2023年考研考博考博英语西安交通大学考试高频考点参考题库带答案

2023年考研考博考博英语西安交通大学考试高频考点参考题库带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Farmingisstilltheworld'sgreatestindustry.Onaverage,overhalfofthepopulationspendtheirlivesploughingthesoil,plantingseeds,harvestingcrops,andraisinganimalswhichprovideuswithmeat,milk,eggs,wool,leather,andmanyotherproducts.Traditionalfarming,inwhichmostofthehardworkonthefarmisdonebymanuallaborandanimals,isstillpracticedinmanycountries.Buttraditionalmethodscannotproduceenoughfoodtocopewiththegreatexplosioninpopulation.Onlywithmodernmethodsoffarming——usingmachinestoreplacemenandanimals,artificialfertilizerstoenrichthesoil,andchemicalstokeepweedsanddiseasesundercontrol,canmanhopetoavoidacatastrophicworldfoodshortage.FormingmethodsarewelladvancedinmostpartsofEuropeandNorthAmerica,andfarmerselsewherearebeinghelpedbysuchorganizationsastheUnitedNationsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)tomodernizeasquicklyaspossible.Machineryhasbroughtaboutthegreatestrevolutioninfarming.Byfarthemostimportantmachineisthetractor,whichisusedforpullingmanykindsofimplements——ploughstobreakupthesoil,drillstosowtheseeds,trailerstocarrymanure,andsoon.Inthisrespectitdoesthesamekindofworkasteamsofhorses,oroxenoncedid.Butatractordoesmorethanjustpull.Italsoprovidespowertodriveothermachinery,suchasmowingmachines,andpotatoharvesters.Thestandardtypeoftractorhastwomassivewheelsattherearandtwosmallonesatthefront,butthosedesignedfortravelingoverheavygroundorforpullingheavyloadshavecaterpillarorcrawlertracks.Tractorssupplypowertodriveothermachineryeitherthroughapulleywheeldrivenbytheengineorbymeansofwhatiscalledpowertake-off(p.t.o).Inp.t.o.drive,themovingpartofthemachinethetractorispulling,suchastheknifebladeofamower,isturneddirectlybyashaftdrivenbytheengine.Amongthemanyotherfarmmachines,combineharvestersareprobablythemostimportant.Theyaresocalledbecausetheycombinetheactionsofreapingandthreshing.Cerealsarethemain,butnottheonlycropsthatareharvestedwiththecombine.Peasandbeanscanalsobeharvestedwithit.Growingplantstaketheirnourishmentfromthesoil.Theyneedcertainessentialelements,particularlycalcium,nitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassium,iftheyaretogrowwell.Itstandstoreasonthataftereverycroptherewillbelessoftheseelementsremaininginthesoilforasubsequentcrop.Toensureagoodcropeverytime,farmersapplyfertilizerstothesoilbeforeplantingtoreplacetheessentialelementsthepreviouscropremoved.Thefarmer'straditionalfertilizerisfarm-yardmanure,arottedmixtureofdungandstraw.Itimprovesthetextureofthesoilaswell.Butthereisnotenoughmanuretosupplytheneedsofamodernfarmer,andartificialfertilizersarewidelyusedinstead.Thereareavarietyofartificialfertilizers,eachsupplyingcertainoftheessentialelements.Sulphateofammoniasuppliesnitrogen,superphosphateoflimesuppliesphosphorus,bonemealsuppliesbothnitrogenandphosphorus,sulphateofpotashsuppliespotassium,andtherearemany,manymore.Superphosphateisprobablyoneofthemostwidelyusedofallthefertilizers.Limeisalsoaddedtothesoilonalargescale.Itisvaluablenotonlyasafertilizerbutalsoasasoilconditioner.Ofcourse,stimulatingcropsintobettergrowthmakestheweedsgrowbetter,too!Fortunatelythechemisthascometotheaidoffarmersanddevelopedselectiveweed-killers,properlycalledherbicides,forusewiththeircrops.Herbicideshaveaselectiveactioninthattheykilltheweedsbutleavethecropunharmed.Theyareusedparticularlywiththecerealcrops.Chemistshavealsodevelopedawiderangeoffungicidestokillfungusdiseases,suchaspotatoblightorrustnwheat,whichcoulddevastatethecrops.Farmerswagecontinualwaragainstinsects,too.Maggots,beetles,andweevilscandountolddamageiftheyarenotchecked.Again,modernsciencehasproducedpowerfulinsecticidestoprotectcropsagainstinsectattack.1.Whatisthesymboloftraditionalfarming?2.Accordingtotheauthor,tractor（）.3.Tosupplytheneedsofmodernfarming（）.4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.5.Theword"revolution"inline1ofparagraph3canbebestreplacedby（）.6.Theword"they"inline2ofparagraph5refersto（）.7.Thephrase“cometotheaidof”inline2ofthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.