedtosmallprimitivesocietiesbutmayalsofocusonsuchsocialunitsasurbanghettos.ThetoolsoftheethnographerhavechangedradicallysinceMalinowski’stime.Whiledetailednotesarestillamainstayoffieldwork,ethnographershavetakenfulladvantageoftechnologicaldevelopmentssuchasmotionpicturesandtaperecorderstoaugmenttheirwrittenaccounts.1.ThelastsentenceofPara.1indicatesorsuggeststhat（）.2.WhichofthefollowingmayNOTgivebiasestotheethnographer’sstudyofculture?3.TheethnographershowsgreatinterestinallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.4.Accordingtothepassage,itwasMalinowskiwho（）.5.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatthemethodusedbyearlierethnographerswas（）.问题1选项A.ethnographyshouldmaketheoreticalaswellascomparativestudyofcultureB.ethnographersshouldbeontheirguardagainstovergeneralizingaboutcultureC.ethnographerswouldinevitablybringbiasesintotheirstudyofnewculturesD.ethnographicfindingsshouldbecomparedwiththosemadebyothersciences问题2选项A.ThepeoplewhoanswerhisquestionsB.HisownculturalbackgroundC.ThekindofinformationhewantstogetD.Thechangesmadebyhispresenceinthecultureinquestion问题3选项A.currentconditionsthatexistwithacultureB.individualbehaviorasshapedbyacustomC.behaviorpatternscommonamongmembersofacultureD.differenceexistingwithinaculture问题4选项A.developedethnographyintoanthropologyB.usedtaperecorderstorecordthedesiredinformationC.studiedsuchunitsasurbanghettosD.isconsideredfounderofethnography问题5选项A.detailednote-takingB.randomselectionC.tape-recordingD.on-the-spotinvestigation13.单选题Thecarenginemay（）aswegoupthehill.问题1选项A.extinguishB.stallC.ceaseD.start14.单选题Thereportincludesataleofhowanhonorablemanpursuinghonorablegoalswasafflictedwith（）andledhisnationtowardscatastrophe.问题1选项A.prideB.humilityC.gratificationD.hubris15.单选题PopularintheUKaretheolderruinsatthecastle’sedge,knownas“theabbey”:Twosmallcells,（）withivy,crumblingandopentothesky.

问题1选项A.strewnB.loadedC.permeatedD.crammed16.单选题Microsoftreignedforyearsasthewealthiesttechnologycompanyprimarily（）itsownershipandcultivationofWindows—theuniversalplatformforapplicationsonthePC.问题1选项A.byforceofB.byrightofC.bydintofD.withtheassistanceof17.单选题Associalbeingswelivewithoureyesuponourreflection,buthaveno（）ofthetranquilityofthewatersinwhichweseeit.问题1选项A.warrantB.obligationC.assuranceD.certainty18.单选题Manyabusinessman（）himselftheprisonerofhisbusinessandthecommoditieshesells;hehasafeelingoffraudulencyabouthisproductandasecretcontemptforit.问题1选项A.hadfeltB.havefeltC.feelsD.feel19.单选题Techniquesthatcreateanatmosphereofsuspensearecommonlyusedbyfilmmakersto（）theiraudience.

