考点06定语从句中关系代词主要用法高考重点词汇积累长难句分析-2023年暑假新高二英语培优全攻略（上海专用）（原卷版）

考点06定语从句中关系代词主要用法+高考重点词汇积累+长难句分析核心考点梳理一、高考重点词汇积累核心单词1.determinationn. 决定；决心2.desperateadj. 不顾一切的；极度渴望的；令人绝望的3.dilemman. 窘境，困境，进退两难4.dignityn. 庄重，庄严；尊贵，高尚5.deadlinen. 最后期限，截止日期6.debaten.&v. 讨论，辩论7.distinguishvt. 区别；辨别8.devotionn. 奉献，奉献精神9.declinev. 拒绝，谢绝；下降10.decorationn. 装饰，修饰11.disastern. 灾难；祸患12.defeatvt. 击败；战胜13.delayv.&n. 延误，延迟，耽搁14.deliberatelyadv. 故意地，蓄意地，存心地15.delicateadj. 易损的，易碎的16.disciplinen. 纪律，惩罚17.delightedadj. 高兴的，快乐的18.delivervt. 投递(信件，邮包等)19.destinationn. 目的地，终点；目标20.departuren. 离开，出发21.diploman. 毕业文凭；学位证书22.descriptionn. 描述，描写23.desertn. 沙漠vt. 舍弃；遗弃24.deservevt. 应受(奖、罚)，值得，应得25.discouragevt. (使)气馁；打消(做……的念头)重点短语curesbofsth 治好某人的病accusesbofsth 指控某人某事cheatsbofsth 骗取某人某物informsbofsth 通知某人某事convincesbofsth 使某人相信某事robsbofsth 抢劫某人某物cutdown 削减；砍倒cutin 插话；干预cutup 切碎；齐根切掉cutout 删除cutthrough 开辟cutoff 切断；中止；隔绝datebackto/from追溯到；自……存在至今gobackto 追溯到uptodate 最近的；最新的outofdate 过时的dependon/upon 依靠；依赖，取决于relyon/upon 依靠；依赖Thatdepends./Italldepends. 视情况而定。endwith 以……结束endin 落得……的下场；以……而告终cometoanend 结束；告终；完结makeendsmeet 量入为出intheend 最后，结果bytheendof 截止到……为止二、高考阅读理解长难句分析26.Havingheardwolveshowlingintheforest,Lalaacceleratedherwalkupthepathtothecavesfearingthattheremightbewildbeastslyinginwaitforher.【句式翻译】拉拉沿着回洞穴的路走着，听到狼群在森林里嚎叫，她的步伐加快了，担心会有野兽在等者伏击她。【句式分析】本句是复合句，that引导宾语从句，Havingheard和fearing…在句中作状语。【词语点拨】1)acceleratev.加快，加速Inordertocatchupwithandsurpasstheadvancedworldlevelswe’llhavetoaccelerateourspeed.要赶超世界先进水平，我们还得快马加鞭。Sunshine,freshair,andrestoftenaccelerateaperson'srecoveryfromsickness.阳光、新鲜空气和休息常会促使病人早日康复。2)lievi.平躺；位于（lay,lain）；撒谎（lied,lied）；n.撒谎Thefactoryliestothewestoftown.工厂在小镇的西边。Davidfelttired,sohewentandlaydownforarest.戴维感到疲劳，所以去躺下休息了。HisbookslayopenonthedeskwhenIwentin.我进去时，发现他的书平摊在书桌上。Richardwasn’ttellingthetruth.Hewaslying.理查德没讲实话，他在撒谎。Theonlywaytomeetthemanageristolieinwaitforhimasheleavesoneofhismeetings.找到这个经理的唯一办法是，等着他从会议结束出来。【语法点拨】现在分词作状语：=1\*GB3①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：Rushingoutofthehouse,hewasknockeddownbyacar.他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。MycousinwenttoShenzhen,hopingtofindajobthere.我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。Thechildfell，strikinghisheadagainstthedoor.小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。Inthelastfewyears,thecountryhashadahardtime,sufferingseveralkillerquakes.过去几年里，这个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。Beingspring,theflowersareinfullbloom.因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。=2\*GB3②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering,judgingfrom,talkingof,allowingfor(考虑到),generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictlyspeaking,assumingthat（假设）等。如：Talkingofthisfilm,it’swonderful.说到这部电影，好极了。Assumingthatitistrue,whatshouldwedonow?假定那是真的,我们现在该怎麽办?Judgingbythedirectionofthewind,itwon’traintoday.根据风向测度,今天不会下雨。Socialpsychology,strictlyspeaking,dealswiththebehaviorofpeopleingroups.严格地说,社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。