问题1选项A.Ploughingthesoil,plantingseeds,harvestingcropsandraisinganimals.B.Enrichingthesoilwithartificialfertilizers.C.HardfarmworkisdonebymanuallaborandanimalsD.Ploughingthesoilwithtractors.问题2选项A.doesthesamekindofworkasteamsofhorses,oroxenoncedidB.isusedtobreakupthesoilsowtheseedsandcarriesmanureC.replacesbothmenandanimalsandprovidespowertodriveothermachineryD.hastwomassivewheelsattherear问题3选项A.growingplantsneedcertainessentialelementsB.farmersapplymanurebeforeplantingC.stimulatingcropsintobettergrowthalsohassideeffectD.artificialfertilizersarewidelyused问题4选项A.therearetremendousdifferencesbetweentraditionalfarmingandmodemfarmingB.inmodernfarmingtractorisessentialC.fertilizersarethesymbolofmodemfarmingD.farmersseldomapplymanurenow问题5选项A.gradualchangeB.completechangeC.suddenchangeD.slowchange问题6选项A.generalfarmmachinesB.farmersC.tractorsD.combineharvesters问题7选项A.runheretohelpB.cometotheareaC.offerhelptoD.serveasanaide2.写作题Differentpeoplehavedifferentideasabout“future”.Somepeopleunderstanditaspainanddeath;somebelieveitmeanshopeandexpectation;stillothersregarditassomewhereyoureachwithinanhourofsixtyminutes.Whatisyourownideaandhowwouldyousupportit?Writeacompositionaboutitofatleast150words.Youcaneitherusethegiventitle“FUTURE”,ormakesomeslightchangesasyoulike.3.单选题The（）ofthelakeiscoveredwithreedsandrushes.问题1选项A.bankB.shoreC.bandD.coast4.单选题Deathcomesquicklyinthemountains.Eachwinterholidaymakersarecaughtunawaresastheyhappilyskiawayfromthefixedruns,littlerealizingthatasmallavalanchecansendthemcrashinginabone-breakingfalldowntheslopeandleavethemburiedundertonsofcrispwhitesnow.Therearelotsoftheoriesabouthowtoavoiddisasterwhenhitbyanavalanche.Practiceisnormallylesscheerful.ThesnowintheSalzburgofAustriawherearecentdisastertookplacewastypicalavalanchematerial.ForseveraldaysbeforetheincidentIhadskiedlocally.Earlywintersnowwaswearingthinandcoveredwithice.Ontopofthatnew,warmerflakesweregentlyfallingtoproduceadangerouscarpet.Totheskierwhoenjoysunmarkedslopesitistemptingstuff,deepnewpowersnowonahardbase—theskiingthatdreamsaremadeofandsometimesnightmares.Snowfallsinsectionslikeacake.Differentsectionshavedifferentdensitiesbecauseofthetemperaturesatthetimeofthefallandintheweeksafterwards.Problemscomewhenanyparticularsectionistoothickandnotstickingtothesectionbeneath.ThesnowofthepastfewweekshadbeenfallinginratherhighertemperaturesthanthoseofDecemberandearlyJanuary.Theresultoftheseconditionsisthatevenaslightincreaseinthetemperaturessendsathinstreamofwaterbetweenthenewsnowandtheold.Thenthenewsnowsimplyslidesoffthemountain.Suchslidesarenotunexpected.Localcitizensknowtheslopeswhichtendtoavalancheandtheweatherinwhichsuchslidesarelikely.Trapsaresettocatchthesnoworpreventitslipping;bombsareplacedandexplodedfromtimetotimetosetoffsmallavalanchesbeforeabigonehastimetobuildup;andaboveall,skiersarewarnednottoskiindangerareas.Inspiteofthis,avalancheshappeninunexpectedareasand,ofcourse,skiersignorethewarnings.Theonecomforttorecreationalskiers,however,isthatavalancheincidentsonthemarkedskislopesarequiterare.Noskiresortwantstheimageofbeingadeathtrap.1.Eachwinterholidaymakersinthemountainscomefacetofacewithdeathbecause（）.2.Accordingtothewriter,skiingconditionsintheSalzburgareaofAustriabeforetheaccidenthappenedwere（）.3.Inareaswhereavalanchesareknowntohappen（）.4.Althoughaccidentsdohappen,skierswillbereasonablysafeif（）.