给水排水专业英语

Watertreatmentdescribesthoseindustrial-scaleprocessesusedtomakewatermoreacceptableforadesiredend-use.Thesecanincludeusefordrinkingwater,industry,medicalandmanyotheruses.Suchprocessesmaybecontrastedwithsmall-scalewatersterilizationpracticedbycampersandotherpeopleinwildernessareas.Thegoalofallwatertreatmentprocessistoremoveexistingcontaminantsinthewater,orreducetheconcentrationofsuchcontaminantssothewaterbecomesfitforitsdesiredend-use.Onesuchuseisreturningwaterthathasbeenusedbackintothenaturalenvironmentwithoutadverseecologicalimpact.Theprocessesinvolvedintreatingwaterfordrinkingpurposemaybesolidsseparationusingphysicalprocessessuchassettlingandfiltration,andchemicalprocessessuchasdisinfectionandcoagulation.Biologicalprocessesareemployedinthetreatmentofwastewaterandtheseprocessesmayinclude,forexample,aeratedlagoons,activatedsludgeorslowsandfilters.水处理是描述那些用于使水更容易被接受成为一个被需要的最终目标的工业化进程。这些可以包括用于饮用水、工业、医疗和许多其他用途。这些过程可与露营者和其它人在荒野地区的小规模水杀菌练习进行对比。水处理的目的是消除在水中存在的污染物的过程,或减少污染物的浓度,使水成为适合其所需的最终用途。一个这样的使用是把使用过的水返回到自然环境不造成不利的生态影响。生物过程用于废水的治理，这些过程可能包括,例如,充气泻湖,活性污泥或慢砂过滤Waterpurificationistheprocessofremovingundesirablechemicals,biologicalcontaminants,suspendedsolidsandgasesfromcontaminatedwater.Thegoalistoproducewaterfitforaspecificpurpose.Mostwaterispurifiedforhumanconsumption(drinkingwater),butwaterpurificationmayalsobedesignedforavarietyofotherpurposes,includingmeetingtherequirementsofmedical,pharmacological,chemicalandindustrialapplications.Ingeneralthemethodsusedincludephysicalprocessessuchasfiltration,sedimentation,anddistillation,biologicalprocessessuchasslowsandfiltersorbiologicallyactivecarbon,chemicalprocessessuchasflocculationandchlorinationandtheuseofelectromagneticradiationsuchasultravioletlight.Thepurificationprocessofwatermayreducetheconcentrationofparticulatematterincludingsuspendedparticles,parasites,bacteria,algae,viruses,fungi;andarangeofdissolvedandparticulatematerialderivedfromthesurfacesthatwatermayhavemadecontactwithafterfallingasrain.水净化的过程就是从受污染的水中消除不良化学物质、生物污染物、悬浮固体和气体。目标是产生水适合一个特定的目的。大多数水净化供人类食用(饮用水),但水净化也可能是专为各种各样的其他用途,包括会议需求的医疗、药理、化学和工业应用。通常使用的方法包括物理过程,如过滤、沉淀、蒸馏、生物过程,如慢砂过滤或生物活性炭、化学过程,如絮凝和氯化和使用电磁辐射如紫外线。水的净化过程可以减少颗粒物的浓度包括悬浮粒子、寄生虫、细菌、病毒、真菌、藻类;和一系列的溶解的颗粒。Thestandardsfordrinkingwaterqualityaretypicallysetbygovernmentsorbyinternationalstandards.Thesestandardswilltypicallysetminimumandmaximumconcentrationsofcontaminantsfortheusethatistobemadeofthewater.饮用水质量标准通常由政府设定或国际标准。这些标准通常会设定的最低和最高浓度的污染物Itisnotpossibletotellwhetherwaterisofanappropriatequalitybyvisualexamination.Simpleproceduressuchasboilingortheuseofahouseholdactivatedcarbonfilterarenotsufficientfortreatingallthepossiblecontaminantsthatmaybepresentinwaterfromanunknownsource.Evennaturalspringwater–consideredsafeforallpracticalpurposesinthe19thcentury–mustnowbetestedbeforedeterminingwhatkindoftreatment,ifany,isneeded.Chemicalandmicrobiologicalanalysis,whileexpensive,aretheonlywaytoobtaintheinformationnecessaryfordecidingontheappropriatemethodofpurification.由视觉检查是不可能知道水是否符合标准。简单的程序如沸腾或使用家用活性炭过滤器是不足以处理所有可能的污染物，那些污染物出现在水来源不明。甚至天然泉水——在19世纪之前被认为是安全的可用于所有实用目的,现在也必须被测试以待确定什么样的处理,如果需要的话。化学和微生物分析,是昂贵的,是唯一的来获取必要的信息对决定用适当的方法来净化的方法。Accordingtoa2007WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)report,1.1billionpeoplelackaccesstoanimproveddrinkingwatersupply,88percentofthe4billionannualcasesofdiarrhealdiseaseareattributedtounsafewaterandinadequatesanitationandhygiene,and1.8millionpeoplediefromdiarrhealdiseaseseachyear.TheWHOestimatesthat94percentofthesediarrhealcasesarepreventablethroughmodificationstotheenvironment,includingaccesstosafewater.Simpletechniquesfortreatingwaterathome,suchaschlorination,filters,andsolardisinfection,andstoringitinsafecontainerscouldsaveahugenumberofliveseachyear.