问题1选项A.harassB.applaudC.exciteD.arrest20.单选题Withprice（）somuch,it’shardforthecompanytoplanabudget.问题1选项A.fluctuatingB.wavingC.swingingD.vibrating第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】B【解析】考查动词的形式。句意：我可以为她做任何事，就是不要吃她做的饭。Except在这里表示并列关系，前面是woulddo，后面同样也是用动词原形，所以选项B正确。2.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:D第10题:B第11题:A第12题:A第13题:D第14题:B第15题:A第16题:C第17题:D第18题:B第19题:B第20题:C【解析】1.考查固定搭配。commonto意为“共同的；共有的；为…所共用”。选项C正确。2.考查固定搭配。aroundtheworld意为“世界各地；全世界”。选项B正确。3.考查非谓语。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词haveused，所以填空处应填入非谓语；其次，句子的主语是people，是制定规则这个动作的执行者，所以应使用现在分词形式。选项C正确。4.考查介词辨析。根据句意“世界各地的人们都用木棍在地上画出简单的棋盘，并把石头或其他常见物品作为棋子来制定游戏规则。”这里表示“作为…”，所以选项D符合语境。5.考查引导词。根据句意“围棋，许多专家认为是最好的纯策略游戏的例子，可能是由3000多年前中国的一种算命方法演变而来的。在这种算命方法中，将黑白的棋子投在标有各种意义符号的正方形棋盘上。”分析句子结构和句意可知，填空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词是amethodoffortune-telling，引导词在从句中做方式状语，所以引导词为inwhich。选项C正确。6.考查动词辨析。A选项attack“攻击，袭击”；B选项surround“围绕”；C选项protect“保护”；D选项charge“掌控，掌管”。根据句意可知，原文指棋手故意将棋子放置在线的交叉点上，试图占据比对手更多的地盘。所以选项D更符合语境。7.考查固定搭配。beof指“具有…的性质”。在这里指“这三类象棋是世界上使用最广泛的棋类游戏”，表示“具有广泛使用的性质”，所以选项B正确。8.考查逻辑连词。根据句意“尽管（这三类象棋）完全不同，但人们认为这三种游戏都是从一个共同的祖先演变而来的——要么是6世纪的印度游戏，要么是更早的中国游戏。”选项C符合原文语境。9.考查固定搭配。overthecenturies意为“几个世纪以来”。所以选项D正确。10.考查动词辨析。A选项develop“开发，生长”；B选项spread“传播”；C选项pass“通过”；D选项cover“包括，覆盖”。根据句意“几个世纪以来，国际象棋向西传到中东……”以及下文的“spread”可知，选项B正确。11.考查固定搭配。spreadinto意为“传播到，蔓延到”。这里指“国际象棋向西传到中东，并传入欧洲….”。所以选项A符合句意。12.考查分词结构。分析句子结构可知，这里是做伴随状语，所以填空处应填入分词结构，由此可首先排除选项B和选项D；其次，规则是“被改变”，应使用被动语态，所以这里应使用过去分词结构表被动，选项A正确。13.考查上下文语义。根据上文的spreadwestwardto可知，这里应填入和“westward”词性相同的单词，再根据句意可知，这里表达的是向东传播，所以选项D正确。14.考查分词结构。根据句意“这项游戏还向东传到了韩国和日本，导致规则发生了不同的变化。”这里应填入现在分词结构表伴随，所以选项B正确。15.考查动词辨析。A选项gain“获得”；B选项reach“到达”；C选项win“赢得”；D选项collect“收集”。根据句意可知，这里指获得名气，所以选项A符合语境。C选项win一般指“赢得游戏，获得胜利”，放在此处不如gain恰当，所以不选。16.考查副词辨析。A选项less“更少地”；B选项more“更大程度地”；C选项fairly“相当地”；D选项enough“足够地，充足地”。分析句子可知，句子结构完整，不缺少成分，所以填空处填入的应是副词；再根据句意可知，这里应该是指玩家能够相当容易地制作自己的装备。所以选项C符合语境。17.考查名词辨析。A选项creation“创造”；B选项discovery“发现”；C选项design“设计”；D选项invention“发明”。根据原文可知，这里指“印刷术的发明”，所以选项D符合原文语境。18.考查固定用法。Itwasnotuntilthat….意为“直到…才…”。根据句意“直到18世纪工业革命的推进，才有可能大规模生产许多新种类的游戏。”所以选项B正确。19.考查固定搭配。varietyof意为“各种各样的”。所以选项B正确。20.考查分词结构。根据句意“二十世纪的技术进步，如塑料的发明和计算机革命，创造出了更多甚至是不同种类的游戏，比之前所有世纪的加起来还要多。”这里表达的是“所有数据被结合起来进行对比”，所以应使用过去分词形式，选项C正确。3.【答案】B【解析】考查语法结构。句意：人们通常通过他们习惯谈论的话题以及他们如何分配时间和金钱来表达他们的兴趣。例如，艾伦花在观察股市上的时间至少和他写作的时间一样多。分析句子结构可知，as…as…表示同级之间的比较，前后时态语态应保持一致，前面使用的是动名词watching，后面同样也应该使用动名词，由此可首先排除选项A和选项D；其次，如果填入C选项句子表达不完整，应使用助动词does来指代spendstime，所以选项B正确。4.