27.Havingscaredthelittlebeings,Ibeganstrugglingtogetlooseandmanagedtobreakthestringsthattiedmyleftarmandslightlymovedthestringsthattieddownmyhair.【句式翻译】吓跑了小人，我开始挣扎以使绳子松开，终于挣断了绑着左臂的绳子，并轻轻地解开绑着头发的绳子。【句式分析】本句是复合句，两个that在从句中都引导定语从句，修饰先行词thestrings，Havingscared…在句中作状语，tobreak…作manage的宾语。【词语点拨】strugglevi.搏斗;挣扎；争取n.打斗；挣扎；斗争Theclimbersstruggledagainstthestrongwindandfinallyreachedthetopofthemountain.登山者在强风中艰难的行走，最终到达山顶。Theystruggledtogetoutoftheburningbuilding.他们艰难地逃离了着火的大楼。【语法点拨】1)havingdone作状语，具体用法参见第25句。2)不定式todo常跟在下列动词后作宾语：ask,agree,beg,begin,start,wish,choose,decide,expect,fail,hope,manage,seek,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,would/shouldlike等。如：Hisparentschoosetoliveinthecountryside.他的父母决意在乡下居住。Weagreedtomeethere,butsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.我们约定在这里见面，但是到现在她还没露面。28.Havingkilledupto50millionpeoplein18months,withatendencytostriketheyoungandfitratherthantheold,theSpanishFluisbelievedtohavebeenthemostacuteepidemicinhistory.【句式翻译】西班牙流感在十八个月内夺去了五千万人的生命，该病似乎专门袭击年轻力壮的人，而不是老迈长者，被认为是历史上最严重的一次传染病。【句式分析】本句是简单句，包含有一个句式：bebelievedtodo/be被认为做……/是……，Havingkilled…在句中作状语，tostrike…作定语，修饰tendency。【词语点拨】strikevt.攻（袭）击；打，打动；(钟)敲响报(时);使突然想起n.打击；罢工Snowstormsoftenstrikethatareainwinter.冬天暴风雪常常袭击那个地区。IwasstruckbythebeautyoftheWestLake.我被西湖的美景给迷住了。ItsuddenlystruckmethatIoughttomakeanewplan.我突然想到,我应该制订一个新的方案。Thebusdrivershavebeenonstrikeforseveraldays.公共汽车司机罢工好几天了。【语法点拨】(sth/sb)bebelievedtodo/be被认为做……/是……=Itis/wasbelievedthat…，在这个句式中，不定式作主语补足语，可以代替believe用于这个句式的动词还有：say,suppose,think,know,report等。DoyouknowwhyFridayisbelievedtobeanunluckyday?你知道为什么星期五被认为是不吉利的日子吗？Theoldcastlewasbelievedtohaveghostslivinginitformanyyears.多年来人们一直相信这座古堡里面居住着幽灵。Thegreatpyramidisbelievedtohavebeenbuiltovera20-yearperiod.人们认为建造这座大金字塔花去了20多年的时间。YaoMingisthoughttobeoneofthebestbasketballplayersintheworld.姚明被认为是世界上最棒的篮球运动员之一。29.Idon’tknowwhatyourexpectationsareofLondon,butknowingthatyou’venevertravelledoutsideofAsia,IthoughtI’dtellyouabitaboutwhatyoucanexpecttofind.【句式翻译】我不知道您对伦敦有什么期望，但我知道您从未到过亚洲以外的地方旅行，所以，我想告诉你一点关于你期望找到的东西。【句式分析】本句是有并列连词but连接的复合句,同时包含有四个从句，whatyourexpectationsare…，thatyou’venevertravelled…，I’dtellyou和whatyoucan…都是宾语从句；knowing…和tofind…在句中分别作主语和宾语。【词语点拨】expectv.期望；预期Youcan’texpecttosucceedifyouattempttasksaboveyourability.如果你要做能力达不到的事，就别指望成功。ThebeautiesoftheWestLakeinspringwerebeyondhisexpectation.西湖的春景要比他所预想的更加美丽。【语法点拨】1）doing可以作主语：=1\*GB3①很多情况下，相当于todo，有时也可用it作形式主语。常用doing作主语的句型：Itisnogood/usedoing…做……没用Itisuselessdoing…做……没用Itisworthwhiledoing…做……是值得的ItisuselesstryingtopersuadeMissLitoacceptouradvice.劝说李小姐接受我们的建议是没有用的。=2\*GB3②如果doing有自己的逻辑主语，doing前可以用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格来修饰。如：Tom’s/hiscominglatemadethemanagerveryangry.汤姆/他来晚了让经理很生气。=3\*GB3③todo和doing做主语的区别：todo常表示具体的某一动作;doing表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念时，多用动名词。如：Bicyclingisagoodexercise;moreover,itdoesn’tpollutetheair.骑自行车是很好的运动;而且还不污染环境。2）不定式todo作宾语：具体用法参见第27句。30.Thebestwaytogetridofanegativeserf-imageistorealizethatyourimageisfarfromobjective,andtoactivelyconvinceyourselfofyourpositivequalities.