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会计学1无线通信系统Cellular
Networks第1页/共46页2023-01-052Cell
shape:iCrcleirrtlaelgnaEquilate:
nogaxeH::erauqS第2页/共46页2023-01-053Cellular
coverage
representation2023-01-054第3页/共46页lMacrocell
large,
covering
a
wide
arerange
of
several
hundred
kilometres
(km)
to
ten
kmmostly
deployed
in
rural
and
sparsely
populated
areaslMicrocell
medium
cell,
coverage
are
a
smaller
than
in
macro
cellsrange
of
several
hundred
metres
to
a
couple
of
metresdeployed
mostly
in
crowdedareas,stadiums,
shoppingmallslPicocell
small,
covering
a
very
small
arearange
of
several
tens
of
metreslow
power
antennas,
indoor2023-01-055The
size
of
a
cell第4页/共46页第5页/共46页2023-01-056Base
station
transmittersareeithe:rblInhexagonalcells,asestationstransmitters–reofthecellcentre-excited,basestationisatthecent–ellverticeeedge-excitsd,basestationat3ofthe6ctdecentre-exci2023-01-057cxe-egdeited第6页/共46页Cellular
coverage
representationofcapaciytCcanbeusedasameasure2023-01-058第7页/共46页A
mobile
communication
system
uses
a
frequency
reusefactor
of
1/7
and
416
channels
available.
If
21
channels
areallocated
as
control
channels,
compute
its
system
capacity.Assume
achannel
supports
8
usersChannels
available
for
allocation
=
416
-
21
=
395Channel
Number
of
a
cell
=
395
/
7
=
57Number
of
simultaneous
users
per
cell
=
8
x
57
=
456Number
of
simultaneous
users
in
system
=
7
x
456
=
31922023-01-059Example
1第8页/共46页If
a
total
of
33
MHz
of
bandwidth
is
allocated
to
a
particular
FDDcellular
telephone
system
which
uses
two
25
kHz
simplex
channels
toprovide
full
duplex
voice
and
control
channels,
compute
the
numberof
channels
available
per
cell
if
a
system
uses
four-cellreuse.
If
1
MHzof
the
allocated
spectrum
is
dedicated
to
control
channels,
determine
an
equitable
distribution
of
control
channels
and
traffic
channels
ineach
cell
for
each
of
the
system.2023-01-0510Example
2第9页/共46页Method
of
locating
co-channel
cells第10页/共46页2023-01-0511Channel
Assignment
Strategies2023-01-0512sThree
assignment
approacheslFixed
and
static
(most
common)lDynamic
l
HybridsFixed
channel
assignmentlall
channels
in
a
cell
could
be
in
use
all
the
time–new
calls
are
then
blocked
(no
channels
left)–may
be
solved
by
borrowing
spare
channels
from
nearbycells第11页/共46页elassignmnnDynamicchatne2023-01-0513nformationonTodothisitneedsreal-timei––––––nacllismadeaMSCallocatesfrequencieswhe
lutilisationProvideshighchannenyeloccupancchan
ributionandftraficdist
cation(RSSI)radiosignalstrengthindi
iaercniodnadhaghcomputationallsedstorage第12页/共46页Handover(Handoff)Provides
continuity
of
communication
across
cellsDifficultydropping
a
call
before
reconnecting
is
unacceptabledifferent
cells
use
different
frequencies
mobile
phone
users
usually
move
from
place
to
place
and
veryquickly
too2023-01-0514第13页/共46页HandoverProcessParties
in
communication
share
the
same
channelsReceived
signal
weakens
as
mobile
moves
out
of
cell
Cell
site
at
some
point
requests
handover
to
cell
with
strongersignal
strengthMSC
switches
call
to
new
cell
after
allocating
channels.2023-01-0515第14页/共46页Handover
Process第15页/共46页2023-01-0516Handover
ProcessHandover
must
not
be
too
frequent
or
system
is
kept
busy
servicinghandover
requestshandover
threshold
is
set
slightly
stronger
Minimum
usable
signal
level
is
normally
set
to
be
between
-90dBm
and
-100
dBm2023-01-0517第16页/共46页Choosing
Handover
MarginsHandover
margin=
P
r
handover
-
Pr
minimumusableIf
is
too
large
unnecessary
handover
will
occur,
burdening
the
MSC
If
is
too
small,