【答案】TheChinesegovernmenthasmadegreateffortstomobilizepeopletoimproveecologicalenvironmentaccordingtolocalconditions.Wewilldoubleourefforttoraisepeople’sawarenessofenvironment.Thenewsmediaareneededtopublicizetheenvironmentalpolicyinourcountry,popularizetheknowledgeaboutenvironment,makingeverycitizentakeanactivepartinecologicalenvironmentprotection.5.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段第一句指出：First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize(首先，修剪可以确保树有一个理想的形状或大小)。由此可知，修剪通常是为了“改善树的形状”，故选C。2.判断推理题。第二段最后一句指出：Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecenterandsopreventingthefreemovementofair(修剪掉挡在中间而阻止了空气自由流通的树枝，可以让树更健康)。由此可知，如果园丁让太多的树枝在中间生长，树就会不健康。D选项正确。3.判断推理题。最后一段第一句指出：Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseases,butitisawoundthatwillheal(修剪的一个后果是树上留下一个缺口，这为疾病提供了一个容易的入口，但这是一个可以愈合的伤口)。因此树被涂上一种特殊材料终究是为了“防止疾病通过修剪口侵入”。B项和D项都是干扰项，虽然后面提到：Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness(修剪过的区域必须光滑干净，因为粗糙会减缓愈合速度)。但它们并不是最终原因。因此本题选C。4.判断推理题。第一段指出：Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand…(只有在有充分和明确的理由时才应该修剪树木)。由此推断，B项“必要时偶尔修剪”正确。5.主旨大意题。本文开头讲了修剪的原因，方法，后面讲了修剪的后果极其处理方法，因此C项“概述修剪”比较能概括本文主旨。6.【答案】Humandevelopmentandthedevelopmentofthingsarethetwobasicformsofsocialdevelopment,thedevelopmentoftwoformsisbothinterdependentandindependent.Regardingtherelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandthings,thepeople-orientedvalueconceptrequiresthatpeopleshouldbethecenter,andthingsshouldbethetoolsandmeans.Thedevelopmentofpeopleshouldbeadheredtoregulateandcontrolthedevelopmentofthings,soastomakethedevelopmentofthingsfitandmeettheneedsofpeople.7.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段最后指出：First-yearAmericangraduatestudentsare,inasense,catchingup.YettheyarealsolearningtoworkundermorepressurethanundergraduatesintheUnitedStatesofelsewhere(从某种意义上说，一年级美国研究生正在迎头赶上。然而，与美国其他地方的大学生相比，他们也在学习如何在更大的压力下工作)。因此C项正确。2.判断推理题。第二段最后一句指出：Thefirstyearofgraduatestudyisbestcharacterized,then,asareadingprogram(研究生学习的第一年最好被描述为“阅读阶段”)，由此推断，研究生学习的第一年会阅读大量书籍。3.细节事实题。第三段指出：…whereasanM.B.Amaybecompletedin18months(而工商管理硕士学位可能在18个月内完成)。故选B项。4.细节事实题。第三段最后一句指出：Thefinalrequirementinamaster’sprogrammaybeathesis,acomprehensiveexam,orboth,orcoursepaperscollectedandboundasathesis-substitute.Theremayormaynotbeaforeignlanguagerequirement(硕士课程的最终要求可能是一篇论文，一次综合考试，或者两者兼而有之，或者收集并装订成论文替代品的课程论文。可能有也可能没有外语要求)。因此C项正确。5.细节事实题。最后一段指出：…theycomplainofhighlytrainedengineerswhoknownothingofthesocialsciences,ofphysicianswhodon’tunderstandhumanpsychology,andofliteraturePh.D.’swhoignorantofscience.Effectivegraduateeducation,inthisview,istheprocessoflearningtofinddata,toevaluateit,andtoorganizeitmeaningfully(许多美国教育工作者控诉训练有素的工程师对社会科学一无所知，医生不懂人类心理学，文学博士对科学一无所知。