【句式翻译】摆脱负面的自我形象的最好办法是意识到你的形象远远不是客观的，同时主动地使你相信自己的积极的品质。【句式分析】本句是复合句，thatyourimageis…是宾语从句，togetridof…在句中作定语，torealize…和toactivelyconvince…是并列成分，作表语。【词语点拨】farfrom远离；远非，远远不是Theworkhedidyesterdayisfarfromperfect.他昨天做的的工作远非十全十美。Farfromrelievingmycough,themedicinemadeitworse.这药非但不镇咳，反而使我咳嗽得更厉害。2）convincevt.使信服；常用于以下结构：=1\*GB3①convincesbofsth使某人相信某事。如：Youneedtoconvinceyourbossofyourabilitytodothejob.你需要让你的老板相信你有做这份工作的能力。=2\*GB3②convincesbtodo说服某人做某事Ittookmealongtimetoconvincehimtogowithme.我用了很长时间才说服他和我一起去。=3\*GB3③convincesb+that从句使某人相信ImanagedtoconvincemyfriendthatIdidn’tmeantohurthim.我设法使朋友相信我不想伤害他。【语法点拨】1）不定式todo作定语：具体用法参见第19句。2）不定式todo作表语：①说明主语的具体内容。如：Myonlywishistodosomethingforthepublic.我唯一的愿望是为公众做些事。②表示不可避免将要发生的事。如：Thediscoveryistohaveagreateffectonourlife.这个发现将对我们的生活产生重大影响。=3\*GB3③不定式作表语，且主语部分有all,what,only或是最高级形容词修饰的名词和实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可省去to。如：Allyouneedtodonowishaveagoodrest.现在你所需要的是好好休息。三、关系代词的在定语从句中主要用法英语中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下：1、who，whom的用法who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。Inthebeginning,peoplewhoboughtthetomatooftengotangry.起初，买到西红柿的人常会生气。(作主语)Theperson(whom)youshouldwritetoisMr.Ball.你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语省略)Hismother,whomheloveddearly,diedin1818.他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）2、whose的用法 whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用ofwhich取代。Ihaveafriendwhosefatherisamayor.我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。Welivedinahousewhosewindowfacessouth.我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。3、which的用法which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。Today,fruittreeswhichoncegrewonlyinChinacannowbefoundinmanypartsoftheworld.今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略）Theyneededaplantwhichdidn'tneedasmuchwaterasrice.他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。（作主语，不能省略）Itisusedtorecordthetickets(which)passengersbuy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)Hecamelate,whichweallknow.我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）4、that的用法that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。Allthepeoplethatcomefromthecountryworkmuchharder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略）Thisisall(that)Icantellyou.这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略）ThisisthebestplaythatwaswrittenbyJack.这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。（that指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略）Sheistheonlyperson(that)Icantrust.她是我唯一可以依赖的人。（that指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略）5、关系代词that和which的区别（1)相同点这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。Thetrainthat(which)hasjustleftisforShanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)Thefilmthat(which)wesawlastnightiswonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)（2）用that，不用which的情况①当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little等不定代词时（something之后也可用which）。