there
maybe
insufficient
time
to
complete
thehandover
before
a
call
is
lost
due
to
weak
signalsTherefore
is
chosen
carefully2023-01-0518第17页/共46页Setting
Handover
Thresholds第18页/共46页2023-01-0519Handoff
in
different
system2023-01-05201G
signal
strength
measurements
are
made
bythe
base
stations
and
supervised
by
the
MSCGSM
MAHO
handoff
decisions
are
mobileassistedCDMA
pilot
channel,
soft
handoff第19页/共46页Interference
and
System
Capacity第20页/共46页2023-01-0521Six
Effective
Interfering
Cells
of
Cell
12023-01-0522第21页/共46页Co-channel
reuse
ratio
Q第22页/共46页2023-01-0523Co-channel
reuse
ratio
vs.frequency
reuse
pattern2023-01-0524第23页/共46页7-cell
reuse
pattern2023-01-0525第24页/共46页12-cell
reuse
pattern2023-01-0526第25页/共46页19-cell
reuse
pattern2023-01-0527第26页/共46页Co-channel
reuse
ratio
vs.frequency
reuse
pattern2023-01-0528第27页/共46页Propagation
model2023-01-0529第28页/共46页Co-channel
interferenceratio第29页/共46页2023-01-0530Example
32023-01-0531第30页/共46页More
exact
geometry
layout2023-01-0532第31页/共46页Closely
approximately
as第32页/共46页2023-01-0533Trunking
and
Grade
of
Service(GOS)第33页/共46页2023-01-0534Grade
of
Service
(GOS)第34页/共46页2023-01-0535About
Erlang2023-01-0536第35页/共46页Erlang
B
formulaeredtraffic.whereCisthenumberoftrunkedchannelsofferedbyatrunkedradiosystemandAisthetotaloff2023-01-0537第36页/共46页TPTPrrrruouonbnbkakaebebdidimlmloioibtbtiyiyloloefefnbnbeleltootwccwkokoirirnknkpgpgr=r=o2o2v%v%i=i=d0d0e.e.c0c0e22elllluullaarrsseerrvviicceeiinntthhiissaarreeaa..SSyysstteemmhhaass339944cceellllsswwiitthh1199cchhaannnneellsseeaacchh..FFiinnddtthheennuummbbeerrooffuusseerrsstthhaattccaannbbeessuuppppoorrtteeddaatt22%%bblloocckkiinnggiiffeeaacchhuusseerraavveerraaggeessttwwooccaallllssppeerrhhoouurraattaannaavveerraaggeeccaalllldduurraattiioonnoofftthhrreeeemmiinnuutteess..CCoommppuutteetthheettoottaallnnuummbbeerrooffssuubbssccrriibbeerrsstthhaattccaannbbeessuuppppoorrtteeddbbyytthhiissssyysstteemm..2023-01-0538NTNTururmamabfbfefefririococfificncnhttheaaennnnsnsneieiltltsysyppppeeeerrrrucucseseelelrllru,,usAsAeueud=d=iHiHn=n=t2t2hxxhe(e(s3s3y/y/s6s6t0t0e)e)m=m=,0,0C.C.=1=11E1E9r9rllaannggssλfTfTrhrhoeoemrmrtetehfhfeoeoErrEerer,l,ltaatnhnhgegeBnBncucuhmhmababreretrtr,o,otfftuhuhesesteterorosttsatatlhlhcaacatatrcrcraraininebebdedetstsruruappapfpfofforiritccte,,eAdAd,p,pieiesrsrcoocbebetltlalaliiiinssneeddaass1122EErrllaannggss..USUS=i=iAnAnIcIcAeAeutut=h=h1e1e2rr2e/e/a0a0r..r1e1e=3=3191924240c0ceellllss,,tthheettoottaallnnuummbbeerrooffssuubbssccrriibbeerrsstthhaattccaannbbeessuuppppoorrtteeddbbyySSyysstteemmAAiisseeqquuaallttoo112200xx339944==4477228800Example4第37页/共46页sOften
large
cells
need
to
be
split
into
smaller
ones
because
thepopulation
of
users
in
the
big
cell
has
increased
beyond
what
it
cansupportlCell
splitting
increases
system
capacitylIs
used
in
high
density
subscriber
areaslResults
to
increased
costs
(eg.
new
base
stations)2023-01-0539Improving
Capacity
in
Cellular
System第38页/共46页第39页/共46页2023-01-0540第40页/共46页2023-01-0541Cell
Splitting2023-01-0542第41页/共46页Sectoring第42页/共46页2023-01-0543nn1%Acellularsystem:anaveragecalllaststwomi.utes,andtheprobabilityofblockingistobenomorethachanEverysubscribermakesonecallperhour,onaverage.Ifthereareatotalof395trafficchannelsforaseven-cellreusesystem,therewillbeabout57traffic°annetna3/75(rotcesanneFnarepslennahc91ylnoetaereht,gnirotces.)srsysehtniresuhcaerofI/Sehtgnivorpmielihwycneiciffegniknurtehtsesaercedgnirotces,suhT.met2023-01-0544Example
5第43页/共46页.ns.1.Wir
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