问题1选项A.theyfailtorealizehowdangerousavalanchescanbeB.theyarenotexpertenoughatskiingonthefixedruns.C.theyaretryingtoavoidareaswhereavalancheshappenD.theyskigreatdistancesdownthemountainsides问题2选项A.perfectfor,theinexperiencedskierB.unsafebecausethenewsnowwascoveredwithiceC.typicalofconditionsresultinginavalanchesD.suitableonlyforskiinglocally问题3选项A.localresidentsstayindoorswhentheweatherisbad.B.measuresaretakentopreventseriousavalanchesC.smallavalanchescaneasilybepreventedD.skiersformthemselvesintoawalltokeepthesnowinposition问题4选项A.theystayontheofficiallyapprovedslopesB.theyskionlyforpleasureC.theyskionlyatresortsD.theychooselesscrowdedskislope.5.单选题Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography'sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart,asdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves——anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteencentury,photography'sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart;lateinthetwentiethcentury,anambivalentrelationexistsbecauseoftheModernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.Photographers'disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisornotart.Forexamplethosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.2.Accordingtotheauthor,thenineteenth-centurydefendersofphotographymentionedinthepassagestressedthatphotographywas（）.3.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph?4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?5.TheauthorintroduceananalogyAbstractExpressionistpaintersinorderto（）.问题1选项A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardartB.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext.C.defininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury.D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches.问题2选项A.atechnologicallyadvancedactivity.B.anartforobservingtheworldimpartially.C.anartcomparabletopainting.D.anartthatwouldeventuallyreplacethetraditionalarts.问题3选项A.ObjectiveB.MechanicalC.DramaticD.Paradoxical问题4选项A.Thephotographers'beliefthattheirrelianceonanimpersonalmachinetoproducetheirartrequiresthesurrenderoftheauthorityoftheirpersonalvision.B.Thephotographers'fearthatseriousphotographymaynotbeacceptedasanartbythecontemporaryartpublic.C.ThePhotographers'beliefthatthebestartissubversiveofartasithaspreviouslybeendefined.D.Thenotoriousdifficultyofdefiningartinitsrelationtorealisticrepresentation.问题5选项A.setforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters.B.provideacontrastagainstseriouscontemporaryphotographers.C.provideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,notandshouldnotpretendtobeanart.D.provideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodernart.6.单选题Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhytheyarealwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It'siniquitous,"theysay,"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it'stheconsumerwhopays.."Thepooroldconsumer!He'dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn'tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashing-machine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,ere,fromanadvertisementLotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements,wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybye-lawwhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofthenewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerfulwilyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialsradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice.Anotherthingwemustn'tforgetisthe"smallads",whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyFarthemostfascinatingsectionis!hepersonalor"agony"columns.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It'sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!1.Advertisersshouldstopadvertisingandreducepriceofgoodsbecause（）.2.Thepurposeofadvertisingisto（）.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?4.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe（）.5.Regardingadvertisements,wecanconcludethatthetoneoftheauthorofthispassageseemstobe（）.6.Theword"they"inline3ofparagraph3,refersto（）.7.Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthorseemstosuggestthat（）.问题1选项A.criticsresentthemB.theyhavesomuchtothrowaroundC.theconsumerpaysforallthecostsD.advertiserscomeinforcriticisms问题2选项A.informthatconsumergoodsarecheapB.informC.provideagreatdealofknowledgeD.bothsellgoodsandinform问题3选项A.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.B.Everythinghastwosides.C.Wastenot,wantnot.D.it'snousecryingeverspiltmilk.问题4选项A.AdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunityB.EntirelyUnproductiveIndustryC.ThinkBigD.GoodQualityProductsDon'tNeedtoBeAdvertised问题5选项A.criticalB.positiveC.negativeD.neutral问题6选项A.lotsofpeopleB.thesedaysC.advertisementsD.“they”inthefirstsentence问题7选项A.advertisementsareeverywhereB.advertisementsarealotoffunC.advertisementsareunnecessarilycostlyD.advertisementsmakeproductscheaper7.单选题（）youarefamiliarwiththeauthor'sideas,tryreadingallthesectionsasquicklyasyoucan.问题1选项A.NowthatB.SothatC.EversinceD.Aslongas8.翻译题Passage1肝脏是人体最大的腺体,它位于右上腹部。肝脏表面光滑,因血液供应丰富而呈暗红色。大约25%的心输出量流向肝脏。肝脏有许多重要的功能：1)营养物(蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪)、药物和毒素的摄取、储存和代谢。2)合成蛋白的产生和机体物质的代谢。Passage2100多年前,世界上第一辆汽车的诞生让人们感受到速度带来的震撼。然而,汽车在给人类社会带来便捷的同时,消耗了大量的石油,而且每天排放大量污染物,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。因此,研发节能与新能源汽车成为全球汽车业发展的主题。Passage3管理是一种社会职能,隐藏在习俗、信念等传统里,以及政府政策和政治制度中,管理也是‘文化'。人与人的关系正代替人与自然或人与物之间的关系成为相互交往的首要方式。人文文化从科学寻找自信心、理智能意念；科学从人文文化吸取朝向人的情感、价值观念。

ChooseONLYONEtextformthefollowingandtranslateitintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovidedifmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

9.单选题Greatandsignificantmusiccan,however,bewrittenonthemesthatare,inthemselves,（）.问题1选项A.quitelovelyB.verymagnificentC.intriguingD.trivial10.翻译题Passage1ShortagesoffluvaccinearenothingnewinAmerica,butthisyear’sisabiglie.Untillastweek,itappearedthat100millionAmericanswouldhaveaccesstoflushotsthisfall.ThenBritishauthorities,concernedaboutquality-controlproblemsataproductionplantinLiverpool,barredallfurthershipmentsbytheChironCorp.Overnight,theU.S.vaccinesupplydwindledbynearlyhalf.Whyissuchabasichealthservicesoeasilyknockedout?Mainlybecauseprivatecompanieshavehadlittleincentivetopursueit.Profitmarginsarenarrow,demandisfickleand,becauseeachyear’sfluvirusisdifferent,anyleftovervaccinegoestowaste.Expertsarehopingthatthisyear’sfiascowillspeedthepaceofinnovation.Infact,manyexpertsarehopingtheshortagewillserveasanawarenesscampaign—encouragingthepeoplewhoreallyneedaflushottogetone.Passage2Broadlyspeaking,theEnglishmanisaquiet,shy,reservedpersonwhoisfullyrelaxedonlyamongpeopleheknowswell.Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited,evenembarrassed.Youhaveonlytowitnessacitytrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersorhavingalightsleepinacorner;noonespeaks.Infact,todosowouldseemmostunusual.AnEnglishman,pretendingtobegivingadvicetooverseasvisitors,oncesuggested,“Onenteringarailwaycarriageshakehandswithallthepassengers.”Needlesstosay,hewasnotbeingserious.Thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich,ifbroken,makesthepersonimmediatelysuspect.Passage3Theprincipallinesofdevelopmentofmachineryhavebeenanincreaseinthespeedofoperationtoobtainhighratesofproduction,improvementinaccuracytoobtainqualityandeconomyintheproduct,andminimizationofoperatingcosts.Thesethreerequirementshaveledtotheevolutionofcomplexcontrolsystems.Themostsuccessfulproductionmachineryisthatinwhichthemechanicaldesignofthemachineiscloselyintegratedwiththecontrolsystem,whetherthelatterismechanicalorelectricalinnature.Amodemconveyorforthemanufactureofautomobileenginesisagoodexampleofthemechanizationofacomplexseriesofmanufacturingprocesses.Developmentsareinhandtoautomateproductionmachines,further,usingcomputerstostoreandprocessthevastamountofdatarequiredformanufacturingavarietyofcomponentswithasmallnumberofversatilemachinetools.Oneaimisacompletelyautomatedmachineshopforbatchproduction.ChooseONLYONEpassagefromthefollowingpassageandtranslateitaswellasyoucan.