Togetthejobstarted,allthatIneedisyourpermission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?有什么要我做的事吗?Heansweredfewquestionsthattheteacherasked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。②当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。Thiswasoneofthemostinterestingbooksthatweresoldinthisbookstore.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetsomefood.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。③当先行词有thevery，theonly，thesame等修饰时。That’stheonlythingthatwecandonow.目前我们只能这样了。Thosearetheverywordsthatheused.那就是他的原话。④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。Theyweretalkingaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheysawinthefactory.他们在谈论工厂里看到人和事。Theytalkedforabouthalfanhourofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。⑤当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。Chinaisnotthecountrythatitwas.中国已经不是过去的中国了。⑥当要避免与疑问词which重复时。WhichisthecarthatwasmadeinBeijing?哪辆车是北京制造的?⑦当先行词为theway,thetime,theperiod等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。Idon'tliketheway(that)youspeaktoher.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。（3）用which，不用that的情况①引导非限制性定语从句。Football,whichisaninterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,whichpersonallyIdoubtverymuch.卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,which,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。②直接放在介词后作宾语时。Languageisthemostimportanttoolwithoutwhichpeoplecan'tcommunicatewitheachother.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。巧记that和which的区别：that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which；要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。6、关系代词who与that的区别（1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到长城非好汉。Thosewhoareforme,putupyourhands.同意我的人请举手。I'llneverforgetthepeoplewhohavehelpedme.我将永远不会忘记那些帮助过我的人。（2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。Sheisn'tthelittlegirlthatsheusedtobe.她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。7、as的用法（1）as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such...as或thesame...as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。Ishouldliketousethesametoolasyouusedyesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语)Manyofthesportswerethesameastheyarenow.过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。(作表语)Don’treadsuchbooksasarenotworthreading.Readsuchbooksasyoucanunderstand.不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。Helentmeasmuchmoneyashehad.他把所有的钱借给了我。Repeatthisasoftenasisnecessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语)（2）such…that…与such…as“such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such…as…”表“像……这样的……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。Heissuchanhonestmanthatwerespecthim.他是一个如此诚实的人以至于我们都尊敬他。Heissuchanhonestmanaswerespect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。