[2]Reducingdeathsfromwaterbornediseasesisamajorpublichealthgoalindevelopingcountries.根据2007年世界卫生组织(世卫组织)报告,11亿人缺乏一种改进的饮用水供应,88%的每年发生40亿例腹泻病是由于不安全的水和卫生设施不足、卫生不到位。每年180万人死于腹泻疾病。世卫组织估计,94%的腹泻病例是可以通过改变环境,包括获得安全用水来预防的。在家里简单的水处理技术,例如氯化、过滤器、和太阳能消毒,并将其存储在安全的容器可以保存大量的生活用水。在发展中国家，减少死于水源性疾病的人数是一个重大的公共卫生目标。ProcessesfordrinkingwatertreatmentThereisnouniquesolution(selectionofprocesses)foranytypeofwater.Also,itisdifficulttostandardisethesolutionintheformofprocessesforwaterfromdifferentsources.Treatabilitystudiesforeachsourceofwaterindifferentseasonsneedtobecarriedouttoarriveatmostappropriateprocesses.没有独特的解决方案(选择流程)能试用任何类型的水。同样,很难对不同来源的水的解决方案确定一个标准。能治疗性研究对于在不同季节的每个源水需要展开并进行到最合适的流程。Theabovementionedtechnologiesarewelldeveloped,andgeneraliseddesignsareavailablethatareusedbymanywaterutilities(publicorprivate).Inadditiontothegeneralisedsolutions,anumberofprivatecompaniesprovidesolutionsbypatentingtheirtechnologies.Thedevelopedworldemploysaconsiderableamountofautomationforwaterandwastewatertreatment.Thedevelopingnationsworldwideuseautomationalongwithmanualoperations.Thelevelofautomationisachoiceofoperators.Theaspectsthatgovernthechoiceoflevelofautomationarecapitalandoperatingcosts,skills上面提到的技术很发达、普遍的设计被许多水务(公共或私人)使用。除了全面的解决方案,很多私人公司提供解决方案来取得技术专利。发达国家使用了大量的自动化用于水和废水处理。发展中国家使用自动化以及手动操作。自动化水平是操作人员的一个选择。管理方面的自动化水平的选择是资本和运营成本、技能,Sewagetreatmentistheprocessofremovingcontaminantsfromwastewaterandhouseholdsewage,bothrunoff(effluents),domestic,commercialandinstitutional.Itincludesphysical,chemical,andbiologicalprocessestoremovephysical,chemicalandbiologicalcontaminants.Itsobjectiveistoproduceanenvironmentallysafefluidwastestream(ortreatedeffluent)andasolidwaste(ortreatedsludge)suitablefordisposalorreuse(usuallyasfarmfertilizer).Usingadvancedtechnologyitisnowpossibletore-usesewageeffluentfordrinkingwater,althoughSingaporeistheonlycountrytoimplementsuchtechnologyonaproductionscaleinitsproductionofNEWater.污水处理的过程就是从污水,生活污水,径流(废水)、国内、商业和机构消除污染物。它包括物理、化学和生物过程来去除物理、化学和生物的污染物。它的目标是产生一个环境安全的液体废物流(或处理污水)和适合处理或重用(通常作为农业肥料)的固体废物(或处理污泥)。使用先进的技术现在可以再利用污水废水作为饮用水,虽然新加坡是唯一实施这种技术在其生产的新生水上的国家IndevelopingcountriesAsof2006,waterbornediseasesareestimatedtohavecaused1.8milliondeathseachyear.Thesedeathsareattributabletoinadequatepublicsanitationsystemsandinthesecases,propersewerage(orotheroptionsassmall-scalewastewatertreatment)needtobeinstalled.在2006年,水源性疾病每年估计造成180万人死亡。这些死亡是由于公共卫生系统的不足,在这些情况下,适当的污水(或其他选项作为小规模污水处理)需要安装。Appropriatetechnologyoptionsinwatertreatmentincludebothcommunity-scaleandhousehold-scalepoint-of-use(POU)designs.MilitarysurpluswatertreatmentunitsliketheERDLatorarestillseenindevelopingcountries.NewermilitarystyleReverseOsmosisWaterPurificationUnits(ROWPU)areportable,self-containedwatertreatmentplantsarebecomingmoreavailableforpublicuse.选择适当的技术在水处理包括社区规模和家庭规模的角度使用(POU)设计。军事盈余水处理单位像ERDLator仍出现在发展中国家。新的军事风格反渗透净水单元(ROWPU)是可移植的,独立的污水处理厂越来越多地供公共使用。Inorderforthedecreaseofwaterbornediseasestohavelongtermeffects,watertreatmentprogramsimplementedbyresearchanddevelopmentgroupsindevelopingcountriesmustbesustainablebytheircitizens.为了减少水源性疾病有长期影响,发展中国家水处理项目实施的研究和发展组织在必须是可持续的。IndustrialwatertreatmentWatertreatmentisusedtooptimizemostwater-basedindustrialprocesses,suchas:heating,cooling,processing,cleaning,andrinsing,sothatoperatingcostsandrisksarereduced.Poorwatertreatmentletswaterinteractwiththesurfacesofpipesandvesselswhichcontainit.Steamboilerscanscaleuporcorrode,andthesedepositswillmeanmorefuelisneededtoheatthesameamountofwater.Coolingtowerscanalsoscaleupandcorrode,butleftuntreated,thewarm,dirtywatertheycancontainwillencouragebacteriatogrow,andLegionnaires'Diseasecanbethefatalconsequence.Also,watertreatmentisusedtoimprovethequalityofwatercontactingthemanufacturedproducte.g.semiconductors,and/orcanbepartoftheproducte.g.beverages,pharmaceuticals,etc.Intheseinstan