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.Ifmorethanonetranslationappearsonyouranswersheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored.11.单选题TheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsstategovernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws”.Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers'immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofallpersonsbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeCourt'srulinginDredScottVSanfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyPresidentAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswithauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectionthefreedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson'sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment'sexistence,theSupremeCourt'sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublicaccommodationsandothercommercialbusinessestosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedfromthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment'sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BroadofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.1.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingiscorrect?2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelyindicatesthesequenceoftheeventslistedbelow?I.CivilRightsActof1866II.DredScottV.SanfordIII.FourteenthAmendmentIV.VetobyPresidentJohnson3.Accordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwith（）.4.TheauthorimpliesthattheFourteenthAmendmentmightnothavebeenenactedif（）.5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheprincipaleffectofthestateactionlimitationwasto（）.问题1选项A.Bypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforabroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenship.B.InterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthavenotreachedconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclause.C.NotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitexpresses.D.TheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereawarethatthephrase“equalprotectionofthelaws”hadbroadimplications.问题2选项A.I-II-IV-IIIB.I-IV-III-IIC.III-II-I-IVD.II-I-IV-III问题3选项A.detailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalcitizenshipB.providingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedStates.C.overturningtheCivilRightsActof1866D.assertingthatthecivilrightsprotectedbytheConstitutionincludednonracialdiscriminationaswellasracialdiscrimination.问题4选项A.Congress'authoritywithregardtolegislatingcivilrightshadnotbeenchallenged.B.theframershadanticipatedtheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.C.theframershadbelievedthatitwouldbeusedindecidingcasesofdiscriminationinvolvingnon-racialgroups.D.Moststategovernmentshadbeenwillingtoprotectcitizens'civilrights.问题5选项A.allowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthAmendment.B.influencetheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.C.provideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedactions.D.prohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActof1866.12.单选题Men'sandwomen'sbrainsarenotonlydifferent,butthewayweusethemdifferstoo.Womenhavelargerconnectionsandmorefrequentinteractionbetweentheirbrain'sleftandrighthemispheres.Thisaccountsforwomen'sabilitytohavebetterverbalskillsandintuition.Men,ontheotherhand,havegreaterbrainhemisphereseparation,whichexplainstheirskillsforabstractreasoningandvisual-spatialintelligence.Bothmenandwomentendtofollowtheirbiologicalprograms.Mentendtoretainafirmsenseofdirection:theyneedtotracethegame,catchit,andfindthewayhome,whilewomenhaveabetterp