（3）thesame…that…与thesameas“thesame…that…”表同一人或物，而“thesame…as…”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：ThisisthesamebookthatIlost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书）ThisisthesamebookasIlost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）（4）as引导非限制性定语从句as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。Themoon,asisknowntoeverybody,travelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,asisknowntoeverybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。8、but的用法but既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that/which/who…not”。它前面的主句必须有“否定”的词(如no,not,little,few,hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。Thereisnomotherbutlovesherownchildren.(=Thereisnomotherthat/whodoesn’tloveherchildren.)没有不爱自己子女的母亲。Therewerefewpeoplebutwerehurt.(=Therewerefewpeoplewho/thatwerenothurt.)几乎没有人不受伤。9、than的用法than既可指人，又可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句，than前通常有比较级的词。Don’tgivechildrenmoremoneythanisneeded.给孩子们的钱不要超过所需。Hehasgotmorethanheaskedfor.他所得到的比他所要求的还要多。Fewerfriendsthanwehadexpectedcametooureveningparty.来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。当堂知识检测一、单项选择1．Iwanttoknowtheplace________Iwasborn.A．that B．which C．when D．where2．Hangzhouisacity_____Ivisitmostoften.A．where B．whose C．inwhich D．that3．Whereistheboywhosearmwashurtbythewindow_____glassisbroken?A．which B．whose C．where D．that4．Thereason_______Iwaslatewas_______mycarbrokendown.A．which;that B．that;why C．why;when D．why;that5．Thisissointerestingabook_______isworth_______.A．that;reading B．as;reading C．that;beingread D．as;beingread6．Thereare2,000workersinourfactory,twothirdsof________arewomen.A．which B．whom C．them D．who7．Shewillneverforgettheday________shewasmarried.A．that B．when C．inwhich D．which8．Iamsohappyabout______toworkinYunnan,aplace______whichmyfatherspenthischildhood.A．havingassigned;at B．assigned;atC．beingassigned;in D．havingbeenassigned;in9．______isknowntous,racialprejudiceisstillinexistenceinsomecountriesandnooneknowsforsure______itwillbewipedout.A．It;where B．As;when C．What;how D．That;what10．_______isreportedinthenewspaper,theearthquakeintheeastofJiangxiProvincekilled13people.A．It B．As C．That D．What11．isstronglyrecommendedisthatweshouldnevertrustsuchpeoplealwaysover-praiseyoutoyourface.A．It;which B．As;that C．What;as D．It;who12．I’llneverforgettheday________ImetMr.Liforthefirsttime.A．when B．that C．which D．where13．I’moneoftheboys,________neverlateforschool.A．thatis B．whoare C．whoam D．whois14．Hersister,________youmetatmyhome,wasateacherofEnglish.A．whom B．that C．which. D．what15．Heistheonlyperson________Iwanttotalkwith.A．that B．who C．which D．why16．Thisisthehouse________hehaslivedinfor15years.A．where B．that C．inwhich D．when17．_______theguidanceofthescientistontheearth,theastronautdidmanyexperimentsinthespaceship,_______muchhelpforknowingspace.A．Under;whichwethinkitis B．With;ofwhichwethinkisC．Under;whichwethinkareof D．With;wethinkwhichisof18．Itisintheverygym_______wasbuiltlastyear_______Iworkoutonaregular_______afterwork.A．that;that;basis B．which;that;base C．which;where;based D．that;where;basis19．Thepencil_____hewaswritingbroke.A．withwhich B．inwhich C．which D．that20．Hangzhouisacity_____thereisabeautifullake.A．which B．that C．where D．whose21．Iwastoldthattherewereabout50foreignstudentsChineseintheschool,mostwerefromGermany.A．studying;ofwhom B．study;ofwhomC．studying;ofthem D．study;ofthem22．Noteveryleisuredaristocratbecomesdemoralized.TheemperorHirohito,insteadof_______adecadentlife,wasdevotedtomarinebiology,afield_________