这样看来，有效的研究生教育，起作用的研究生教育是一个学习发现数据、评估数据并有意义地组织数据的过程)。由此可知，D项并不是美国教育工作者控诉的内容。8.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段“Thebeginningofoursleep-deficit（lack）crisescanbetracedbacktotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago．“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.我们的睡眠不足危机可以追溯到一个世纪前灯泡的发明。“最好的睡眠习惯曾经是我们被迫养成的，那时我们晚上在农场里无所事事，而且很黑。”可知18世纪和19世纪人们每晚睡9.5小时的主要原因是没有电灯。故B项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“Peoplecheatintheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit,”saysDr.David．“Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,8orevenmoretofeelideallyenergetic.人们会在睡觉这方面欺骗自己，而且他们自己都没有意识到。”大卫博士说。“他们认为自己没问题，因为他们可以工作6.5个小时，而实际上他们需要7.5、8个小时甚至更多的时间才能感到精力充沛。”可知David认为美国人忽视了自己的睡眠问题。故B项正确。3.细节事实题。由第三段“Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunityincrease,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemontheirprograms．每当来自工作、家庭、朋友和社区的压力增加时，许多人都认为睡觉是他们生活中最廉价的事情。”可知美国人很忙时会首先牺牲睡眠时间。故A项正确。4.词义题。由最后一段“Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleep-deficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,为了确定睡眠不足的后果，研究人员对受试者进行了一系列心理和表现测试，”可知subject指代研究中受试者的心理反应和其他表现。故A项正确。5.推理判断题。本文第二段提到了由于睡眠不足导致的精力不充沛，最后一段的实验指出睡眠不足的人各方面的表现也不好。故充足睡眠才能保证体力充沛，表现良好。故D项正确。9.【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果你向你的律师解释情况，他能给你的建议比我好得多。此句表示对现在的虚拟，与现在事实相反的虚拟语气结构是：从句：If+主语+动词一般过去时，主句:主语+should/would/might/could+do。因此A项正确。10.【答案】B【解析】考查语法结构。当先行词是不定代词theone，something等时，不能用引导词which而应该用that，所以A选项可首先排除；填空处应填入代词来指代前面提到的work，所以选项B正确；填入D选项重复，所以不正确。句意：在西方历史上，工作不仅是一种有用的活动，而且还带来了一种深深的满足感。本题选择B选项。11.【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。noneotherthan意为“不是别的而正是…”。句意：市长召集了他所有的职员，宣布新任命的总干事不是别人，正是他前妻的儿子。选项C符合句意。12.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据原文第一段的最后一句“Thustheformulatingofgeneralizationsaboutcultureandthedrawingofcomparisonsinevitablybecomecomponentsofethnography.因此，对文化概括进行系统的阐述和比较不可避免地成为民族志的一部分。”由此可知，作者认为民族志不仅仅只是理论上的，还要对文化进行比较研究。选项A符合原文。2.判断推理题。根据第三段的第二句“Justastheanthropologistbringstothesituationcertaininherent,ifunconscious,culturalbiases,soalsoisheinfluencedbythesubjectofhisstudy.正如人类学家将某些固有的，也许是无意识的，文化偏见带到这种情况中，他也会受到他研究对象的影响。”A选择“回答他问题的人”属于研究的对象，会造成偏见，所以不正确；而人类学家之所以会有固有的或者说是无意识的文化偏见是由于各自不同的文化背景造成的，所以选项B也不正确；根据第三段最后一句“Afinalhazardinherentinethnographicfieldworkistheever-presentpossibilityofculturalchangeproducedbyorresultingfromtheethnographer’spresenceinthegroup.民族志实地调查的最后一个固有风险是，由于民族志学者