hebecamedistinguished.A．slippinginto;inwhich B．gettingholdof;thatC．gettinginthewayof;where D．slippingin;ofwhich二、根据首字母填写单词23．Allthegroundfloorwindowswerefittedwithironb_____(根据首字母单词拼写)24．Despitethefactthatheis59yearsold,heisstille________.(根据首字母单词拼写)25．Shehasrecentlybeena_________tothecommittee.(根据首字母单词拼写)26．Notalladvertisingisaboutsellingproductsandservicesforap______.(根据首字母单词拼写)三、根据中英文提示填写单词27．Hiswifeusedtobeanactress,butshesaidgoodbyetothes______(舞台)whentheymarried.(根据中英文提示填空)28．Withfoodandquiltsdistributedtothevictimsintheflood,thesoldierscontinuedtheirrescuem_____________(任务).(根据中英文提示单词拼写)29．It’sthatkindofcourageanddeterminationthatmakeshimsuchar__________（出色的）character.(根据中英文提示单词拼写)30．Shec_________(预测;认为)thatgoingtoastranger’shousewasariskymove,butshedecidedtotakethechance.(根据中英文提示填空)31．Whenyoumakeamistake,beg______(感激的)forthethingsthatitteachesyou.(根据中英文提示填空)32．Heisaleadingf________(人物)inthemusicindustry.（根据中英文提示填空）33．________(intheend),you’llhavetomakethedecisionyourself.（根据英文提示单词拼写）34．________(tofillyourtimeorkeepyoubusydoingsth.)herselfwithroutineofficetasks,shehadnotimetoattendtoherchildren.（根据英文提示单词拼写）四、根据汉语意思填写单词35．Ourmain________(出口)isrice.（根据汉语提示单词拼写）36．Doyouthinkthebutterflyisatypeof________(昆虫)?(根据汉语提示拼写单词)37．Somepeoplebelievethatyour______(国籍)influencesyourpersonalitytosomedegree!(根据汉语提示单词拼写)38．Theyhadledthecountryinto________(经济的)disaster.(根据汉语提示单词拼写)39．Whatistheirmainsourceof________(收入)?（根据汉语提示单词拼写）40．HenryDavidThoreauwashappytowithdrawfromsociallife,seekinga________(和谐的)relationshipwithnatureinthequietnessofhislife.(根据汉语提示拼写单词)41．Peoplefromallovertheworldshouldmakejointeffortstocreatea______(和谐的)world.(根据汉语提示单词拼写)42．Some______(典型的)themesofChineseNewYearpaintingarefolktalesandgods.(根据汉语提示单词拼写)课后巩固提高五、汉译英（整句）43．大量的资源已被用来证明他是个撒谎者。(devotesth.todoingsth.)(汉译英)44．那个工程已经完工了。(汉译英)45．他们用公共汽车代替了电车。（汉译英）46．多亏你不断地鼓励，我在学习上取得了显著的进步。(thanksto)(汉译英)47．据估算，去年至少有470人失去了工作。(It做形式主语的主语从句)(汉译英)48．这工作需要花费很大力气，但是值得。(beworth)(汉译英)49．据报道，这场京剧演出在海外赢得了许多掌声和好评，并且组织者成功地抓住了这个机会传播了中国文化。(It...)（汉译英）50．受地震影响的灾民无法与外界取得接触，这增加了救援的难度。(accessn.)（汉译英）51．庆祝丰收的同时感激大自然馈赠的珍贵食物是当地的风俗。(gratitude)（汉译英）52．先进技术在日常生活中的应用极大地造福了老百姓。(benefit)（汉译英）53．自上个月以来，图书馆的一些书已被毁坏了。(现在完成时的被动语态)(汉译英)54．如今唐人街的绝大多数居民依旧是华人，他们中很多人英语说得并不流利，这能让游客体验到正宗的中国味。(汉译英)55．村民们从没想到这些看似笨拙的大象会用鼻子打开水龙头，一顿畅饮。(Never)(汉译英)56．是在当地导游的帮助下，那名登山者才被营救。(使用强调句型)（汉译英）57．随着我们把一盘盘鲜肉、鱼肉和蔬菜倒进火锅，热辣的风味加快了我们的笑声和交流，使得这顿饭成了和朋友放松的最佳方式。（汉译英）六、概要写作58．Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Arthasalwaysbeenapolarizingsubject.Somepeoplelikerealism,otherslikeabstract.Butdoyouknowwhysomepeoplevalueartinthemillions,whileothersseethesamepieceaslittlemorethanachild'sfingerpainting?Manyconsiderarttobequiterandomintermsofourlikesanddislikes.Butaccordingtonewresearch,theremaybeascientificreasonbehindourfondnessforcertainworks.Theanswerliesinhowaperson'sbrainbreaksdownthevisualsofapaintingcombinedwiththeirjudgment.Toprovetheirtheory,neuroscientistKiyohitoIigayaandhisteamfromtheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Caltech)gatheredmorethan1,300volunteersandaskedthemtorate825differentpaintingsfromfourdifferentartgenresAfteranalyzingthedata,scientistsfoundthatthesamegroupsofpeopletendedtoprefersimilaraspectsofthesamepaintings.Thesecharacteristicswerethengroupedinto“low-level”featureslikecolorandblending,and“high-level”featuresliketheemotionbehindthepainting.Fromthisexperiment,Caltech'ssystemwasthenabletopredictanindividual'sspecifictasteinartandorganizedifferentworksintoonegroup,accordingtothepaintings'featuresandvolunteers'preferences.Finally,theteamrepeatedthefirsttestonnewvolunteers.Again,thealgorithmwasabletoaccuratelypredictindividuals'artpreferences.AccordingtoIigaya,thisshowsthatthefactorsthatcontributetowhetherapersonlikesanimageareuniversal,notrandom.LesleyFellows,aneurologistatMcGillUniversitywhostudiesvaluejudgments,stated,“Weknowalotabout‘how’thebraincarriesoutactions,but'why'isfarlesswellunderstood.”___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________59．Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.HumansEvolvedtoBeLonelyLonelinesshurtsand,overtime,itcanputthebodyintoastatethatincreasesourriskofeverythingfromheartattacktodiabetesandcancer.So,evolutionarilyspeaking,whydoweexperienceit?StephanieCacioppo,aneuroscientist,saysthatcountlessstudieshavehelpedresearchersformulateaholistic(全面的)purposeforloneliness.Beingsocialhaditsdownsidesevenbackthen—competitionforfood,forexample,orcontributiontothespreadofpathogens(病原体).Butscientiststhinkweevolvedtofeellonelinessbecauseitwasmoreimportanttoworkwithoneanothertoaccomplishtasksandprotecteveryone.“Thepainoflonelinessdroveustorenewthesocialstructuresowecouldsurviveandpromotekeyfeaturesliketrust,cooperationandcollectiveaction,”explainsCacioppo.Shesaysthat,foryears,researchersthoughtoflonelinessasa“diseasewithnocompensatoryfeatures”.Butnow,they’rerealizingthatit’smoreofabiologicalhungersignalthatremindsuswhenit’stimetoreconnectwiththosearoundustopromoteourshort-termsurvival.Iftheoutcomesoflonclinesswereentirelynegative,itwouldnolongerbeapartofourDNA．“Hungerandthirstprotectourphysicalbodywhilelonelinessprotectsoursocialbody,”saysCacioppo.Interestingly,whilelonelinesssendsasignaltothebrainthatit’stimeforconnection,atthesametimeit’salsolookingfordanger.This“contradictorysignal,”accordingtoCacioppo,remindsustobecarefulofwhetherthepeopleweareconnectingwithareenemiesorfriends.Shecallsthisneedtobewatchfulevenaswe’resocializinga“self-protectionmechanism.”Thatmeansinsituationswhereyoufeellonelyevenwhensurroundedbyothers,you’resubconsciouslythinkingthatthiscrowdmightnotbeagoodevolutionaryfitforyoursurvival.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________60．Directions:Read